Law Commons^™

Piercing The Shield Of U.C.C. Article 4a: Estate Of Levin V. Wells Fargo Bank’S, Implications For Terrorism Victims’ Attachment Of Blocked Electronic Wire Transfers Originating From State Sponsors Of Terrorism, Olivia Lu

University of Miami Business Law Review

This Piece examines how ambiguity in the property interests that would be subject to attachment under section 201 of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (“TRIA”) and section 1610(g) of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”) has affected efforts by victims of terrorism to fulfill their monetary judgments, especially in light of courts’ use of Article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code to fill the definitional gap. This Piece focuses on a recent D.C. Circuit decision, Estate of Levin v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., analyzing its implications for terrorism victims holding monetary judgments to attach blocked electronic funds transfers (“EFTs”) originating …

Copyright And Political Campaigns: How Much Control Should A Copyright Owner Have Over The Use Of Their Musical Work In A Political Campaign, Jared Zim

University of Miami Business Law Review

Music often tells a powerful story, driving emotional connections. As a result, politicians rely on music in every aspect of their political campaigns from political advertisements to campaign rallies. There is a long history of such political uses of music, often without an artist’s permission. While most disputes over such uses have ended in either settlement or the campaign stopping use of the infringed work, former President Donald Trump’s unauthorized use of music on the campaign trail sparked countless artist complaints. The complaining musicians feared any implication that they endorsed Trump and did not want any association with a political …

Regulating Best Interest: Sec Confronts The Brave New Markets, Rayaan Hossain

University of Miami Business Law Review

This Note comments on how recent developments in securities regulation deal with today’s securities industry challenges. As usual, the law advances much slower than technology. After decades of debate over heightened standards for broker-dealers giving investment advice, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) introduced Regulation Best Interest (Reg BI). Our modern market demands that broker-dealers execute quick trades on behalf of their clients as well as provide broader investment advice. The popularity of online trading platforms (“OTPs”) only exacerbated the need for regulatory changes. The theme of this paper surmises how Reg BI responds to the rise of the retail …

Making Small Claims Work For Copyright Law: Why The Decisions Of An Unprecedented Judicial Authority Should Hold Precedential Weight, Emma C. Johnson

University of Miami Business Law Review

Individual creators increasingly struggle to protect their copyrights, especially in the digital age. It is already often difficult for many creators to make a living, and more often than not, they cannot afford to pay thousands in court and legal fees to bring a copyright infringement claim. With the passing of the Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2019 (the “CASE Act”) in December of 2020, Congress and the United States Copyright Office formed a federal small claims court for creators in such positions to be able to enforce their copyrights.

The CASE Act seeks to give small copyright …

Hip Hop Turns 50: The End Of A Criminal Cartel, J. Christopher Hamilton

University of Miami Business Law Review

Most people are familiar with superstar rappers like Kanye West, Nicki Minaj, and Drake, who continue to anchor hip-hop in a competitive culture of braggadocio, high fashion, and lethal lyrics. Many are also familiar with the recent deaths of rising stars like King Von, Pop Smoke, PnB Rock, and Takeoff due to gun violence. However, beyond the megastars, melodic music, and the high-profile murders, hip-hop represents a global marketplace valued at over $15 billion, which is shocking considering the poverty surrounding its birth. On the eve of its 50th anniversary in 2023, hip-hop’s position as the dominant form of contemporary …

Overseas Primary Listing: U.S. Stock Markets As A Global Hub For Ipos?, Carlos Ragazzo, Rafael Costa

University of Miami Business Law Review

Between 2007 and 2021, several South American companies carried out IPOs outside their home countries, with the subsequent overseas primary listing of their shares on U.S. stock exchanges. The acceleration of this trend from January 2018 (with the IPO of PagSeguro Digital Ltd. on the New York Stock Exchange—NYSE) is not explained solely by the possibility of adopting dual-class shares structure for companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges. In this sense, factors such as: (1) biases and subjectivities in the decision-making process; (2) cultural proximity and history of successful precedents; (3) better valuation in comparison with local markets; and (4) …

The Power Of The Purse: Instigating Social Change Through Strategic Municipal Bond Investments, Jenna Reifler

University of Miami Business Law Review

Municipal bonds are generally understood as mutually beneficial for both issuer and holder—they allow cities to secure capital for local improvements and investors to earn reliable and tax-exempt profits. It turns out, however, that the lack of disclosure for issuing general obligation bonds presents the perfect camouflage for cities to secure funding despite their local social responsibility inadequacies.

Cities quietly shell out millions of dollars in settlements to the victims of police-misconduct. Largely unreported and untracked, many municipalities fund such settlements through general obligation bonds, which are colloquially termed police brutality bonds. As a result, and often unbeknownst to the …

Taking Care Of Business: An Empirical Examination Of The Top S&P 500 Companies And Their Role As Public Health Regulators During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Megan M. O’Malley

University of Miami Business Law Review

Data from the top 15 constituents by weight on the S&P 500 is assembled to identify trends among the policies these companies implemented in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some policies were fairly consistent across the board, especially in regard to remote work opportunities and health and safety measures for essential and/or in-person employees. Other policies, including vaccination requirements and vaccine incentives, varied across and within industries. Some companies that were examined went beyond the relevant federal, state, or local requirements in effect at the time, while other companies pushed back against public health guidance.

