Law Commons^™

Universal Service In The Schools: One Step Too Far?, Christine M. Mason

Federal Communications Law Journal

Universal service is extended to include new recipients, such as schools, as a result of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The FCC should proceed cautiously, and maintain its commitment to the traditional goal of universal service— Americans with basic telephone services— carrying out this new mandate.

All Wired Up: An Analysis Of The Fcc's Order To Internally Connect Schools, Roxana E. Cook

Federal Communications Law Journal

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 extends universal service support to schools and libraries. Pursuant to this legislation, the FCC has provided all eligible schools with discounts of between twenty and ninety percent on telecommunications services, Internet access, and internal connections— to a 2.25 billion dollar annual cap. Critics have denounced the subsidy for internal connections as unsupported by the Act's language and outside the FCC's authority. However, based on a plain reading of the statute, on case law, and on legislative history, it is clear that the FCC properly exercised discretion in allocating the potential fund.

Constitutional Law—Gender Equality And Single-Sex Education. United States V. Virginia, 116 S. Ct. 2264 (1996)., Heather Larkin Eason

University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review

No abstract provided.

Kiss The Girls And Make Them Sue: Liability Of Schools For Peer Sexual Harassment, Mary F. Loss

West Virginia Law Review

No abstract provided.

Disability And The Public Schools: The Case Against "Inclusion", Anne Proffitt Dupre

Washington Law Review

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires states that wish to qualify for federal assistance to demonstrate that they have a policy ensuring all children with disabilities the right to a "free appropriate public education." IDEA also requires that disabled children be educated with nondisabled children "to the maximum extent appropriate." This Article focuses on the tension between IDEA's mandates for appropriate education and integration to the maximum extent appropriate. Advocates of full inclusion claim that, under IDEA, all disabled children-regardless of characteristics-must be placed in the general education classroom for the entire day. Many courts have tacitly accepted …

Title Ix Liability For The Inaction Of Educational Institutions Or Their Agents: Responding To Rowinsky V. Bryan Independent School District, Jeremiah J. Morgan

BYU Law Review

No abstract provided.

Charter Schools, Common Schools, And The Washington State Constitution, L.K. Beale

Washington Law Review

Early American political thinkers deemed universal education essential to the proper functioning of a republican form of government. Accordingly, each state developed a public school system supported by general taxation. The Washington Constitution requires the system to be both "general" and "uniform." Common schools, for which certain school funds are constitutionally reserved, are the most important and only mandatory component of the system. Recent charter school proposals raise questions as to whether such institutions fit within a general and uniform system and whether they are "common schools" entitled to common school funds. In order to provide a framework for such …

An Evolutionary Perspective Of Peer Sexual Harassment In American Schools: Premising Liability On Sexual, Rather Than Power Dynamics, Laura M. Sullivan

William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Beyond The Right To Offend: Academic Freedom, Rights And Responsibilities In The Canadian University Classroom, Judith Macfarlane

Dalhousie Law Journal

The principle of academic freedom accords a wide latitude to professorial speech in the classroom setting. This article argues that there are principles and sources of law which are imported into the professorial employment contract and which place limits on the exercise of that speech. These include contractual obligations of competence and non-discriminatory behaviour, as well as terms drawn from human rights legislation. Drawing on an examination of case law and labour arbitral awards, the author outlines ways in which the right of academic free speech might be balanced against these limiting considerations.

Returning To The True Goal Of The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act: Self-Sufficiency, Robert C. Hannon

Vanderbilt Law Review

This country has long recognized the necessity of an education in order to function productively in society. As suggested by one of the founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson, "some degree of education is necessary to prepare citizens to participate effectively and intelligently in our open political system." More recently, the Supreme Court recognized the importance of education in Brown v. Board of foreclose the means by which that group might raise the level of es- teem in which it is held by the majority .... Illiteracy is an enduring disability."

Today this need to educate remains just as pressing. Our country …

Advancing Education Through Education Clauses Of State Constitutions, Robert M. Jensen False

Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Congressional Attention Needed For The "Stay-Put" Provision Of The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, Trent D. Nelson False

Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Lemon In Smith V. Mobile County: Protecting Pluralism And General Education, Thomas Marvan Skousen False

Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal

No abstract provided.

James B. Conant: A Giant On Academe's Left, Right And Center, Book Review Of James B. Conant, Harvard To Hiroshima And The Making Of The Nuclear Age By James G. Hershberg, Jeffrey O'Connell False, Thomas E. O'Connell

Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Hopwood V. Texas: The Beginning Of The End For Racial Preference Programs In Higher Education, Jeremy Moeser

Mercer Law Review

In Hopwood v. Texas, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that the University of Texas ("UT") School of Law's admissions program, which gave preference to African-Americans and Mexican-Americans, violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. For the 1992 school year, the University of Texas School of Law processed applications by using an applicant's Texas Index ("TI") number, a figure comprised of the applicant's undergraduate grade point average and Law School Admissions Test ("LSAT") score. Based on the TI, the law school distributed applications into three categories of review: presumptive admit, presumptive deny, and discretionary zone. For …

