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Articles 1 - 30 of 94
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Unfinished Business Of Desegregation: Race Conscious College Admissions, Wendy B. Scott
The Unfinished Business Of Desegregation: Race Conscious College Admissions, Wendy B. Scott
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
This rejection of race conscious admissions practices under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by the [Supreme] Court requires a revisit to desegregation jurisprudence and practice to demonstrate why the considerations of race in higher education admissions fulfills the desegregation mandate. Given its rich history and contributions to the formation of equality norms and affirmative action, desegregation jurisprudence and practice provide a foundation for the premise that the use of race in college admissions constitutes a compelling state interest, supported by specific evidence of discrimination, that moves us closer to the democratization of education and racial equality under …
A Quarter Century Of Challenges And Progress In Education, And An Agenda For The Next Quarter Century, Albert H. Kauffman
A Quarter Century Of Challenges And Progress In Education, And An Agenda For The Next Quarter Century, Albert H. Kauffman
Faculty Articles
As a native Texan who attended intentionally segregated Texas public schools, then an effectively segregated Texas public law school, litigated many cases against discrimination in Texas education, and now teaches Texas education law, I have what I think to be informed opinions on where we have been, where we are going, and what we should do next. I will briefly describe our sad history of discrimination in segregation, school finance, testing, higher education, and lack of responsiveness to newer issues in education at all levels. I will then summarize some of our ongoing challenges and some possible approaches that I …
Deflect, Delay, Deny: A Case Study Of Segregation By Law School Faculty Before Brown V. Board Of Education, Briana Rosenbaum
Deflect, Delay, Deny: A Case Study Of Segregation By Law School Faculty Before Brown V. Board Of Education, Briana Rosenbaum
Scholarly Works
Many histories of school desegregation litigation center on the natural protagonists, such as the lawyers and plaintiffs who fought the status quo. Little attention is paid to the role that individual faculty members played in the perpetuation of segregated legal education. When the antagonists in the historiographies do appear, it is usually as anonymous individuals and groups. Thus, "the Board of Regents" refused to change its policy and "the University" denied a person's application.
But recently discovered and rarely accessed historic documents provide proof of the direct role that some law school faculty members played in the perpetuation of segregation. …
Moving From Harm Mitigation To Affirmative Discrimination Mitigation: The Untapped Potential Of Artificial Intelligence To Fight School Segregation And Other Forms Of Racial Discrimination, Andrew Gall
Catholic University Journal of Law and Technology
No abstract provided.
Separate But Free, Joshua E. Weishart
Separate But Free, Joshua E. Weishart
Law Faculty Scholarship
“Separate but equal” legally sanctioned segregation in public schools until Brown. Ever since, separate but free has been the prevailing dogma excusing segregation. From “freedom of choice” plans that facilitated massive resistance to desegregation to current school choice plans exacerbating racial, socioeconomic, and disability segregation, proponents have venerated parental freedom as the overriding principle.
This Article contends that, in the field of public education, the dogma of separate but free has no place; separate is inherently unfree. As this Article uniquely clarifies, segregation deprives schoolchildren of freedom to become equal citizens and freedom to learn in democratic, integrated, …
White Parents Searching For White Public Schools, Ezra Rosser
White Parents Searching For White Public Schools, Ezra Rosser
Articles in Law Reviews & Other Academic Journals
The New White Flight makes two significant contributions to our understanding of race and education. First, it argues that white parents chose to send their children to segregated, disproportionately white schools. This choice is reflected in white residential preferences for areas where "pricing-out mechanisms" ensure that the local school is disproportionately white. (P. 254.) This racially-motivated choice holds "even when school quality is controlled for, meaning that whites tend to choose predominately white schools even when presented with the choice of a more integrated school that is of good academic quality." (P. 236.) Second, it shows how charter schools give …
Desegregating Schooling In Hartford, Connecticut: The 1996 Sheff V. O’Neill Court Case And Two Decades Of Integration Policy, Adam Bloom
Senior Theses and Projects
No abstract provided.
Adequate Education: The Disregarded Fundamental Right And The Resurgence Of Segregation Of Public Schools, Neubia L. Harris
Adequate Education: The Disregarded Fundamental Right And The Resurgence Of Segregation Of Public Schools, Neubia L. Harris
Mitchell Hamline Law Review
No abstract provided.
