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Articles 1 - 30 of 37
Full-Text Articles in Law
Gaps In Our National Security: How The Lack Of Female Leadership Impacts Our Nation’S Success And Safety, Maggie Sullivan
Gaps In Our National Security: How The Lack Of Female Leadership Impacts Our Nation’S Success And Safety, Maggie Sullivan
Cleveland State Law Review
Gender inequality in the workplace is an ever-evolving discussion. One aspect of gender inequality that is frequently overlooked is the leadership gap—the lack of representation of women in the top positions of their respective careers. Research demonstrates that the leadership gap is particularly pronounced in the legal field. This Article analyzes the factors within the legal field that perpetuate the leadership gap and examines the unique, confounding qualities of careers in national security to illustrate an exacerbated problem of inequality for women lawyers in national security. The lack of adequate diversity in people working in—and leading—the national-security field has been …
“I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel To Be Free”: A Lamentation On Dobbs V. Jackson’S Pernicious Impact On The Lives And Liberty Of Women, April L. Cherry
“I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel To Be Free”: A Lamentation On Dobbs V. Jackson’S Pernicious Impact On The Lives And Liberty Of Women, April L. Cherry
Cleveland State Law Review
On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court overturned nearly fifty years of precedent when it declared in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization that abortion was not a fundamental right, and therefore it was not protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and substantive due process. In law school corridors and legal scholar circles, discussion of the Court’s evisceration of abortion rights focused on the corresponding changes in Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence and the Court’s outright dismissal of stare decisis. But in homes, hospitals, community centers, and workplaces, different conversations were happening. Conversations, mostly had by women, concerned the real-life consequences of overturning …
Methodological Gerrymandering, David Simson
Methodological Gerrymandering, David Simson
Cleveland State Law Review
The U.S. Supreme Court has come to decide many of the most consequential and contentious aspects of social policy via its interpretations of the U.S. Constitution. Institutional features of the Court create significant pressure on the Justices to justify their decisions as applications of “law” rather than the practice of “politics.” Their perceived failure to do so calls forth criticism sounding in a variety of registers—ranging from allegations of a lack of neutrality, lack of impartiality, or lack of “principle,” to allegations of opportunism, disingenuousness, and hypocrisy. Analyzing the Justices’ choices in relation to interpretational “methodology”—choosing one lens through which …
Stories That Kill: Masculinity And Capital Prosecutors' Closing Arguments, Pamela A. Wilkins
Stories That Kill: Masculinity And Capital Prosecutors' Closing Arguments, Pamela A. Wilkins
Cleveland State Law Review
The American death penalty is a punishment by, for, and about men: Both historically and today, most capital prosecutors are men, most capital defendants are men, and killing itself is strongly coded male. Yet despite—or perhaps because of—the overwhelming maleness of the institution of capital punishment, the subject of masculinity is largely absent from legal discourse about the death penalty. This Article addresses that gap in the legal discourse by applying the insights of masculinities theory, an offshoot of feminist theory, to capital prosecutors’ closing arguments. This Article hypothesizes that capital prosecutors’ masculinity is strongly influenced both by white Southern …
Employer Liability For Sex Harassment Through The Lens Of Restorative Justice, Emily Rees
Employer Liability For Sex Harassment Through The Lens Of Restorative Justice, Emily Rees
Cleveland State Law Review
Title VII cases alleging sex harassment have become almost completely deferential to employers who have anti-harassment policies. In this Note, I discuss legal and sociological influences on this development and propose using restorative justice focused mediation to avoid rendering Title VII entirely ineffective. Mediation should only be compelled as a remedy—after a court finds that harassment occurred, but that the plaintiff cannot prove her employer knew about the harassment. Instead of dismissing these cases—where judges have already found illegal discrimination—some corrective action should be imposed on the employer for its failure to maintain a harassment-free workplace. Focusing mediation on principles …
Online Sex Trafficking Hysteria: Flawed Policies, Ignored Human Rights, And Censorship, Regina A. Russo
