Law Commons^™

Paving A Path To Independent Tiny Living: An Introduction To Roadblocks, Jaclyn Troutner

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

“Tiny living” is a growing trend in which small-scale, ecoconscious housing is used as an alternative means for homeownership. Tiny homes are smaller than the average detached home with the appearance and character of a traditional freestanding residential home. They are one-story, single-occupant dwellings and usually constructed on a trailer base for towing. State-of-the-art building techniques provide a lower environmental burden and utility cost per square foot. Due to their smaller size, tiny homes are cheaper with an average price of $52,000, opening a wider door to home ownership. The typical design is to include all the standard amenities and …

Environmental Justice In Little Village: A Case For Reforming Chicago’S Zoning Law, Charles Isaacs

Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy

Chicago’s Little Village community bears the heavy burden of environmental injustice and racism. The residents are mostly immigrants and people of color who live with low levels of income, limited access to healthcare, and disproportionate levels of dangerous air pollution. Before its retirement, Little Village’s Crawford coal-burning power plant was the lead source of air pollution, contributing to 41 deaths, 550 emergency room visits, and 2,800 asthma attacks per year. After the plant’s retirement, community members wanted a say on the future use of the lot, only to be closed out when a corporation, Hilco Redevelopment Partners, bought the lot …

The Unconstitutionality Of Consolidated Planning Boards: Interlocal Planning Under New York Law, Albert J. Pirro Jr.

Pace Law Review

This Article will examine the nature and constitutionality of consolidated planning boards in light of the broad powers actually granted them. The issues surrounding the constitutionality of consolidated planning boards begs, yet again, Chief Justice Marshall's question respecting the extent of the power granted to the state governments. The question is whether a municipality may abdicate its power to regulate land within its own boundaries by delegating it to a separate planning entity.

The New England Food System In 2060: Envisioning Tomorrow's Policy Through Today's Assessments, Margaret Sova Mccabe, Joanne Burke

Maine Law Review

As the local food movement gains critical mass around the country, deep and important issues concerning food system policy arise. The modern American food system spans from agricultural production to food processing to food consumption, and finally, to health outcomes. The system’s components include economic, environmental, social, political, and scientific aspects that interact in ways that far outstrip any one discipline’s capacity to analyze and resolve problems. Additionally, the system is profoundly shaped by a complex architecture of laws and regulation. With much credit to the local and regional food movements, people have begun to question not only the current …

A Balanced Diet Of First Amendment Cases, Joel Gora

Touro Law Review

No abstract provided.

Diminution In Value Is Not Inverse Condemnation: Hfh, Ltd. V. Superior Court , Daniel J. Gavin

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

Agins V. City Of Tiburon: Open Space Zoning Prevails - Failure To Submit Master Plan Prevents A Cognizable Decrease In Property Value, Jermaine Chastain

Pepperdine Law Review

This casenote examines the Supreme Court's struggle to reconcile its focus on the facial validity of a zoning ordinance with the traditional "taking" approach requiring diligent factual inquiry. While the Agins Court reiterates such an approach, the author notes the Court's departure from important constitutional and precedential considerations. The author offers a possible explanation for the departure, concluding that the Agins decision apparently makes plan submission a prerequisite for acknowledging economic loss and strongly implies a requirement of complete loss of all property value before a compensable taking will be recognized.

Judicial Review Of The Zoning Of Adult Entertainment: A Search For The Purposeful Suppression Of Protected Speech, Alfred C. Yen

Pepperdine Law Review

The conflict surrounding the zoning of adult entertainment is not novel. The antagonism stems from a community's right to provide for its social welfare and the adult entertainment provider's right to freedom of speech and expression. This article examines the evolution of the federal courts' analysis in this area. The author concludes by stating that the current method of review is not the most efficient. In its place, he proposes a new method that makes analysis simpler for both laypersons and the courts.

