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The Evolution Of Operational Policies And Procedures At International Financial Institutions: Normative Significance And Enforcement Potential, Daniel Bradlow, Andria Naude Fourie
The Evolution Of Operational Policies And Procedures At International Financial Institutions: Normative Significance And Enforcement Potential, Daniel Bradlow, Andria Naude Fourie
Working Papers
The exact contours of international organizations’ (IO) responsibility have not yet been clearly defined. While IOs – and international financial institutions (IFIs) in particular – have in the past avoided drawing those contours in more certain terms, this position is slowly changing: IFIs have been changing expectations about their standards of conduct, as reflected in their evolving operational policies and procedures (OP&P). This report provides an overview of the content, formulation, adoption, amendment and enforcement of OP&P at multilateral development banks (MDB) (a subset of IFIs). It highlights the impact of three developments that are strengthening the normative significance and …
Catalyzing Technology Development Through University Research, Jorge Contreras, Charles R. Mcmanis
Catalyzing Technology Development Through University Research, Jorge Contreras, Charles R. Mcmanis
Working Papers
Research universities have traditionally been catalysts for technological innovation, particularly in new and emerging industries. Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that some of the most promising new technologies relating to climate change are being developed at research universities. In this chapter, we first summarize several modes of university technology development and licensing. Next we describe the evolution of university technology commercialization and the Bayh-Dole Act of 198'8 which is widely credited with establishing the intellectual property structure of current university licensing and technology transfer. We then discuss some important legal and intellectual property considerations relevant to the development, …