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Articles 1 - 30 of 116
Full-Text Articles in Law
Holding Aggressors Responsible For International Crimes: Implementing The Unequal Enforcement Doctrine, Nancy Amoury Combs
Holding Aggressors Responsible For International Crimes: Implementing The Unequal Enforcement Doctrine, Nancy Amoury Combs
Faculty Publications
It is a fundamental tenet of the laws of war that they apply equally to all parties to a conflict. For this reason, a party such as Russia — that illegally launches a war — benefits from all the same rights as a party such as Ukraine — that is forced to defend against the illegal aggression. Countless philosophers have shown that this so-called equal application doctrine is morally indefensible because defenders should have more rights and fewer responsibilities than aggressors. Legal scholars continue to support the equal application doctrine, however, because they reasonably fear that applying different rules to …
Putin's Matryoskha: A War Reparations Facility For Rebuilding Ukraine, Lev E. Breydo
Putin's Matryoskha: A War Reparations Facility For Rebuilding Ukraine, Lev E. Breydo
Faculty Publications
This Article addresses a critical, trillion-dollar question: How do we hold Russia accountable for the reconstruction of Ukraine? The nation has been devastated by Russia's brutal war of aggression, with tens of thousands killed, millions displaced and its economy in shambles. The enormity of the problem cannot be overstated.
Existing proposals to support Ukraine, including many from prominent scholars, largely focus on seizing Russian assets, particularly central bank reserves "frozen" by sanctions. Such strategies, however, are legally problematic-- likely well beyond the scope of Presidential authority-- and financially insufficient. Moreover, while prospective new legislation could expand presidential powers, it risks …
Political Default. The Implications Of Weaponizing Global Financial Infrastructure, Lev E. Breydo
Political Default. The Implications Of Weaponizing Global Financial Infrastructure, Lev E. Breydo
Faculty Publications
In response to Russia’s unlawful invasion of Ukraine, the U.S. has led a broad-based global coalition to punish the aggressor with an “unprecedented” sanction regime. Those measures have targeted “the Russian government’s basic tools to manage its macroeconomy,” with a particular emphasis on its sovereign debt. That concerted focus, as this Article empirically demonstrates through analysis of bond and credit default swap data, ultimately resulted in Russia’s first foreign currency debt default in over a century — despite the nation’s ability and seeming willingness to pay.
Notwithstanding aptly-deserved “just deserts” considerations, a forced — or “political” — Russian sovereign debt …
Russia's Roulette: Sanctions, Strange Contracts & Sovereign Default, Lev E. Breydo
Russia's Roulette: Sanctions, Strange Contracts & Sovereign Default, Lev E. Breydo
Faculty Publications
This Article is the first comprehensive, multi-disciplinary analysis of Russia’s sovereign debt and the consequences of a potential default.
[...]
This Article introduces a Russian debt taxonomy divided into four distinctive categories. Starting with relatively standard terms in late-1990s vintage bonds, over time and as a close function of geo-political developments, the contracts grew unusual—bordering towards lawless.
[...]
The rest of this Article is organized in four parts. Part II provides critical background regarding Russia’s sovereign debt and details key legal provisions likely implicated in the event of a default. Part III discusses how, due to the complex interplay between …
The Collective Right Endures: Pre-Heller Precedent And Our Understanding Of The Modern Second Amendment, William Reach
The Collective Right Endures: Pre-Heller Precedent And Our Understanding Of The Modern Second Amendment, William Reach
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
Prior to 2008, legal scholars who examined the Second Amendment fell roughly into two camps: those who believed “the right of the people to . . . bear arms” only covered state militias, and those who believed it extended to individual citizens.
After District of Columbia v. Heller conclusively established that the “Second Amendment conferred an individual right to keep and bear arms," discussion of the collective right to bear arms largely receded from public discussion and most litigation surrounding the Second Amendment shifted to define the outer edges of the individual right. But the pre-Heller showdown between these …
Problematic Ai — When Should We Use It?, Fredric Lederer
Problematic Ai — When Should We Use It?, Fredric Lederer
Popular Media
No abstract provided.