Online Sex Trafficking Hysteria: Flawed Policies, Ignored Human Rights, And Censorship, Regina A. Russo
Cleveland State Law Review
On April 11, 2018, President Donald Trump signed the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) into law. The law, passed with bipartisan support, created a new federal offense that prohibits the use or operation of websites with the intent to "promote" or "facilitate" prostitution, expanded existing liability for federal sex trafficking offenses, and amended Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Touted as the "most important law protecting Internet speech," section 230 provides broad protection for online intermediaries that host or republish speech. It immunizes online intermediaries from liability for the things that third-party users …
You Play Ball Like A Girl: Cultural Implications Of The Contact Sports Exemption And Why It Needs To Be Changed, Michelle Margaret Smith
You Play Ball Like A Girl: Cultural Implications Of The Contact Sports Exemption And Why It Needs To Be Changed, Michelle Margaret Smith
Cleveland State Law Review
Women in the United States have historically earned significantly less income per year compared to their male counterparts. In 2014, the pay discrepancy was at its lowest point with women earning seventy-nine cents per every dollar men earned. This discrepancy exists even though women now attain college degrees at a higher rate than men and make up 47% of the labor force. In sports, the pay discrepancy is even greater. At the professional level, women earn as little as 1.2% of what their male counterparts earn. This Note addresses how changing the contact sports exemption in Title IX to allow …
From The Bench To The Screen: The Woman Judge In Film, Laura Krugman Ray
From The Bench To The Screen: The Woman Judge In Film, Laura Krugman Ray
Cleveland State Law Review
Although there has been a dramatic increase in the number of women judges over the past half century, their cinematic counterparts have failed to reflect that change. This Article explores the paradoxical relationship between social reality and its representation on screen to identify a lingering resistance to the idea of women exercising judicial power. The Article first examines the sparse history of women judges as central characters in films of the 1930s, finding the tension in those films between judicial authority and domestic happiness. It then turns to Hollywood’s romantic comedies of the 1940s, which resolved that tension through the …
Personal Insights And Experiences Regarding The Passage Of Title Ix , Birch Bayh
Personal Insights And Experiences Regarding The Passage Of Title Ix , Birch Bayh
Cleveland State Law Review
My purpose here today is to look at some of the legislative history of Title IX, and perhaps some of the details that never made it into the Congressional Record, and also to include my personal involvement in it. I do that with some fear and trepidation because it sounds like one is puffing himself up.It is fair to ask, “How can a kid who grew up on a corn and soybean farm, raising pigs and hogs and cattle and calves, chickens, how in the world could he ever get to be a United States Senator, let alone become involved …
Worth Fighting For: Thirty-Five Years Of Title Ix Advocacy In The Courts, Congress And The Federal Agencies, Marcia D. Greenberger, Neena K. Chaudhry
Worth Fighting For: Thirty-Five Years Of Title Ix Advocacy In The Courts, Congress And The Federal Agencies, Marcia D. Greenberger, Neena K. Chaudhry
Cleveland State Law Review
This article focuses on Title IX and women's continuing struggle to secure equal opportunity on the playing fields. But athletics is not unique. Indeed, the lessons of Title IX in athletics, its importance to women and girls, and how the law has been shaped over the years by advocacy in each branch of government, apply to all the fields of endeavor that still remain only partially available to the young women of this nation. Women and girls continue to lag behind in the STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) fields, remain clustered in “traditionally female” programs such as cosmetology that …
Title Ix: How We Got It And What A Difference It Made, Bernice Resnick Sandler
Title Ix: How We Got It And What A Difference It Made, Bernice Resnick Sandler
Cleveland State Law Review
This article is a longer version of two speeches, one given at Women Rock: Title IX Academic and Legal Conference held at Cleveland State University on March 30, 2007 sponsored by McDonald Hopkins LLC, and one given in San Francisco at an Equal Rights Advocates fundraiser on June 8, 2007. In this article, the author takes the reader through her personal journey to reach Women's Equality in a world before Title IX. Through these experiences, she has become an integral part in the creation of Title IX legislation.
