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Brief Of Amici Curiae Economists In Support Of Petitioners, Bell Atlantic V. Twombly, Vernon L. Smith, William J. Baumol, Michael J. Boskin, Robert W. Crandall, Kenneth G. Elzinga, David S. Evans, Gerald R. Faulhaber, Franklin M. Fisher, Luke Froeb, Richard J. Gilbert, Paul L. Joskow, Michael L. Katz, Paul R. Milgrom, Thomas G. Moore, Janusz A. Ordover, Robert H. Porter, Frederic M. Scherer, Richard Schmalensee, Marius Schwartz, David S. Sibley, Edward A. Snyder, A. Michael Spence, Pablo T. Spiller, Alan O. Sykes, David Teece, Michael D. Whinston
Brief Of Amici Curiae Economists In Support Of Petitioners, Bell Atlantic V. Twombly, Vernon L. Smith, William J. Baumol, Michael J. Boskin, Robert W. Crandall, Kenneth G. Elzinga, David S. Evans, Gerald R. Faulhaber, Franklin M. Fisher, Luke Froeb, Richard J. Gilbert, Paul L. Joskow, Michael L. Katz, Paul R. Milgrom, Thomas G. Moore, Janusz A. Ordover, Robert H. Porter, Frederic M. Scherer, Richard Schmalensee, Marius Schwartz, David S. Sibley, Edward A. Snyder, A. Michael Spence, Pablo T. Spiller, Alan O. Sykes, David Teece, Michael D. Whinston
Richard Gilbert
The "parallel behavior is enough" standard cannot assist the courts in distinguishing horizontal agreements to restrain trade from normal competition. It would very likely impose significant costs on the economy by distorting competitive incentives and encouraging meritless litigation designed mainly to induce financial settlements.