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Commercial Law

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2010

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Full-Text Articles in Law

The Rise Of Computerized High Frequency Trading: Use And Controversy, Michael J. Mcgowan Nov 2010

The Rise Of Computerized High Frequency Trading: Use And Controversy, Michael J. Mcgowan

Duke Law & Technology Review

Over the last decade, there has been a dramatic shift in how securities are traded in the capital markets. Utilizing supercomputers and complex algorithms that pick up on breaking news, company/stock/economic information and price and volume movements, many institutions now make trades in a matter of microseconds, through a practice known as high frequency trading. Today, high frequency traders have virtually phased out the "dinosaur" floor-traders and average investors of the past. With the recent attempted robbery of one of these high frequency trading platforms from Goldman Sachs this past summer, this "rise of the machines" has become front page …


Commercial Transactions And Consumer Protection, James R. Mccall Nov 2010

Commercial Transactions And Consumer Protection, James R. Mccall

Cal Law Trends and Developments

Because the preceding edition of this publication did not contain an article on trends in commercial transactions or consumer protection in California, this article will discuss selected decisions and developments in those fields during the years 1968 and 1969. The principal focus of this article will be the significant decisions made during this period that interpret or relate to the principal statutes in the two fields: the California Commercial Code, the Rees-Levering Automobile Sales Finance Act, and the Unruh Retail Installment Sales Act. These legislative enactments establish a comprehensive statutory pattern for regulation of all aspects of commercial law in …


Standardization Of Standard-Form Contracts: Competition And Contract Implications, Mark R. Patterson Nov 2010

Standardization Of Standard-Form Contracts: Competition And Contract Implications, Mark R. Patterson

William & Mary Law Review

Standard-form contracts are a common feature of commercial relationships because they offer the advantage of lower transaction costs. This advantage of standard contracts is increased when there is a second layer of standardization under which multiple firms agree on a standard contract. Trade associations and similar entities often effect standardization of this kind through collective agreement on a standard contract, sometimes under the aegis of state actors. Multifirm contract standardization can provide not only the usual transaction-cost advantages of standard-form contracts, but also increased competition among firms, because a standard contract makes comparison among firms’ offerings easier. But standardization among …


Brands, Competition, And The Law, Deven R. Desai, Spencer Waller Nov 2010

Brands, Competition, And The Law, Deven R. Desai, Spencer Waller

BYU Law Review

No abstract provided.


Reinventing Usefulness, Michael Risch Nov 2010

Reinventing Usefulness, Michael Risch

BYU Law Review

No abstract provided.


Beyond Search Costs: The Linguistic And Trust Functions Of Trademarks, Ariel Katz Nov 2010

Beyond Search Costs: The Linguistic And Trust Functions Of Trademarks, Ariel Katz

BYU Law Review

No abstract provided.


Commercial Transactions, Neil M. Levy Oct 2010

Commercial Transactions, Neil M. Levy

Cal Law Trends and Developments

The emphasis of this article reflects the degree to which commercial law today is statutory. Particularly in California, where the Uniform Commercial Code has only been in effect since January 1, 1965, few cases construing that statute reached the appellate courts during the year 1967. However, the state legislature in 1967 amended 25 sections of the California Commercial Code. Although these amendments cover a wide range of substantive problems, they can be viewed in the light of the policy of the code as enunciated in section 1102(2)(c), "[t]o make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions." In addition, one group …


Transforming The Allocation Of Deal Risk Through Reverse Termination Fees, Afra Afsharipour Oct 2010

Transforming The Allocation Of Deal Risk Through Reverse Termination Fees, Afra Afsharipour

Vanderbilt Law Review

Acquisition agreements are peppered with various provisions designed to mitigate, allocate, or address the ramifications of deal risk. The potential for deal risk is particularly pronounced in acquisition transactions involving public companies, which generally entail a significant interim period between the date of the signing of the acquisition agreement and the date of the completion of the transaction. Allocation of deal risk is a vital component of deals where millions, if not billions, of dollars are at stake for buyers and sellers, as well as their shareholders and stakeholders. Perhaps the most obvious deal risk is of one party abandoning …


Just Another Kid With A Gun? United States V. Michael R.: Reviewing The Youth Handgun Safety Act Under The United States V. Lopez Commerce Clause Analysis, Steven Rosenberg Sep 2010

Just Another Kid With A Gun? United States V. Michael R.: Reviewing The Youth Handgun Safety Act Under The United States V. Lopez Commerce Clause Analysis, Steven Rosenberg

Golden Gate University Law Review

The Lopez decision prompted many defendants, charged under a wide variety of federal statutes, to attack those statutes as unconstitutional under the new "commercial activity" test. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit addressed one such challenge in United States v. Michael R. Section II of this note discusses Michael R.'s facts and procedural history. Section III outlines the history of Commerce Clause jurisprudence, with an emphasis on the recent change in the Supreme Court's review of Congress' use of the commerce power under Lopez. In addition, Section III details the legislative history of the Youth Handgun …


Commercial Law - Interpreting The Uniform Commercial Code: Methodologies Used, Misused And Unused, Howard Foss Sep 2010

Commercial Law - Interpreting The Uniform Commercial Code: Methodologies Used, Misused And Unused, Howard Foss

Golden Gate University Law Review

No abstract provided.


