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Private Transfer Fees: Developer Exploitation Or Legitimate Financing Vehicle, Burke T. Ward, Jamie P. Hopkins
Private Transfer Fees: Developer Exploitation Or Legitimate Financing Vehicle, Burke T. Ward, Jamie P. Hopkins
Villanova Law Review
A private transfer fee (PTF) is typically created when a developer or homeowner decides to attach a covenant to the title of the home. This covenant, the PTF covenant, attaches the PTF to the real property. These covenants require payment of a fee—typically stated as one percent of the property's sale price—upon each resale or transfer of the property and often survive for a period of ninety-nine years. The recipients or owners of the PTF (PTF beneficiaries) can be almost anyone, including property developers, PTF developers, home owner associations (HOA), private investors, state governments, and non-profit charities. Usually, the PTF …
The Rise Of The Common Law Of Federal Pleading: Iqbal, Twombly, And The Application Of Judicial Experience, Henry S. Noyes
The Rise Of The Common Law Of Federal Pleading: Iqbal, Twombly, And The Application Of Judicial Experience, Henry S. Noyes
Villanova Law Review
SINCE 1938, Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Federal Rules or Rules) has set the standard for how much a plaintiff must allege at the outset of a lawsuit in order to avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim. Rule 8 requires that a plaintiff must include in the complaint "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Federal courts developed a well-settled set of principles to apply when deciding whether to dismiss a claim. Among these principles are the following: (1) the plaintiffs factual allegations are accepted …