I'M Confused: How Can The Federal Government Promote Diversity In Higher Education Yet Continue To Strengthen Historically Black Colleges?, Sean B. Seymore
I'M Confused: How Can The Federal Government Promote Diversity In Higher Education Yet Continue To Strengthen Historically Black Colleges?, Sean B. Seymore
Sean Seymore
No abstract provided.
Preferencing Educational Choice: The Constitutional Limits, Derek Black
Preferencing Educational Choice: The Constitutional Limits, Derek Black
Faculty Publications
Rapidly expanding charter and voucher programs threaten a new education paradigm in which access to traditional public schools is no longer guaranteed in some communities. In some instances, choice programs are phasing out traditional public schools altogether. The most harmful effects of choice, however, occur at the local level, not the state level. Thus, this Article does not challenge the general constitutionality of choice programs. Instead, the Article identifies limitations that state constitutional rights to adequate and equal education place on choice policy.
First, states cannot preference private choice programs over public education. This conclusion flows from the fact that …
Charter Schools And School Desegregation Law, Will Stancil
Charter Schools And School Desegregation Law, Will Stancil
Mitchell Hamline Law Review
No abstract provided.
Justiciability Of State Law School Segregation Claims, Will Stancil, Jim Hilbert
Justiciability Of State Law School Segregation Claims, Will Stancil, Jim Hilbert
Mitchell Hamline Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Missouri Student Transfer Program, Howard E. Fields Iii
The Missouri Student Transfer Program, Howard E. Fields Iii
Dissertations
In 1993, the state of Missouri passed the Outstanding Schools Act. This law was created as a means to ensure that “all children will have quality educational opportunities, regardless of where in Missouri they live.” Section 167.131 of this law states that an unaccredited district must pay the tuition and transportation cost for students who attend an accredited school in the same or adjoining district. This portion of the law became known as the Student Transfer Program.
The Riverview Gardens School District (RGSD) was one of three unaccredited school districts in the state of Missouri in 2013. With close to …
Uniform Rules: Addressing The Disparate Rules That Deny Student-Athletes The Opportunity To Participate In Sports According To Gender Identity, Chelsea Shrader
Uniform Rules: Addressing The Disparate Rules That Deny Student-Athletes The Opportunity To Participate In Sports According To Gender Identity, Chelsea Shrader
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
From Mainstreaming To Marginalization? Idea's De Facto Segregation Consequences And Prospects For Restoring Equity In Special Education, Kerrigan O'Malley
From Mainstreaming To Marginalization? Idea's De Facto Segregation Consequences And Prospects For Restoring Equity In Special Education, Kerrigan O'Malley
Law Student Publications
As a basic construct for recommending measures to correct the prevailing inequities in special education, this comment examines the de facto segregation impact IDEA stemming from the Supreme Court's interpretive rulings and from the Act's own enforcement norms. The analysis further identifies the equality compromising consequences of specific IDEA provisions and considers prospects for restoring equity to special needs service delivery in these areas, with a particular focus on tuition reimbursement for private school. Respecting the historical alignment of the law of race discrimination in education and the law of disability education rights, the analysis identifies inequities that prevail at …
Diversity Without Integration, Kevin Woodson
Diversity Without Integration, Kevin Woodson
Law Faculty Publications
The de facto racial segregation pervasive at colleges and universities across the country undermines a necessary precondition for the diversity benefits embraced by the Court in Grutter — the requirement that students partake in high-quality interracial interactions and social relationships with one another. This disjuncture between Grutter’s vision of universities as sites of robust cross-racial exchange and the reality of racial separation should be of great concern, not just because of its potential constitutional implications for affirmative action but also because it reifies racial hierarchy and reinforces inequality. Drawing from an extensive body of social science research, this article explains …
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Everett Et Al V. Pitt County School (Everett I And Ii) And The Ominous Future Of Federal Court Desegregation Orders, Mark Dorosin
Journal Publications
During the brief zenith of school desegregation litigation in the late 1960s and early 1970s, hundreds of school districts across the nation, and particularly across the South, were found liable for intentional racial discrimination and became subject to federal court supervision of approved plans to achieve integration. The period of aggressive enforcement was short-lived however, and by the mid-1970s, and accelerating through the 1980s and 1990s, an increasingly conservative Supreme Court and presidential administrations first slowed the scope and intensity of school integration, and then actively pushed to end judicial enforcement and oversight of existing desegregation cases. This was true …
The 2006 Winthrop And Frances Lane Lecture: The Unintended Legal And Policy Consequences Of The No Child Left Behind Act, Michael Heise
The 2006 Winthrop And Frances Lane Lecture: The Unintended Legal And Policy Consequences Of The No Child Left Behind Act, Michael Heise
Michael Heise
No abstract provided.