Beyond "Restoration Of Honor": Compensating Veterans For The Psychological Injuries Of The Gay And Transgender Bans, Evan R. Seamone
Beyond "Restoration Of Honor": Compensating Veterans For The Psychological Injuries Of The Gay And Transgender Bans, Evan R. Seamone
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
This Article is titled “Beyond Restoration of Honor” specifically to introduce the policy priority of ensuring that all Sexual and Gender Identity Minority (SGIM) veterans who were harmed by...discriminatory policies [like Don't Ask, Don't Tell] can obtain and use Veterans Affairs (VA) disability benefits for injuries resulting from discrimination while in the military. While this Article highlights the value of codifying a series of specific SGIM stressor markers for PTSD in the VA’s regulations concerning personal assault and creating presumptions of service-connection for specific military experiences, existing laws and regulations permit service-connection for these injuries without further regulatory changes.
In …
Making The Best From A Mess: Mental Health, Misconduct, And The "Insanity Defense" In The Va Disability Compensation System, Caleb R. Stone
Making The Best From A Mess: Mental Health, Misconduct, And The "Insanity Defense" In The Va Disability Compensation System, Caleb R. Stone
Faculty Publications
The disability compensation system implemented by the Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") is highly technical and complex. Before veterans reach questions concerning entitlement to benefits or the amount of compensation, they must first achieve basic eligibility for VA benefits. That involves receiving a discharge that is "honorable" for VA purposes. For some former servicemembers seeking benefits, using the VA's "insanity defense" to excuse misconduct leading to a less-than-honorable discharge may be the best avenue for obtaining compensation. The VA insanity provision contemplated in 38 U.S.C. s. 5303(b) and defined in 38 C.F.R. s. 3.354 is the only "defense" that allows …
Regulating Armed Private Militia Gatherings: A Constitutional State-Level Proposal To Promote Public Safety In A Post-Heller World, Sean Tenaglia
Regulating Armed Private Militia Gatherings: A Constitutional State-Level Proposal To Promote Public Safety In A Post-Heller World, Sean Tenaglia
William & Mary Law Review
“Yesterday, in my view, was one of the darkest days in the history of our nation.” President Joseph R. Biden spoke these words following the January 6, 2021 riots at the U.S. Capitol Building that left five people, including a police officer, dead. The mob that stormed the Capitol sought to prevent Congress from certifying then-President-elect Biden’s Electoral College victory. In the weeks following the riot, investigators began arresting rioters associated with extremist right-wing militia groups, such as the Oath Keepers and Three Percenters. While January 6, 2021, can accurately be labeled a dark day in American history, the events …
Congressional Oversight Of Modern Warfare: History, Pathologies, And Proposals For Reform, Oona A. Hathaway, Tobias Kuehne, Randi Michel, Nicole Ng
Congressional Oversight Of Modern Warfare: History, Pathologies, And Proposals For Reform, Oona A. Hathaway, Tobias Kuehne, Randi Michel, Nicole Ng
William & Mary Law Review
Despite significant developments in the nature of twenty-first century warfare, Congress continues to employ a twentieth century oversight structure. Modern warfare tactics, including cyber operations, drone strikes, and special operations, do not neatly fall into congressional committee jurisdictions. Counterterrorism and cyber operations, which are inherently multi-jurisdictional and highly classified, illustrate the problem. In both contexts, over the past several years Congress has addressed oversight shortcomings by strengthening its reporting requirements, developing relatively robust oversight regimes. But in solving one problem, Congress has created another: deeply entrenched information silos that inhibit the sharing of information about modern warfare across committees. This …
Fulfilling Porter's Promise, Danielle Allyn
Fulfilling Porter's Promise, Danielle Allyn
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
Despite the Porter court’s reference to a “long tradition of according leniency to veterans,” in the criminal legal system, veterans are overrepresented on death rows across America, including Georgia’s. Most of these veterans come to death row with experiences of marginalization due to other aspects of their identity, such as race or mental disability.
