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Articles 1 - 15 of 15
Full-Text Articles in Law
Accidentally On Purpose: Intent In Disability Discrimination Law, Mark C. Weber
Accidentally On Purpose: Intent In Disability Discrimination Law, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
American disability discrimination laws contain few intent requirements. Yet courts frequently demand showings of intent in disability discrimination lawsuits. Intent requirements arose almost by accident: through a false statutory analogy; by repetition of obsolete judicial language; and by doctrine developed to avoid a nonexistent conflict with another law. Demanding that section 504 and Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) claimants show intent imposes a burden not found in those statutes or their interpretive regulations. This Article provides reasons not to impose intent requirements for liability or monetary relief in section 504 and ADA cases concerning reasonable accommodations. It demonstrates that no …
In Defense Of Idea Due Process, Mark C. Weber
In Defense Of Idea Due Process, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
Due Process hearing rights under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act are under attack. A major professional group and several academic commentators charge that the hearings system advantages middle class parents, that it is expensive, that it is futile, and that it is unmanageable. Some critics would abandon individual rights to a hearing and review in favor of bureaucratic enforcement or administrative mechanisms that do not include the right to an individual hearing before a neutral decision maker. This Article defends the right to a due process hearing. It contends that some criticisms of hearing rights are simply erroneous, and …
Idea Class Actions After Wal-Mart V. Dukes, Mark C. Weber
Idea Class Actions After Wal-Mart V. Dukes, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
Wal-Mart v. Dukes overturned the certification of a class of a million and a half female employees alleging sex discrimination in Wal-Mart’s salary and promotion decisions. The Supreme Court ruled that the case did not satisfy the requirement that a class have a common question of law or fact, and said that the remedy sought was not the type of relief available under the portion of the class action rule permitting mandatory class actions. Over the last two years, courts have struggled with how to apply the ruling, especially how to apply it beyond its immediate context of employment discrimination …
"All Areas Of Suspected Disability", Mark C. Weber
"All Areas Of Suspected Disability", Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires school districts to assess children “in all areas of suspected disability.” It further provides that each child’s individualized education program (IEP) must contain measurable annual goals designed to “meet each of the child’s . . . educational needs that result from the child’s disability,” and a statement of special education and related services that will be provided for the child “to advance appropriately toward attaining annual goals.” Courts have strictly enforced these requirements in the last several years, remedying violations of IDEA when school districts fail to assess in all areas of …
Procedures And Remedies Under Section 504 And The Ada For Public School Children With Disabilities, Mark C. Weber
Procedures And Remedies Under Section 504 And The Ada For Public School Children With Disabilities, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
Much has been written about procedures and remedies under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, but few scholars have explored procedural rights and corresponding mechanisms of administrative and judicial relief for victims of public schools’ violations of children’s rights under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act. This paper will discuss the administrative procedures that must be followed in hearings regarding complaints of violations of those laws by public school districts and the relief that hearing officers and courts may provide. It will begin with an update on developments regarding …
Common-Law Interpretation Of Appropriate Education: The Road Not Taken In Rowley, Mark C. Weber
Common-Law Interpretation Of Appropriate Education: The Road Not Taken In Rowley, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
Thirty years old in 2012, Board of Education v. Rowley is the case that established a some-benefit or floor-of-opportunity standard for the services public school districts must provide to children who have disabilities. But the some-benefit approach is by no means the only one the Court could have adopted. It could have endorsed the view of the lower courts that each child with a disability must be given the opportunity to achieve his or her potential commensurate with the opportunity offered other children. Or it could have adopted a standard based on achievement of the child’s full potential or the …
The Common Law Of Disability Discrimination, Mark C. Weber
The Common Law Of Disability Discrimination, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
In many cases alleging race and sex discrimination, plaintiffs append common law claims to cases asserting federal or state statutory causes of action. In other race and sex cases, plaintiffs put forward these common law claims without making any federal or state statutory claims. Less frequent, and much less frequently discussed by scholars, are common law claims for conduct constituting disability discrimination. Nevertheless, there are sound theoretical and practical reasons to develop a common law of disability discrimination. On the theoretical side of the discussion, federal statutory disability discrimination claims are not exclusive, and the common law can both draw …
Disability Rights, Welfare Law, Mark C. Weber
Disability Rights, Welfare Law, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