Title Ix - Two For One: A Starter Kit Of The Law And A Snapshot Of Title Ix's Impact, Linda Jean Carpenter, R. Vivian Acosta
Title Ix - Two For One: A Starter Kit Of The Law And A Snapshot Of Title Ix's Impact, Linda Jean Carpenter, R. Vivian Acosta
Cleveland State Law Review
This article first examines the creation of Title IX legislation. Then the article argues that " Title IX has had a massive impact on America's sport programs. But the debate continues, and perhaps will always continue, as long as there is inadequate funding to make the achievement of equity easy; as long as powerful members of one sex view exclusive access to sport as their chromosomal birth right; as long as administrators favor one sport over providing the benefits of athletics participation to a broader proportion of the student body; as long as the cake is not cut evenly."
Title Ix As Pragmatic Feminism, Deborah L. Brake
Title Ix As Pragmatic Feminism, Deborah L. Brake
Cleveland State Law Review
This article examines Title IX as an example of a pragmatic approach to theory, and argues that pragmatic feminism is an approach that holds promise for feminists grappling with the complexity of gender oppression. Part II briefly examines pragmatism as an alternative to foundational theory and considers pragmatism's relationship to feminist legal theory. Part III explores the many forms and iterations of gender subordination in sports. Calls for a consistent, unifying theory of Title IX cannot account for the shifting nature and multiplicity of social and institutional practices that subordinate women in sports. These varied forms of subordination necessitate a …
Raza Womyn Engaged In Love And Revolution: Chicana/Latina Student Activists Creating Safe Spaces Within The University, Anita Tuerina Revilla
Raza Womyn Engaged In Love And Revolution: Chicana/Latina Student Activists Creating Safe Spaces Within The University, Anita Tuerina Revilla
Cleveland State Law Review
My own and other research shows that Queer/Chicana/Latina college students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds or marginalized communities to the university often engage in a process of resistance to oppressive practices and environments within those institutions, even while continuing their education. While a higher education can be a form of liberation for many of these women, it can simultaneously be oppressive to some. As women learn how to negotiate both privilege and oppression in the college setting, they develop tools for understanding their conditions. One of these tools is political and social consciousness, which is often internalized and acted upon …
Changes In Gender Ideology Among Professional Women And Men In Cuba Today, Marta Nunez Sarmiento
Changes In Gender Ideology Among Professional Women And Men In Cuba Today, Marta Nunez Sarmiento
Cleveland State Law Review
This presentation summarizes the reflections of what it means to be women and men in Cuba today, among a group of Havana professionals. I asked them to emphasize the influence in this process of women's employment and decision making among women, two citizen rights which have been strongly promoted in Cuba in the last forty years. I also asked them to think about the socialization processes, which took place in Cuba and which contributed to these changes. Therefore, this paper is divided into two main topics: First, changes in gender ideology among Cuban professional men and women under the influence …
Compelled Medical Treatment Of Pregnant Women: The Balancing Of Maternal And Fetal Rights , Pamala Harris
Compelled Medical Treatment Of Pregnant Women: The Balancing Of Maternal And Fetal Rights , Pamala Harris
Cleveland State Law Review
This note explores the question: is it ever permissible for a physician or a judge to compel a pregnant woman to submit to medical treatment for the benefit of her fetus? This note begins by examining the ideology of motherhood and the legal status of the fetus. This note then examines the ethical aspects and legal issues involved in compelling a pregnant woman to undergo treatment for the benefit of her fetus. This note then explores the controls of pregnancy that result in maternal-fetal conflicts. Finally, this note examines the court's use of a balancing test in reaching decisions in …
Legal Challenges To And By Sex Workers/Prostitutes , Amalia Lucia Cabezas
Legal Challenges To And By Sex Workers/Prostitutes , Amalia Lucia Cabezas
Cleveland State Law Review
Sex worker is a term that emerges from a particular historical and political juncture. It reflects a change in consciousness imbedded in the political struggles of women prostitutes. In this article, I trace the genealogy of the term to the 1960s, when major changes occurred in the role of women in society and in the reconceptualization of what were heretofore known as "deviant" sexualities. I then shift attention to the Caribbean, where I apply the term to the advent of sex tourism and the development of a sex workers' movement linked to a human rights agenda.
