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Articles 1 - 13 of 13
Full-Text Articles in Law
A U.S. Perspective On The Ec Hormones Directive, Holly Hammonds
A U.S. Perspective On The Ec Hormones Directive, Holly Hammonds
Michigan Journal of International Law
On December 31, 1985, the European Community ["EC"] adopted the "Council Directive Prohibiting the Use in Livestock Farming of Certain Substances Having a Hormonal Action" ("the Directive"). The directive, originally scheduled to take effect on January 1, 1988, prohibits the use of hormones, natural and synthetic, in livestock production and the sale of meat treated with hormones in the EC market. The United States believes that the directive violates the requirements of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade ("Standards Code" or "Code").
The Hormone Conflict Between The Eec And The United States Within The Context Of Gatt, Werner P. Meng
The Hormone Conflict Between The Eec And The United States Within The Context Of Gatt, Werner P. Meng
Michigan Journal of International Law
For many years, consumer organizations within the European Community have demanded the prohibition of natural and synthetic hormones from use in animal fodder. Since the level of hormone use by breeders varies among Member States, demands for a hormone prohibition have also differed in intensity from State to State. After lengthy negotiations beset with legal difficulties, a general, community-wide prohibition became reality at the beginning of 1989. The price of this policy has been trade difficulties with the United States which, up to the present time,' have resulted in trade sanctions and economic losses on both sides. Since both parties …
The "1992 Project": Stages, Structures, Results And Prospects, Claus-Dieter Ehlermann
The "1992 Project": Stages, Structures, Results And Prospects, Claus-Dieter Ehlermann
Michigan Journal of International Law
The "1992 project" has radically changed the European Community. It has given the "common market" new impetus and has lifted the Community out of the deep crisis in which it was bogged down in the first half of the 1980s. The consensus which has been re-established amongst all the Member States through the "internal market" exercise was enshrined in the Single European Act and the acceptance of the Delors package in February 1988. The financial underpinning of the "1992 project," through the reform of the structural funds and the Community's finance system, has given the "internal market" exercise such credibility …
Panel Discussion: Europe 1992, Eric Stein, Jochen A. Frowein, Jacques J.H.J. Bourgeois, Edwin Vermulst, Reinhard Quick
Panel Discussion: Europe 1992, Eric Stein, Jochen A. Frowein, Jacques J.H.J. Bourgeois, Edwin Vermulst, Reinhard Quick
Michigan Journal of International Law
Transcript of a panel on Europe in 1992.
European Community Trade Policies Vis-À-Vis Korea And Taiwan In The Eighties: A Comparative Perspective, Jean-François Bellis
European Community Trade Policies Vis-À-Vis Korea And Taiwan In The Eighties: A Comparative Perspective, Jean-François Bellis
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article will review the trade policies of the European Community towards Korea and Taiwan over the past ten years. This time period has been chosen for two reasons. In the first place, ten years ago, on November 28, 1979, the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations was concluded. At that time, the Tokyo Round was the most comprehensive GATT negotiating round ever, both in terms of trade value affected and in terms of its coverage of topics. An interesting question, therefore, is to what extent the 1979 commitments to trade liberalization were actually kept. Secondly, during the last decade …
The Role Of The Court Of Justice In The Implementation Of The Single European Act, Michel Waelbroeck
The Role Of The Court Of Justice In The Implementation Of The Single European Act, Michel Waelbroeck
Michigan Journal of International Law
This paper will begin by evoking the judicial achievements obtained on the eve of the enactment of the Single European Act. Next, it will explain the innovations introduced by the Single European Act, and emphasize the divergent interpretations that they are likely to receive. Then, the author will modestly strive to express several personal suggestions for a solution, as an external observer.