Hospital Mergers: The Symptoms Of Anticompetitive Consolidation & A Routine Checkup On The Horizontal Merger Guidelines, Stefan Rao Kostas

University of Miami Business Law Review

In 2021, President Biden issued an executive order that addressed the negative implications of market concentration within the healthcare industry. Specifically, President Biden called for the revision of the Horizontal and Vertical Merger Guidelines to enact antitrust safeguards that limit unchecked hospital mergers and promote competition. This Article delves into the role of the healthcare sector in the U.S. economy and how the current state of hospital mergers limits competition and, thus, the quality of care available to patients. Further, this Article studies U.S. federal regulations, case law, and merger retrospectives to uncover pitfalls within the current Horizontal Merger Guidelines. …

Now Streaming: How Streaming Services Are Following In The Antitrust Footsteps Of Hollywood’S Golden Age, Megan Elizabeth Norris

University of Miami Business Law Review

The entertainment industry is undergoing quite the transformation following the recent termination of the Paramount Consent Decrees, which effectively regulated the industry to prevent monopolization and promote competition for almost a century. The industry now faces a drastic surge in the utilization of streaming services and a new wave of antitrust issues.

“With great power comes great responsibility;” however, the dominant streaming companies in the industry have raised suspicion about emerging anticompetitive concerns. While long overdue, the termination of the Paramount Consent Decrees leaves a gaping hole in antitrust policy regarding the nuanced business practice of streaming platforms. Existing antitrust …

Anticompetitive Corporate Spin-Offs, Alexa Rosen Grealis

University of Miami Business Law Review

Section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code allows corporations to “spin-off” parent-controlled businesses tax-free. Traditionally an important tool for divestitures and restructurings with U.S. tax consequences, recent trends suggest section 355 is also of interest to firms facing US antitrust consequences. Statements and maneuvering by some such companies indicate firms are considering spinning-off businesses to avert liability and ‘break up’ on their own terms. Despite widespread renewed interest in using antitrust laws to break up large corporations, the antitrust implications of corporate spin-offs have thus far escaped scholarly notice and scrutiny.

This Note posits that it is a mistake to …

Epic Games, Inc. V. Apple, Inc.: An Epic Opinion For Software Developers, Gabriella Veronica Coffield

University of Miami Business Law Review

Aside from Google Play, Apple’s App Store is where the majority of apps are downloaded from across the world. Recently, Apple has faced scrutiny for its management of the App Store and the control Apple has over the market due to the lack of competition. Additionally, developers have criticized the 30% fee Apple charges them for in-app purchases. The recent ruling by the Northern District of California in Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple, Inc., 559 F. Supp. 3d 898 (N.D. Cal. 2021) addressed this issue and issued an injunction allowing the possibility for developers to direct consumers to external links …

The Demise Of The Hub-And-Spoke Cartel And The Rise Of The Student Athlete: A Significant Step Toward A New Era Of Conferences In Ncaa V. Alston, Brandon Posivak

University of Miami Business Law Review

The NCAA is not above the law. On June 21, 2021, the Supreme Court unanimously held in NCAA v. Alston that the NCAA’s student-athlete compensation restrictions violated § 1 of the Sherman Act, and student athletes may now obtain education-related benefits from their name, image, and likeness (NIL). The Court’s holding marked the first time the NCAA’s compensation restrictions failed antitrust scrutiny under the Rule of Reason analysis, but by limiting its holding to education-related benefits, the Court refused to open the floodgates to all forms of NIL compensation. Within its holding, the Court notably rejected the NCAA’s procompetitive argument …

In Support Of Ureaa: The Case For Timely, Uniform, And Comprehensive Action Against Restrictive Employment Agreements, Ryan Greenberg

University of Miami Business Law Review

Tens of millions of American workers across a range of occupations are bound by restrictive employment agreements. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused people to leave their jobs in search of more money, flexibility, and happiness—deemed the Great Resignation—shining a new light on the volatility of labor markets. But restrictive employment agreements limit workers’ exit options and stymie competition, in tension with our nation’s antitrust laws. The effects of these agreements are particularly damaging to low-wage workers. Rightfully so, policymakers across jurisdictions and political ideologies are increasingly introducing measures to curtail the abuse of these agreements. This area of the law …

“Sorry,” But I Didn’T Release It: How The Court’S Analysis Of The Fair Use Doctrine In Chapman V. Maraj Protects Innovation And Creativity In The Music Industry, Samantha Ross

University of Miami Business Law Review

The fair use doctrine is an important affirmative defense to copyright infringement when a particular use does not interfere with copyright law’s primary goal of promoting creativity for the public good. Artists and songwriters frequently experiment with copyrighted music without permission before seeking licensing approval from the original rights holders to “sample” or “replay” the work. In Chapman v. Maraj—a copyright infringement suit brought by Tracy Chapman against Nicki Minaj—the United States District Court for the Central District of California held that experimenting with a copyrighted musical composition for the purpose of creating a new work with an intent to …

How To Pay Off Hard Work, Juliette Hernandez

University of Miami Business Law Review

No abstract provided.