Welfare Reform And The Use Of State Power In The Prostitution Of Poor Women , April L. Cherry
Welfare Reform And The Use Of State Power In The Prostitution Of Poor Women , April L. Cherry
Cleveland State Law Review
I would like to talk about the connection between welfare reform "as we know it," and the potential for increased state support for the prostitution of women. In particular, I would like to discuss the work requirements found in both federal and state welfare reform statutory schemes. I worry that these work requirements will sanction the prostitution of poor women, particularly poor women of color, lesbians, and other women with children who are already forced to live their lives at the economic and social margins of society. I worry that the work requirements found in the new welfare regime will …
The Fundamentalist Face Of Secularism And Its Impact On Women's Rights In India, Joseph C. Hostetler-Baker & Hostetler Lecture, Ratna Kapur
Cleveland State Law Review
I am going to talk about three things today: The first is to give you a very brief account of the competing understandings of secularism that have emerged in India. I look at the model of secularism that is being promoted by the Hindu Right and the validation this has received from the electorate, but more importantly, the Supreme Court. Secondly, I will address why the wall of separation does not provide a way out of the crisis of secularism in India and how it has not solved the problem of majoritarianism even in the American context. And finally, how …
Sexual Harassment In The Military: Time For A Change Of Forum , Michael I. Spak, Jonathan P. Tomes
Sexual Harassment In The Military: Time For A Change Of Forum , Michael I. Spak, Jonathan P. Tomes
Cleveland State Law Review
This article will review the current status of sexual harassment in the military, discuss why courts-martial are ineffective in punishing and deterring sexual harassment, and suggest that permitting sexual harassment claims in a forum other than the military justice system would help deter future sexual harassment in the military at no greater cost to military discipline and preparedness than is inherent in the current system.
Where We Have Been, And Where We Might Be Going: Some Cautionary Reflections On Rape Law Reform, The Sixty-Eighth Cleveland-Marshall Fund Lecture , Joshua Dressler
Where We Have Been, And Where We Might Be Going: Some Cautionary Reflections On Rape Law Reform, The Sixty-Eighth Cleveland-Marshall Fund Lecture , Joshua Dressler
Cleveland State Law Review
We should always be looking to see where we are, how we got there, and where we appear to be going. My purpose in this article has been to ask those questions in the context of rape law. In evaluating rape reform, I have tried to be fair-minded and balanced in my observations. I have suggested areas in which the law should go further to protect against sexual misconduct, but I have also expressed my belief that rape law reform threatens to move in undesirable directions. In particular, I have argued that there is a risk that courts will follow …
The Violence Against Women Act After United States V. Lopez: Will Domestic Violence Jurisdiction Be Returned To The States, Stacey L. Mckinley
The Violence Against Women Act After United States V. Lopez: Will Domestic Violence Jurisdiction Be Returned To The States, Stacey L. Mckinley
Cleveland State Law Review
Recent judiciary and media events have put a national focus on the overlooked problem of domestic violence. Federal lawmakers admirably responded to this attention in an aggressive manner when Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). Although little doubt exists that this country needs to reduce domestic violence, this sweeping federal legislation may not be the most effective means. The hasty response by federal lawmakers is unconstitutional in consideration of the Supreme Court's recent holding in Lopez. Although initial court challenges to the VAWA on Lopez grounds have resulted in split decisions, this Note argues that portions of the …
The Marital Rape Exemption: Evolution To Extinction, Lalenya Weintraub Siegel
The Marital Rape Exemption: Evolution To Extinction, Lalenya Weintraub Siegel
Cleveland State Law Review
It is the position of this Note that true equality between women and men can never exist until every state has completely abolished the marital rape exemption. This abolishment would give every woman, married or unmarried, the freedom to control her own body. The purpose of this Note is to encourage legislators, and those who influence them across the United States, to complete the abolishment of the marital rape exemption. Part II of this Note presents an analysis of the common law origins and legal justifications for the marital exemption. Part III examines the progressive groundbreaking states which have set …
The Present State Of Sexual Harassment Law: Perpetuating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Sexually Harassed Women, Jennifer L. Vinciguerra
The Present State Of Sexual Harassment Law: Perpetuating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Sexually Harassed Women, Jennifer L. Vinciguerra
Cleveland State Law Review
This Note will argue that current federal legislation was developed, and has subsequently been interpreted by the courts, with little or no consideration for a victimized woman. Instead of addressing the causes and effects of sexual harassment head on, the legislature has largely ignored the realities of sexual harassment as a traumatizing experience faced by thousands of working women each year. Part H of this Note will address the development and current state of sexual harassment law, as well as the Supreme Court's ruling in Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson. Part III will discuss Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as …
Operation Rescue Blockades And The Misuse Of 42 U.S.C. 1985(3), Michael F. O'Brien
Operation Rescue Blockades And The Misuse Of 42 U.S.C. 1985(3), Michael F. O'Brien
Cleveland State Law Review
The purpose of this Note is to demonstrate that § 1985(3) is not applicable to Operation Rescue's blockade activities. Part II provides a brief survey of the history of § 1985(3) from its roots in the post-Civil War era to the 1950's. Part III examines the requirements for a § 1985(3) claim as delineated in the Griffin, Novotny, and Scott decisions. Part IV applies these requirements to the blockade controversy and argues that: (1) Gender-based animus should be accepted by the Court as a form of class-based animus within the meaning of § 1985(3); (2) the blockades do not fall …
Uaw V. Johnson Controls: The Supreme Court Fails To Get The Lead Out, Overlooks Fetal Harm Resulting From Workplace Exposure, John M. Tkacik Jr.