Natural Gas In The European Internal Market: A Comparative Analysis Of Common Carriage And Price Transparency, Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker
Natural Gas In The European Internal Market: A Comparative Analysis Of Common Carriage And Price Transparency, Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker
Michigan Journal of International Law
After reviewing the general goals of a common energy policy, this paper provides a comprehensive comparative study analyzing the potential effects of common carriage and price transparency in the Community's natural gas market. Direct comparisons are made between market structures and regulatory policies in the United States, Great Britain, and the Federal Republic of Germany. After extensive analysis, the author concludes that the plans laid out by the Commission reveal conflicting objectives, require extensive new regulation, and are incompatible with the system of undistorted competition guaranteed by the EEC Treaty.
Constitutional Developments In The European Community And The Impact Of The Single European Market After 1992, F. G. Jacobs
Constitutional Developments In The European Community And The Impact Of The Single European Market After 1992, F. G. Jacobs
Michigan Journal of International Law
The Single European Act, by its amendments to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, seeks to achieve by the end of 1992 an internal market comprising an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of the treaty. To this end, a very substantial amount of new legislation is being enacted in the form of Council Regulations and Directives, currently estimated at some 279 separate measures, many of which will also need implementing legislation in the Member States.
A European Peace Order And The German Question: Legal And Political Aspects, Jost Delbrueck
A European Peace Order And The German Question: Legal And Political Aspects, Jost Delbrueck
Michigan Journal of International Law
The post-World War II political setting in Europe was marked by the stable posture of two tightly structured opposing bloc-systems. In military terms, the Warsaw Pact and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and in the economic sphere, the Eastern European Council for Mutual Economic Cooperation and the Western European Economic Communities, represented the stark distinctions of the Cold War. This stable posture has definitely come to an end. Due to the rapid decline of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, there is a growing concern in various political quarters about an emerging political instability in Eastern and Central Europe brought …
Coherence And The European Court Of Human Rights: The Adjudicative Background To The Soering Case, Colin Warbrick
Coherence And The European Court Of Human Rights: The Adjudicative Background To The Soering Case, Colin Warbrick
Michigan Journal of International Law
On January 1, 1990, the Eighth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights came into force. This Protocol makes some amendments to the structure and procedure set out in the Convention itself. The need for reform was created by the increasing workload of the institutions, which had reached such a level that the backlog of applications before the Commission would have continued to increase at a greater rate than the Commission's capacity to dispose of them. There are several reasons for this overwhelming burden. The acceptances by States of the right of individual application under article 25 have been …
Towards A European Constitution Of The Firm: Problems And Perspectives, Thomas E. Abeltshauser
Towards A European Constitution Of The Firm: Problems And Perspectives, Thomas E. Abeltshauser
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article will discuss in particular the proposed EEC directive on the harmonization of corporate structures as well as the proposed regulation of the Societas Europea. Initially, these proposals were strongly oriented toward German law. As such, a corporation had to have a managing board as well as a so-called supervisory board and a general meeting of stockholders. Since the EEC Commission published the so-called "Green Paper," which contains a comparative analysis of national legal systems requirements for the structure of corporations and provisions for co-determination rights for employees at the board level, the new proposals concerning the constitution of …
Companies In The European Community: Are The Conflict-Of-Law Rules Ready For 1992?, Andreas Reindl
Companies In The European Community: Are The Conflict-Of-Law Rules Ready For 1992?, Andreas Reindl
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article describes the current situation in the emerging integrated system of the European Community, focusing on the potential conflict between Community rules on the freedom of establishment and national conflict-of-law rules relating to companies. In the first part, I shall outline the relevant provisions of EC law and the two conflict-of-law concepts presently exhibited in the national laws of the Member States. In the second part, I shall discuss three cases in which the European Court of Justice recently addressed this subject. In the third part, I shall analyze the impact of the Court's opinions, and finally outline options …
Europe: A Single Currency And A Single Central Bank?, Hugo J. Hahn
Europe: A Single Currency And A Single Central Bank?, Hugo J. Hahn
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article follows the address delivered by the author in French at the Founding Assembly of the European Society for Banking and Financial Law in Paris on Nov. 5, 1988.