Judicial Decision-Making, Social Science Evidence, And Equal Educational Opportunity: Uneasy Relations And Uncertain Futures, Michael Heise
Judicial Decision-Making, Social Science Evidence, And Equal Educational Opportunity: Uneasy Relations And Uncertain Futures, Michael Heise
Michael Heise
No abstract provided.
Equal Educational Opportunity By The Numbers: The Warren Court's Empirical Legacy, Michael Heise
Equal Educational Opportunity By The Numbers: The Warren Court's Empirical Legacy, Michael Heise
Michael Heise
By drawing upon empirical social science evidence to inform a core tenet of the Court's understanding of equal education the Warren Court established one of its enduring - if under-appreciated - legacies: The increased empiricization of the equal educational opportunity doctrine. All three major subsequent legal efforts to restructure public schools and equalize educational opportunities among students - post-Brown school desegregation, finance, and choice litigation - evidence an increasingly empiricized equal educational opportunity doctrine. If my central claim is correct, it becomes important to consider the consequences of this development. I consider two in this Article and find both benefits …
Socioeconomic Integration And The Greater Richmond School District: The Feasibility Of Interdistrict Consolidation, Barry Gabay
Socioeconomic Integration And The Greater Richmond School District: The Feasibility Of Interdistrict Consolidation, Barry Gabay
Law Student Publications
This article seeks to offer a mitigating solution to the educational inequities plaguing Richmond Public Schools--socioeconomic integration and district consolidation. Under this race-neutral school assignment proposal, desegregation efforts are based not on an individual's ethnicity, but socioeconomic status. The proposal seeks to have no more than 50% of a student body receiving free or reduced-price lunch in any one school in the Richmond area. However, because of Richmond Public Schools' existing high poverty rate, no socioeconomic redistricting proposal would be effective without incorporating Richmond's adjacent suburbs- Chesterfield and Henrico counties.
Seeking Educational Equality In The North: The Integration Of The Hilburn School System, Peter C. Alexander
Seeking Educational Equality In The North: The Integration Of The Hilburn School System, Peter C. Alexander
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Can Universal Pre-K Overcome Extreme Race And Income Segregation To Reach New York’S Neediest Children? The Importance Of Legal Infrastructure And The Limits Of The Law , Natalie Gomez-Velez
Can Universal Pre-K Overcome Extreme Race And Income Segregation To Reach New York’S Neediest Children? The Importance Of Legal Infrastructure And The Limits Of The Law , Natalie Gomez-Velez
Cleveland State Law Review
This article will examine New York City and State’s current universal pre-kindergarten efforts as related to social goals of serving low-income children in segregated schools to address inequality and close opportunity gaps. It also will examine the educational goals of enhancing cognitive gains and improving school readiness for all children. Part I considers pre-kindergarten in a climate of extreme segregation by race and class and in the context of current technocratic education reforms operating against a backdrop of diminished legal remedies for the harms of race and class segregation and inequality. Part II examines pre-kindergarten, with a focus on New …
The Ironies Of Affirmative Action, Kermit Roosevelt Iii
The Ironies Of Affirmative Action, Kermit Roosevelt Iii
All Faculty Scholarship
The Supreme Court’s most recent confrontation with race-based affirmative action, Fisher v. University of Texas, did not live up to people’s expectations—or their fears. The Court did not explicitly change the current approach in any substantial way. It did, however, signal that it wants race-based affirmative action to be subject to real strict scrutiny, not the watered-down version featured in Grutter v. Bollinger. That is a significant signal, because under real strict scrutiny, almost all race-based affirmative action programs are likely unconstitutional. This is especially true given the conceptual framework the Court has created for such programs—the way …
School Segregation In Jefferson County And Seattle: The Impact Of The Parents Involved Ruling And District Actions, William J. Glenn
School Segregation In Jefferson County And Seattle: The Impact Of The Parents Involved Ruling And District Actions, William J. Glenn
Cleveland State Law Review