This article asks how disability rights ideas can be reconciled with—and might transform—the law of public assistance. The social model of disability forms the basis of most disability rights thinking. This model recognizes that impairments do not by themselves disable, but disability instead arises from a dynamic between a person’s physical and mental conditions and society’s environmental and attitudinal barriers: Paraplegia does not cause disability but for stairs, curbs, and human attitudes that limit accessibility. The social model focuses on changing the environment; its close corollary, the civil rights approach to disability, looks to anti-discrimination law to remove limits on …
Settling Idea Cases: Making Up Is Hard To Do, Mark C. Weber
Settling Idea Cases: Making Up Is Hard To Do, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
Like most other legal disputes, most cases brought under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) settle. But although IDEA, the federal law governing special education, was enacted a generation ago, litigants still lack guidance how the mechanisms of settlement should work, what the settlement agreement should look like, and what to do if one side of the dispute fails to live up to its agreement. Settling an IDEA case entails unique issues—and unique pitfalls—that make the topic even more challenging than the settlement of other cases. IDEA has a mediation provision with extensive requirements and a one-of-a-kind prehearing settlement …
A New Look At Section 504 And The Ada In Special Education Cases, Mark C. Weber
A New Look At Section 504 And The Ada In Special Education Cases, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
School districts are finding fewer children eligible for services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). At the same time Congress has expanded the number of children who are protected by section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). These developments present the largely unexplored question of what obligations school districts owe children who have disabilities and are protected under section 504 and the ADA, but who are not eligible for services under IDEA. This article concludes that these children must be provided an education that meets their needs as adequately …
Special Education From The (Damp) Ground Up: Children With Disabilities In A Charter School-Dependent Educational System, Mark C. Weber
Special Education From The (Damp) Ground Up: Children With Disabilities In A Charter School-Dependent Educational System, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
Hurricane Katrina created the need and the opportunity to reconstitute the New Orleans public school system. Educational reformers took advantage of the destruction of existing institutions to build a new system based on educational choice and dependent on charter schools to provide the choices. The disaster also created the need and opportunity to rebuild the system of special education in the city, but education for children with disabilities appears to have been an afterthought. Reports have surfaced of children being steered away from charter schools or inadequately served there. This paper asks what principles should guide reformers in establishing education …
Unreasonable Accommodation And Due Hardship, Mark C. Weber
Unreasonable Accommodation And Due Hardship, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
This Article analyzes authoritative sources concerning the Americans with Disabilities Act accommodation requirement and concludes: (1) Reasonable accommodation and undue hardship are two sides of the same coin. The statutory duty is accommodation up to the limit of hardship, and reasonable accommodation should not be a separate hurdle for claimants to surmount apart from the undue hardship defense. There is no such thing as “unreasonable accommodation” or “due hardship.” (2) The duty to accommodate is a substantial obligation, one that may be expensive to satisfy, and one that is not subject to a cost-benefits balance, but rather a cost-resources balance; …
The Idea Eligibility Mess, Mark C. Weber
The Idea Eligibility Mess, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) guarantees students with disabilities a free public education appropriate to their needs, but students must meet the definition of “child with a disability” to be eligible for that entitlement. The law governing special education eligibility, however, is charitably characterized as a mess. There are several sources of the current eligibility confusion. First, recent court cases have reached conflicting conclusions about how much adverse educational impact the child’s disabling condition must have, what constitutes a sufficient need for special education, and when children with emotional disabilities are eligible. Second, long-established methods for assessing learning …
Services For Private School Students Under The Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act: Issues Of Statutory Entitlement, Religious Liberty, And Procedural Regularity, Mark C. Weber
Mark C. Weber
Government support for private schooling has been a topic of public discussion from the beginning of the administration of President George Bush. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (“Improvement Act”) amends the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”) with regard to (among other things) publicly funded services for children with disabilities who attend private schools. This Article describes the private school student provisions of the new law, demonstrating that the Improvement Act represents continuity in the field of special education services for children in private education. The Article then takes up three issues regarding services for private …
The Biblical Hermeneutics Of Magister Gratian. An Investigation Of Scripture And Canon Law In The Twelfth Century, John E. Rybolt
The Biblical Hermeneutics Of Magister Gratian. An Investigation Of Scripture And Canon Law In The Twelfth Century, John E. Rybolt
John E Rybolt
The father of canon law, Gratian, compiled and explained previous ecclesiastical jurisprudence using, among other sources, the Bible. This dissertation presents the principles of Gratian's biblical interpretation. It is based on an analysis and explanation of representative passages in the Decretum Gratiani, 628 citations in all.