Fighting Anti-Gay Abuse In Schools: The Opening Appellate Brief Of Plaintiff Jamie Nabozny In Nabozny V. Podlesny, Patricia M. Logue, David S. Buckel

Michigan Journal of Gender & Law

In Nabozny v. Podlesny, 92 F.3d 446 (7th Cir. 1996), a case of first impression, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals recognized the constitutional right of a gay male public school student to equal protection from anti-gay harassment and assaults. The court held that Jamie Nabozny had stated equal protection claims against his school district and three school principals for gender and sexual orientation discrimination based on allegations that, because he is gay and a boy, defendants had failed to afford him the same kinds of protection given to other harassed students. At trial on remand a jury found …

The Best Of Both Worlds: Financing Software Filters For The Classroom And Avoiding First Amendment Liability, 16 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 659 (1998), Peter G. Drever Iii

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

As the Internet expands, educational institutions have become interested in the medium for the purpose of expanding learning opportunities. Information that may be objectionable to some members of the community, however, would then be available to children in schools with Internet access. Attempts to regulate the content of the Internet have yet to pass a First Amendment challenge. Concern over what children will be exposed to when the Internet is introduced in the classroom is currently being addressed by educators and legislators alike. The Communications Decency Act was the first to attempt to address the issue of Internet access in …

Limiting Liability Through Education: Do School Districts Have A Responsibility To Teach Students About Peer Sexual Harassment?, Diane M. Welsh

American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law

No abstract provided.

Separation Of Powers, Court Of Appeals, Cayuga-Onondaga Counties Bd. Of Co-Op Educational Services V. Sweeney

Touro Law Review

No abstract provided.

Race-Conscious Diversity Admissions Programs: Furthering A Compelling Interest, Marty B. Lorenzo

Michigan Journal of Race and Law

This Article argues that narrowly tailored, race-conscious admissions programs can be employed to achieve a more diverse student body and consequently a more enlightened and egalitarian society. An admissions body which looks beyond traditional academic indicators and explores the whole person of each applicant will matriculate a group of students with a wide variety of race, gender, class and other backgrounds, thereby fostering a robust exchange of ideas among these students. Pointing to the enduring precedential value of Bakke as well as the ideological makeup of the Supreme Court, this Article asserts that the Courts would likely uphold a program …

The Use Of Race In The Admissions Programs Of Higher Educational Institutions - A Violation Of The Equal Protection Clause?, Kevin Joyner

Campbell Law Review

This Note examines the burden placed on educational institutions to justify race-conscious admissions programs in light of the Equal Protection Clause. First, this note reviews the facts of the case and the decision in Hopwood. Next, this note provides a background of the law applicable to race-conscious programs by examining: (1) University of California v. Bakke; (2) the underlying theories of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment; (3) the strict scrutiny standard of review; and (4) the Fourth Circuit's 1994 decision to invalidate a university's race-conscious scholarship program in Podberesky v. Kirwan. Finally, this note analyzes the decision by the Fifth Circuit. …

Comparing United States And New Zealand Legal Education: Are U.S. Law Schools Too Good?, Gregory S. Crespi

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Article offers a thoughtful comparison of the legal educational systems of the United States and New Zealand. The author highlights the significant differences between these two legal educational systems by contrasting their admissions policies, clinical programs, "law-and-economics" electives, and staffing of required courses. Based on this analysis, the author concludes that although U.S. law schools are clearly "better," such superiority may have been achieved at too high of a cost, in terms of both the substantial resources now devoted to legal education which could otherwise be applied to alternative uses and the problematic effects of the stratified legal educational …

Rowinsky V. Bryan Independent School District: Does Title Ix Impose Liability On Schools For Student-To-Student Sexual Harassment, Julie S. Lu

Villanova Law Review

No abstract provided.

Bucking Up Buckley Ii: Using Civil Rights Claims To Enforce The Federal Student Records Statute, Lynn M. Daggett

Seattle University Law Review

This Article explores enforcement of Buckley and, in particular, the possibilities of using Section 1983 claims for this purpose. It concludes that Section 1983 claims have only limited potential, under narrowly defined circumstances, as a remedy for Buckley violations. Part I of this Article summarizes Buckley's substantive provisions; a comprehensive review is available in a companion article. Part II reviews enforcement of Buckley, other than through Section 1983 claims. Specifically, Part II examines the statute's two enforcement mechanisms as well as the potential of state law tort claims to enforce Buckley and the indirect enforcement mechanism of workplace discipline of …

Why Can't The Football Team Read: The Student Athlete's Right-To-Know Act And The Growing Threat Of Liability, Chris Truax

Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Peer Harassment Under Title Ix Of The Education Amendments Of 1972: Where's The Intent, Chantal N. Senatus

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Note argues that in peer harassment cases, school districts should face liability under a “known or should have known” standard where the school’s intent to discriminate may be determined by the circumstances of the case. Part I provides a brief historical overview of Title IX and the traditional forms of hostile environment harassment that it has been used to combat, demonstrating that courts use the statute to punish harassment where the school has reason to know of the harassment and fails to take appropriate action. Part II explores a subset of hostile environment cases where U.S. circuit courts are …