This Article examines the cases of six men executed in Georgia, each with a history of military service, and each with experiences of disenfranchisement based on race and/or mental disability. At trial, each confronted legal risks that disproportionately place Black people and people with mental disabilities …
Black Flags Behind Bars: Doe V. Mattis And Why The 2001 Aumf Does Not Justify The Detention Of U.S.-Citizen Islamic State Fighters, John A. Gurtunca
Black Flags Behind Bars: Doe V. Mattis And Why The 2001 Aumf Does Not Justify The Detention Of U.S.-Citizen Islamic State Fighters, John A. Gurtunca
William & Mary Law Review Online
This Note proposes that the current legal authority the United States relies on to detain U.S. citizens captured as enemy combatants—the 2001 AUMF—does not provide an adequate justification for the detention of Islamic State fighters who are U.S. citizens. This Note argues that despite a marriage of convenience, the Islamic State’s organizational and operational differences from al-Qaeda make it a factually distinct organization. Because the Islamic State and al-Qaeda are two different entities, the Islamic State falls outside the scope of the 2001 AUMF. Thus, the 2001 AUMF should not apply to the detention of U.S.-citizen Islamic State fighters because …
Creating An Unprecedented Number Of Precedents At The U.S. Court Of Appeals For Veterans Claims, Natsumi Antweiler
Creating An Unprecedented Number Of Precedents At The U.S. Court Of Appeals For Veterans Claims, Natsumi Antweiler
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Recent Case Shows Flaws In Va Benefits, David E. Boelzner
Recent Case Shows Flaws In Va Benefits, David E. Boelzner
Popular Media
No abstract provided.
When All Else Fails, Look To The Courts: Using Hybrid Tribunals To Build Judicial Capacity And End Environmental Destruction In Post-Conflict Countries, Reeana Keenen
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review
A news report from April 2017 that compiled data from South Sudan, Nigeria, Somalia, and Yemen stated that each country is either experiencing famine or on the brink. These countries and their link to famine is not coincidental: each country is either in the midst of current armed conflict or trying to piece itself back together following an armed conflict. For example, in South Sudan, violent clashes between South Sudan’s army and a rebel militia resulted in the “razing and burning [of] entire villages.”
Famine and other environmental harms are common in pre- and post-conflict countries, often worsened by the …
Understanding Crime Gravity: Exploring The Views Of International Criminal Law Experts, Stuart Ford
Understanding Crime Gravity: Exploring The Views Of International Criminal Law Experts, Stuart Ford
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Human Rights In International Criminal Proceedings—The Impact Of The Judgment Of The Kosovo Specialist Chambers Of 26 April 2017, Göran Sluiter
Human Rights In International Criminal Proceedings—The Impact Of The Judgment Of The Kosovo Specialist Chambers Of 26 April 2017, Göran Sluiter
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
By their very nature, international criminal tribunals will in their operation impact individual rights, such as the right to liberty and the right to a fair trial. Without a constitution and without a history in developing due process norms, international criminal tribunals have to provide for instant incorporation of human rights in their respective criminal proceedings.
However, the circumstances under which international criminal tribunals are established are often complex, while at the same time their creation is considered to be a matter of urgency. As a result, there may not always be sufficient attention to human rights law’s position and …
The Bemba Appeals Chamber Judgment: Impunity For Sexual And Gender-Based Crimes?, Susana Sácouto, Patricia Viseur Sellers
The Bemba Appeals Chamber Judgment: Impunity For Sexual And Gender-Based Crimes?, Susana Sácouto, Patricia Viseur Sellers
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Unequal Enforcement Of The Law: Targeting Aggressors For Mass Atrocity Prosecutions, Nancy Amoury Combs
Unequal Enforcement Of The Law: Targeting Aggressors For Mass Atrocity Prosecutions, Nancy Amoury Combs
Faculty Publications
It is a central tenet of the laws of war that they apply equally to all parties to a conflict. For this reason, a party that illegally launches a war benefits from all the same rights as a party that must defend against the illegal aggression. Countless philosophers have shown that this so-called equal application doctrine is morally indefensible and that defenders should have more rights and fewer responsibilities than aggressors. The equal application doctrine retains the support of legal scholars, however, because they reasonably fear that applying different rules to different warring parties will substantially reduce overall compliance with …
An Environmental No Man's Land: The Often Overlooked Consequences Of Armed Conflict On The Natural Environment, Evan Frauhiger
An Environmental No Man's Land: The Often Overlooked Consequences Of Armed Conflict On The Natural Environment, Evan Frauhiger
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review
No abstract provided.