Ban On Nude Dancing Strips Away First Amendment Rights To Protect "Order And Morality" In Barnes V. Glen Theatre, Inc., Shannon Mclin Carlyle

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

Land Use By, For, And Of The People: Problems With The Application Of Initiatives And Referenda To The Zoning Process, Nicolas M. Kublicki

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Gray Zone In The Power Of Local Municipalities: Where Zoning Authority Clashes With State Law, Skye L. Daley

The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law

This article will explore the oft-overlooked area of police powers granted to local municipalities by the California Constitution through the lens of marijuana dispensaries. These dispensaries, and the obstacles they face, provide the perfect vantage point from which to survey the current status of zoning power in California. This article will consider the extent and limits of what is known as the “police powers” of local municipalities: the power of cities, towns and counties to regulate, restrict, and proscribe the way in which land can be utilized within its borders. If local municipalities are the creation of the state--indeed, an …

The Abnormalcy Of Normal Delay, Kimberly Horsley

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

Zoning Churches: Washington State Constitutional Limitations On The Application Of Land Use Regulations To Religious Buildings, Darren E. Carnell

Seattle University Law Review

This Article traces a path to various land use regulatory approaches that should survive scrutiny under the Washington State Constitution. Part I outlines the legal history of challenges to the application of zoning regulations to church buildings; Part I also describes the contexts in which such disputes presently arise. Part II introduces the Washington State Constitution's provision regarding the free exercise of religion and describes the limited body of case law that has applied this provision in the land use context. Part III considers the role of federal case law in interpreting the free exercise clause of the Washington State …

Religious Land Use Jurisprudence: The Negative Ramifications For Religious Activities In Washington After Open Door Baptist Church V. Clark County, Beth Prieve

Seattle University Law Review

Part II of this Note provides a history of religious land use jurisprudence in Washington. This part addresses growth management laws generally, and where these laws cross paths with constitutional guarantees of the free exercise of religion. Part III focuses on the Washington Supreme Court's Open Door decision, separately addressing both the majority opinion and the dissent. Part IV illustrates how the Washington Supreme Court misapplied Washington's religious freedom test in Open Door and significantly shifted religious land use jurisprudence. Part IV further discusses how this shift may include Washington's adoption of the lower federal standard and elaborates upon the …

The Limits Of Localism, Richard C. Schragger

Michigan Law Review

In Chicago v. Morales, the Supreme Court struck down Chicago's Gang Congregation Ordinance, which barred "criminal street gang members from loitering with one another or with other persons in any public place." The stated purpose of the ordinance was to wrest control of public areas from gang members who, simply by their presence, intimidated the public and established control over identifiable areas of the city, namely certain inner-city streets, sidewalks, and corners. The ordinance required that police officers determine whether at least one of two or more persons present in a public place were members of a criminal street gang …

Freedom Of Expression In New York State: What Remains Of People Ex Rel. Arcara V. Cloud Books, Inc.?, Jeremy J. Bethel

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Note explores the decline of People ex rel. Arcara in New York State jurisprudence over the last decade. It first describes traditional and contemporary methods of testing free expression infringements, including a discussion of federal minimum standards, and protection expansions implemented by the New York Court of Appeals. Next, it describes the effect of federal "secondary effects" jurisprudence upon the People ex rel. Arcara standard, and how that encounter skewed lower court application of that standard for all cases involving "content-neutral" infringement of protected speech. Finally, it examines the illogical consequences of the court of appeals' method of deciding …

Equal Protection, Court Of Appeals: Trustees Of Union College V. Schenectady City Council

Touro Law Review

No abstract provided.

Governmental Takings, Court Of Appeals: Gazza V. New York State Department Of Environmental Conservation

Touro Law Review

No abstract provided.

Note: New York City's Restrictive Zoning Of Adult Businesses: A Constitutional Analysis, Rachel Simon

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Part I explores the adult pornography industry in New York City and the constitutional framework developed by both federal and New York State courts to regulate non-obscene pornographic expression. Part II analyzes the City's Adult Zoning Resolution in light of decisions of the New York State Court of Appeals, the United States Supreme Court, and various federal district and circuit courts. Part III proposes changes that will increase the probability that the City's Adult Zoning Resolution will survive constitutional challenges. This Note concludes that although the current version of the City's Adult Zoning Resolution infringes unconstitutionally on adult business owners' …

Due Process: Unification Theological Seminary V. City Of Poughkeepsie

Touro Law Review

No abstract provided.

