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Full-Text Articles in Law
The World Trade Organization Dispute Over Genetically Modified Organisms: The Precautionary Principle Meets International Trade Law, David A. Wirth
The World Trade Organization Dispute Over Genetically Modified Organisms: The Precautionary Principle Meets International Trade Law, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
“Precaution” is increasingly accepted as a basis for governmental policy in the areas of public health and environment on both the domestic and international levels. A precautionary perspective counsels action to avert danger or threats in situations of scientific uncertainty or incomplete information. Precautionary approaches find expression in internationally harmonized formulations as non-binding exhortations, binding treaties, and meta-level principles. Precaution is a particular challenge to free trade agreements, whose purpose is to eliminate unjustified barriers to trade. In that context, precaution as a justification for a challenged governmental measure may appear to be nothing more than a pretext for protectionism. …
Science And International Trade – Third Generation Scholarship, Jeffery Atik, David A. Wirth
Science And International Trade – Third Generation Scholarship, Jeffery Atik, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.
The Transatlantic Gmo Dispute Against The European Communities: Some Preliminary Thoughts, David A. Wirth
The Transatlantic Gmo Dispute Against The European Communities: Some Preliminary Thoughts, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
Any day now, a World Trade Organization panel is expected to rule in a dispute between the U.S. and the EU concerning market access for genetically-engineered foods and crops. This piece, written before the release of the WTO panel's report, analyzes novel systemic issues concerning the impact of WTO law on regulatory design, at both the national and international levels, that are raised by this dispute. These include (1) the application of WTO disciplines to regulatory schemes that require prior governmental approval to protect the environment and public health from newly-introduced products and substances; (2) the role of precaution as …
The International Trade Regime And The Municipal Law Of Federal States: How Close A Fit?, David A. Wirth
The International Trade Regime And The Municipal Law Of Federal States: How Close A Fit?, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.
The International Organization For Standardization: Private Voluntary Standards As Swords And Shields, David A. Wirth
The International Organization For Standardization: Private Voluntary Standards As Swords And Shields, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
Private voluntary standards such as the International Organization for Standardization’s (ISO’s) 14000 series have played an increasingly important role in encouraging corporations to adopt more sustainable business models on their own initiative and not in direct response to governmentally mandated requirements. ISO standards have a number of benefits, including promoting international uniformity; elevating environmental issues within an enterprise; promoting international trade; and providing a minimal level of environmental performance in countries with less than adequate regulatory infrastructure. Concerns about ISO standards include the relationship to public regulation; and ISO 14001’s essentially procedural, as opposed to performance-based, character. International trade agreements …
The Role Of Science In The Uruguay Round And Nafta Trade Disciplines, David A. Wirth
The Role Of Science In The Uruguay Round And Nafta Trade Disciplines, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
The central theme of this article is the necessity for deference to decision-making processes of national regulatory authorities in the application of these new trade disciplines and the need for trade-based reviews of national regulatory measures to operate within clearly defined limits. Accordingly, this article first examines and summarizes the relevant texts, including the original 1947 GATT, the Uruguay Round, and the NAFTA texts on standards. Next, the article considers the role of science in the standard-setting process with reference to the copious literature on this topic. Finally, the article takes up the difficult question of the application of the …
Make Trade Rules Attuned To The Ecological Needs And Interests Of Future Generations: Cli Recommendation No. 15, David A. Wirth
Make Trade Rules Attuned To The Ecological Needs And Interests Of Future Generations: Cli Recommendation No. 15, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
This recommendation observes that international trade agreements as currently structured do not establish minimum standards so as to protect the climate for present and future generations. Accordingly, it advocates potential strategies that could be employed in future rounds of international trade negotiations to mobilize the international trade regime in the pursuit of climate-friendly policies. These strategies include, among others, the elimination of climate-degrading subsidies, the liberalization of trade in climate-friendly goods and services, and the promotion of climate-friendly investments (particularly in the energy sector). In addition, the recommendation proposes a modification in trade rules to account for the greenhouse-gas intensity …
International Trade Law: Cli Background Paper No. 10, David A. Wirth
International Trade Law: Cli Background Paper No. 10, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.
The President, The Environment, And Foreign Policy: The Globalization Of Environmental Politics, David A. Wirth
The President, The Environment, And Foreign Policy: The Globalization Of Environmental Politics, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
By comparison with domestic environmental issues, international environmental diplomacy is distinguished by the far greater role of the Executive Branch, and in particular the President, in making law. This essay explores the legal consequences of the President's dual role in international environmental diplomacy: his duty faithfully to execute statutory mandates adopted by Congress while also serving as the Nation's chief diplomat and negotiator of international agreements with foreign powers. The piece discusses the legal and policy dynamics surrounding two concrete examples affecting domestic and international environmental policy, in which Presidential power assumes dramatically different forms: (1) climate change, and in …
Compliance With Non-Binding Norms Of Trade And Finance, David Wirth
Compliance With Non-Binding Norms Of Trade And Finance, David Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.
Trade Implications Of The Basel Convention Amendment Banning North-South Trade In Hazardous Wastes, David A. Wirth
Trade Implications Of The Basel Convention Amendment Banning North-South Trade In Hazardous Wastes, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.
International Trade Agreements: Vehicles For Regulatory Reform?, David A. Wirth
International Trade Agreements: Vehicles For Regulatory Reform?, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.