Uaw V. Johnson Controls: The Supreme Court Fails To Get The Lead Out, Overlooks Fetal Harm Resulting From Workplace Exposure, John M. Tkacik Jr.
Cleveland State Law Review
UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc., recently decided by the United States Supreme Court, has resulted in what one commentator described as "[t]he strongest and most important sex-discrimination victory in nearly 30 years." As a result of the decision, employers can no longer bar women from hazardous jobs through fetal-protection policies, except under the most extreme and narrow circumstances. This legal victory for women in the workplace, however, has seriously impacted the debate over the protection of fetal health and safety. The Supreme Court, in a seemingly encore presentation of Roe, again overlooked the harm facing the unborn child in Johnson …
Advising The Family Business Owner In Succession Planning: The Daughter Option, Debra G. Simms
Advising The Family Business Owner In Succession Planning: The Daughter Option, Debra G. Simms
Cleveland State Law Review
This article will explore the role of the family business in our economy, discuss the importance of its continuity, and suggest that women should be given a greater opportunity to succeed in their own family's business. The final section will analyze whether lawyers can respond to the changing values prompted by the women's movement and counsel clients to explore the possibility that their daughter may be the best successor to the family business.
Equality Between The Sexes In The 1980'S, Nancy S. Erickson
Equality Between The Sexes In The 1980'S, Nancy S. Erickson
Cleveland State Law Review
Any discussion of equality under the law must necessarily revolve around the equal protection clause. Therefore, this discussion will indicate first where equal protection analysis has succeeded ineffectively dealing with sex discrimination and the significance of the judicial policy behind these successes. Secondly, the failures of the equal protection clause will be examined with specific attention to the five methods in which the equal protection clause has failed to eliminate laws discriminating on the basis of sex. Finally, the failures of the equal protection clause will be illustrated as starting points for work in the area of sexual equality in …
Equality Between The Sexes In The 1980'S, Nancy S. Erickson
Equality Between The Sexes In The 1980'S, Nancy S. Erickson
Cleveland State Law Review
Any discussion of equality under the law must necessarily revolve around the equal protection clause. Therefore, this discussion will indicate first where equal protection analysis has succeeded ineffectively dealing with sex discrimination and the significance of the judicial policy behind these successes. Secondly, the failures of the equal protection clause will be examined with specific attention to the five methods in which the equal protection clause has failed to eliminate laws discriminating on the basis of sex. Finally, the failures of the equal protection clause will be illustrated as starting points for work in the area of sexual equality in …
The Woman Law Student: The View From The Front Of The Classroom, Jurate Jason, Lizabeth Moody, James Schuerger
The Woman Law Student: The View From The Front Of The Classroom, Jurate Jason, Lizabeth Moody, James Schuerger
Cleveland State Law Review
The primary purpose of this study was to examine law professors' opinions on selected areas of the professor-student relationship with primary focus on the professors' views of and reactions to women law students. A secondary purpose of the study was to stimulate law professors to examine their attitudes and behavior toward women law students.