That Old Due Process Magic: Growth Control And The Federal Constitution, Keith R. Denny

Michigan Law Review

This Note argues that the interests of nonmunicipal federal citizens in being able freely to migrate about the nation are not adequately accounted for in a due process analysis which sanctions regulations with any, even a debatable, relation to the public welfare.

More adaptable and appropriate are the constitutional safeguards designed to protect the interests of nonmunicipal federal citizens: the privileges and immunities clause, the right of interstate travel, and the commerce clause. This Note concludes that GCOs should be measured against these safeguards and not the standards of the due process clause. When so reviewed, GCOs are found wanting. …

Affordable Housing Forum, Richard F. Bellman, John M. Armentano, Alan Mallach

Touro Law Review

No abstract provided.

Housing Discrimination, Richard F. Bellman ,Esq., Richard Cahn ,Esq.

Touro Law Review

No abstract provided.

Housing For The Elderly: Constitutional Limitations And Our Obligations, Ed Stafman

Florida State University Law Review

No abstract provided.

Zoning And Population Control -- Courts Are Reacting To New Problems In Old Ways, Joe G. Dykes, Jr.

Florida State University Law Review

No abstract provided.

Constitutional Law - Zoning Referenda - Mandatory Referenda On All Municipal Land Use Changes Do Not Violate The Due Process Clause, Beatrice Close

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This case note discusses the United States Supreme Court's decision in City of Eastlake v. Forest City Enterprises, Inc., 96 S. Ct. 2358 (1976), which held that a state's decision to allow mandatory referendums on all municipal land use changes does not violate the due process clause. The case note examines the line of cases, such as Eubanks v. Richmond, 226 U.S. 137 (1912) and Washington ex rel. Seattle Trust Co. v. Roberge, 278 U.S. 116 (1928), that establish the principle that standardless delegations of power to impose restrictions on the property rights of others violated the due process clause …

Constitutional Law—Zoning For Single-"Family" Dwellings Is Not Denial Of Equal Protection To Unrelated Persons—Village Of Belle Terre V. Boraas, 416 U.S. 1 (1974), Albert G. Marquis

Washington Law Review

Six unrelated persons resided in a single dwelling in Belle Terre, New York, in violation of the Village's zoning ordinance. The village is zoned exclusively for one-family dwellings; "family" is defined by the ordinance as: One or more persons related by blood, adoption or marriage, living and cooking together as a single housekeeping unit [or] a number of persons but not exceeding two (2) living and cooking together as a single housekeeping unit though not related by blood, adoption, or marriage shall be deemed to constitute a family. The lessors of the residence were served with notice that failure of …

Village Of Belle Terre V. Boraas, 94 S. Ct. 1536 (1974), Florida State University Law Review

Florida State University Law Review

Constitutional Law- FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT- MUNICIPALITY ZONED EXCLUSIVELY FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS PROMOTES VALID COMMUNITY OBJECTIVES AND DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH RIGHT TO TRAVEL.

The Reconciliation Of Land Use Laws And The Right To Travel: Toward A Realistic Standard Of Judicial Review

Washington and Lee Law Review

No abstract provided.

Constitutional Law - Due Process - Zoning Restrictions Requiring Land Owners To Provide Off-Street Parking, Eldon Olson

Michigan Law Review

In 1956 the City of Denver passed an ordinance requiring land owners to provide off-street parking if and when they erect new buildings or make structural alterations or change the existing use of the land. The restriction applied to a district adjacent to the traditional downtown district which was in the process of changing from residential to commercial. The ordinance did not specify whether the property owners retained control over parking areas, but the city argued that parking could be restricted to persons using the property. Plaintiff property owners alleged the ordinance was unconstitutional and were granted a declaratory judgment …