The Bergdahl Block: How The Military Limits Public Access To Preliminary Hearings And What We Can Do About It, Eric R. Carpenter
The Bergdahl Block: How The Military Limits Public Access To Preliminary Hearings And What We Can Do About It, Eric R. Carpenter
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl and Private First Class Bradley (now Chelsea) Manning have something in common. Military officials unlawfully closed all or portions of their preliminary hearings to the public. When doing so, military officials exploited two unusual features of the military justice system, thereby denying the accused and the media of their respective Sixth Amendment and First Amendment rights to a public hearing.
The first feature is that the military justice system does not include a standing trial-level court. If there is a problem at the preliminary hearing, the accused and media have nowhere to go for help. The accused …
Why A President Cannot Authorize The Military To Violate (Most Of) The Law Of War, John C. Dehn
Why A President Cannot Authorize The Military To Violate (Most Of) The Law Of War, John C. Dehn
William & Mary Law Review
Waterboarding and “much worse,” torture, and “tak[ing] out” the family members of terrorists: President Trump endorsed these measures while campaigning for office. After his inauguration, Trump confirmed his view of the effectiveness of torture and has not clearly rejected other measures forbidden by international law. This Article therefore examines whether a President has the power to order or authorize the military to violate international humanitarian law, known as the “law of war.” Rather than assess whether the law of war generally constrains a President as Commander-in-Chief, however, its focus is the extent to which Congress requires the U.S. military to …
Combating Thieves Of Valor: The Stolen Valor Act Of 2013 Is Constitutional Yet Unenforced, Mary E. Johnston
Combating Thieves Of Valor: The Stolen Valor Act Of 2013 Is Constitutional Yet Unenforced, Mary E. Johnston
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
From Rising Heat Comes Rising Tension In Syria: How Global Warming Started A War & Threatens Homeland Security, D'Andre Lampkin
From Rising Heat Comes Rising Tension In Syria: How Global Warming Started A War & Threatens Homeland Security, D'Andre Lampkin
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review
This Essay investigates the links of climate change as it relates to civil unrest and terrorism in Syria and the ongoing civil war occurring in the region. The goals are to explore how climate change leads to instability in the region and gives rise to the spread of terrorist organizations, and to suggest solutions to lay the foundation for restoring economic, social, and political stability in the region.
From Rome To The Military Justice Acts Of 2016 And Beyond: Continuing Civilianization Of The Military Criminal Legal System, Fredric I. Lederer
From Rome To The Military Justice Acts Of 2016 And Beyond: Continuing Civilianization Of The Military Criminal Legal System, Fredric I. Lederer
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
The Common Law Of War, Jens David Ohlin
The Common Law Of War, Jens David Ohlin
William & Mary Law Review
In recent litigation before U.S. federal courts, the government has argued that military commissions have jurisdiction to prosecute offenses against the “common law of war,” which the government defines as a body of domestic offenses, such as inchoate conspiracy, that violate the American law of war. This Article challenges that definition by arguing that stray references to the term “common law of war” in historical materials meant something completely different. By examining the Lieber Code, the writings of early natural law theorists, and early American judicial decisions, this Article concludes that the “common law of war” referred to a branch …
Ptsd, Tbi, And Oth Discharges: A Case Study Of A Young Service Member, Patricia E. Roberts
Ptsd, Tbi, And Oth Discharges: A Case Study Of A Young Service Member, Patricia E. Roberts
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Military Sexual Trauma And Department Of Veterans Affairs Disability Compensation For Ptsd: Barriers, Evidentiary Burdens And Potential Remedies, Kaylee R. Gum
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
Vets Just Want Fair Benefits, Patricia E. Roberts
Post 9/11 Veterans: Welcoming Them Home As Colleagues And Clients, Patricia E. Roberts
Post 9/11 Veterans: Welcoming Them Home As Colleagues And Clients, Patricia E. Roberts
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.