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Articles 1 - 10 of 10
Full-Text Articles in Law
Sex Discrimination (Update 1), Christina B. Whitman
Sex Discrimination (Update 1), Christina B. Whitman
Book Chapters
During the 1980s and early 1990s intense disagreement has arisen over the appropriate strategy for eliminating sex discrimination. Some courts and commentators argue for gender-neutral rules that define categories in purely functional terms. Others, who point out that gender-neutral rules promise equality only for women who can meet a ‘‘male standard,’’ think that legal distinctions between the sexes are not only appropriate but necessary, at least in cases involving perceived biological differences. Still others refuse to think in terms of sameness and difference. They analyze each issue by asking whether the disputed rule furthers the domination of men and the …
The Invisible Discourse Of The Law: Reflections On Legal Literacy And General Education, James Boyd White
The Invisible Discourse Of The Law: Reflections On Legal Literacy And General Education, James Boyd White
Book Chapters
Almost everyone who is not trained in the law has struggled to understand legal documents, such as contracts and guarantees - not because they read poorly but because they lack legal knowledge and experience with legal language. Readers can experience the same difficulty in other fields such as philosophy, literary theory, or economics; it takes time to gain the knowledge required to become an expert reader in these areas. However, between the extremes of the trained legal expert and the complete novice is "another possible meaning of legal literacy: the degree of competence in legal discourse that is required for …
Eminent Domain (Update), James E. Krier
Eminent Domain (Update), James E. Krier
Book Chapters
One of the most challenging and enduring puzzles in American constitutional law is how one distinguishes a compensable taking of power from a legitimate and noncompensable exercise of the police power. To suggest the Supreme Court’s approach to the question, Harry N. Scheiber, author of the Encyclopedia’s principal article on eminent domain, looked back and away from the Court to Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw of Massachusetts.
The Constitution As Literature, James Boyd White
The Constitution As Literature, James Boyd White
Book Chapters
Although presumably no one would say that the Constitution offers its readers an experience that cannot be distinguished from reading a poem or a novel, there is nonetheless a sense in which it is a kind of highly imaginative literature in its own right (indeed its nature as law requires that this be so), the reading of which may be informed by our experience of other literary forms. But to say this may be controversial, and the first step toward understanding how such a claim can be made may be to ask what it is we think characterizes imaginative literature …
Patent Rights In The Human Genome Project, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Patent Rights In The Human Genome Project, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Book Chapters
The various research efforts that comprise the Human Genome Project will inevitably both draw on and yield a multitude of patentable inventions. The broad subject matter of the patent laws potentially reaches every phase of the Genome Project, from the discovery of new research technologies, such as techniques and equipment for DNA sequencing, through the ultimate development of new products, such as screening tests for genetically transmitted diseases. Even bits and pieces of the human genome itself may be, and sometimes have been, patented.' Nor does the fact that the public is paying for the Genome Project through federal funding …
Discretion And Rules: A Lawyer's View, Carl E. Scheider
Discretion And Rules: A Lawyer's View, Carl E. Scheider
Book Chapters
In modern society the law regulates the complex behavior of millions of people. To do this efficiently-to do this at all-broadly applicable rules must be used. Yet such rules are bound to be incomplete, to be ambiguous, to fail in some cases, to be unfair in others. Some of the drawbacks of rules can be minimized by giving discretion to the administrators and judges who apply them. Yet doing so dilutes the advantages of rules and creates the risk that discretion may be abused. Working out the proper balance of these considerations is both necessary and perplexing in every area …
Constitutional Interpretation, Terrance Sandalow
Constitutional Interpretation, Terrance Sandalow
Book Chapters
"[W]e must never forget," Chief Justice Marshall admonished us in a statement pregnant with more than one meaning, "that it is a constitution we are expounding." Marshall meant that the Constitution should be read as a document "intended to endure for ages to come, and, consequently, to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs." But he meant also that the construction placed upon the document must have regard for its "great outlines" and "important objects." Limits are implied by the very nature of the task. There is not the same freedom in construing the Constitution as in constructing …
Administrative Agencies, Joseph Vining
Administrative Agencies, Joseph Vining
Book Chapters
Administrative agencies, often called the ‘‘fourth branch,’’ are entities of government that make decisions within particular substantive fields. Although these fields range over the full spectrum of public concern, the specificity of agencies’ focus distinguishes them from other decision making entities in the constitutional structure—the judiciary, the presidency, the Congress, indeed the individual citizen—each of which can be taken to have a scope of interest as broad as imagination will allow.
Labor, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Labor, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Book Chapters
Labor relations present three principal kinds of constitutional issues. First, to what extent does the first amendment protect employees’ efforts to organize labor unions and solicit support, and to what extent does it limit the power of unions over their members? Second, how does the doctrine of federal preemption restrict the states in regulating union and management activities? Third, what due process guarantees may employers and employees invoke in response to federal and state laws establishing new substantive rules and remedies in employment? Although the Supreme Court has never squarely?
State Regulation Of Commerce (Update), Donald H. Regan
State Regulation Of Commerce (Update), Donald H. Regan
Book Chapters
In the period covered by this supplementary article, the Supreme Court has decided a case or two a year on state regulation of commerce. Considered individually, none of the cases through mid-1989 seems destined to become a landmark in DORMANT COMMERCE CLAUSE doctrin. Collectively, however, the cases may indicate a decreasing emphasis on "balencing" and an increasing focus on preventing states from intentionally discriminating against out-of-state interests.