This paper focuses on the two districts directly involved in the Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (PICS) (2007) case with regard to how their desegregation plans and levels of segregation changed over time. The study emphasizes how segregation levels changed in response to changes in the plans and, in particular, to the Supreme Court ruling in PICS. The results differed greatly between the two districts. The voluntary desegregation plan in Jefferson County, Kentucky, proved far more effective than its Seattle counterpart in terms of maintaining a relatively low level of segregation prior to the …
“Jim Crowing” Plyler V. Doe: The Resegregation Of Undocumented Students In American Higher Education Through Discriminatory State Tuition And Fee Legislation, David H.K. Nguyen, Zelideh R. Martinez Hoy
“Jim Crowing” Plyler V. Doe: The Resegregation Of Undocumented Students In American Higher Education Through Discriminatory State Tuition And Fee Legislation, David H.K. Nguyen, Zelideh R. Martinez Hoy
Cleveland State Law Review
This law review article examines the re-segregation of undocumented students in education, more specifically, re-segregation through state laws and policies impacting their attendance at American colleges and universities. Under no fault of their own, undocumented students are marginalized even further after graduating from high school, since they are not afforded the same benefits as their peers to attend college. This article explores the current landscape of these laws and policies after providing background on Plyler v. Doe and state and federal attempts to challenge education for undocumented students.
Turnaround In Reverse: Brown, School Improvement Grants, And The Legacy Of Educational Opportunity, Natasha M. Wilson, Robert N. Strassfeld
Turnaround In Reverse: Brown, School Improvement Grants, And The Legacy Of Educational Opportunity, Natasha M. Wilson, Robert N. Strassfeld
Cleveland State Law Review
As we reflect upon the sixtieth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, it is critical to not only assess policies advanced during the Obama administration that are aimed at reducing the continuing disparity for minority and economically disadvantaged students, but to also reflect upon what Secretary Duncan called the paradox of educational progress that continues to persist. Part II explores the effort to realize Brown’s promise of integration and equal educational opportunity. It describes a slow but significant history of gains, which has since been thwarted as Brown has been rendered doctrinally impotent. It then considers the relationship …
Place, Not Race: Affirmative Action And The Geography Of Educational Opportunity, Sheryll Cashin
Place, Not Race: Affirmative Action And The Geography Of Educational Opportunity, Sheryll Cashin
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Ultimately, I argue that one important response to the demise of race-based affirmative action should be to incorporate the experience of segregation into diversity strategies. A college applicant who has thrived despite exposure to poverty in his school or neighborhood deserves special consideration. Those blessed to come of age in poverty-free havens do not. I conclude that use of place, rather than race, in diversity programming will better approximate the structural disadvantages many children of color actually endure, while enhancing the possibility that we might one day move past the racial resentment that affirmative action engenders. While I propose substituting …
Emotional Segregation: Huckleberry Finn In The Modern Classroom, Sharon E. Rush
Emotional Segregation: Huckleberry Finn In The Modern Classroom, Sharon E. Rush
Sharon E. Rush
This paper explores the harm of teaching The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in public school classrooms. Such harm can be broadly described as emotional segregation, which occurs when society sanctions disrespect. To illustrate the effects of emotional segregation, this article explores the reaction Black students and parents have to the novel to that of White students and parents. White students eagerly imagine being Huck and going on his adventures. Black students, however, cannot and should not even be asked to try to imagine being Huck and betraying their racial identity. But then who are the Black students supposed to identify …
The Heart Of Equal Protection: Education And Race, Sharon E. Rush
The Heart Of Equal Protection: Education And Race, Sharon E. Rush
Sharon E. Rush
Brown vs. Board of Education established more than the unconstitutionality of the separate but equal doctrine in public education. Brown also gave the importance of education a constitutional dimension. Involuntary racial segregation creates a stigma wherever it exists which indisputably affects all children's self-esteem by possibly undermining that of children of color and by artificially inflating that of White children. Unfortunately, more recent cases that raise questions about the right to a public education seem less willing to acknowledge the importance of education and the importance of integration in public education. Since Brown, the Court has held repeatedly that education …