Leveraged Etfs: The Trojan Horse Has Passed The Margin-Rule Gates, William M. Humphries Aug 2010

Leveraged Etfs: The Trojan Horse Has Passed The Margin-Rule Gates, William M. Humphries

Seattle University Law Review

What do the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and the demise of Lehman Brothers and Bear Sterns all have in common? One word: leverage. The misuse of leverage, in all its forms, contributed greatly to all of these events. Yet even today, common investors can purchase a leveraged exchange-traded fund (leveraged ETF), a complex product that uses leverage to increase returns, without triggering applicable laws designed to regulate the use of leverage. This Comment articulates the basics surrounding the functions and operations of leveraged ETFs and margin rules in order to assess the compatibility of the two. The Comment argues …


The Challenges For Directors In Piloting Through State And Federal Standards In The Maelstrom Of Risk Management, Chief Justice E. Norman Veasey Aug 2010

The Challenges For Directors In Piloting Through State And Federal Standards In The Maelstrom Of Risk Management, Chief Justice E. Norman Veasey

Seattle University Law Review

In the 2010 Berle Center Directors’ Academy Keynote Address, Chief Justice Veasey addresses “the federal and state contexts relating to the corporate-governance focus on business risk and the expectations laid at the doorstep of directors and officers of U.S. public companies.” Specifically, Chief Justice Veasey looks “at the governance landscape through both a federal regulatory lens and a state judicial lens as it relates to risk assessment and risk management.”


Party Autonomy In International Commercial Arbitration: Consolidation Of Multiparty And Classwide Arbitration, Okuma Kazutake Aug 2010

Party Autonomy In International Commercial Arbitration: Consolidation Of Multiparty And Classwide Arbitration, Okuma Kazutake

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law

Dispute settlement is an important area in international contract and trade. Settlement either by litigation in court or by alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is contemplated by contractual parties in international transactions. Each system presents its own problems. Effective litigation requires a judge to be an impartial, legal expert; however, is that always true, especially in the international context? A party litigating in another country is often concerned about whether he can achieve a fair judgment there. Decisions can sometimes be based on patriotic or parochial grounds, and even if a party receives a fair judgment, will he be able to …


The Resolution Of Transnational Commercial Disputes: A Perspective From North America, George W. Coombe Jr. Aug 2010

The Resolution Of Transnational Commercial Disputes: A Perspective From North America, George W. Coombe Jr.

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law

The author delivered these remarks on March 20, 1998 at Golden Gate University School of Law at the Seventh Regional Meeting of the American Society of International Law, held in conjunction with the Eighth Annual Fulbright Symposium on International Legal Problems.


Transfer Pricing Solutions In The Global Economy, Sandra Reid Robertson Aug 2010

Transfer Pricing Solutions In The Global Economy, Sandra Reid Robertson

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law

This paper will provide a brief history of the problems which transfer pricing issues have caused for both international companies and taxing jurisdictions. It will also examine efforts by the United States tax system to remedy this two-sided problem. The United States has primarily attempted to deal with the problem from its fiscal perspective, the underpayment of United States income tax by foreign companies through transfer pricing abuse. The double taxation problem for taxpayers has an effective, albeit cumbersome, solution in the competent authority process. However, the very fact that double taxation problems still exist, suggests the need for more …


Commercial Transactions, Daniel Mcloughlin Aug 2010

Commercial Transactions, Daniel Mcloughlin

Golden Gate University Law Review

No abstract provided.


Toward A Theory Of Precedent In Arbitration, W. Mark C. Weidemaier Apr 2010

Toward A Theory Of Precedent In Arbitration, W. Mark C. Weidemaier

William & Mary Law Review

Do arbitrators create precedent? The claim that they do not recurs throughout much of the arbitration literature. Instead, arbitration often is viewed as an ad hoc forum in which arbitrators do justice (at best) within the confines of particular cases. As an empirical matter, however, it is increasingly clear that, in some arbitration systems, arbitrators often cite to other arbitrators, claim to rely on past awards, and promote adjudicatory consistency as an important system norm. Much like courts, then, arbitrators can (but do not always) create precedent that guides future behavior and provides a language in which disputants, lawyers, and …


Filling In The Blank: Defining Breaches Of Contract Excepted From Discharge As Willful And Malicious Injuries To Property Under 11i U.S.C. § 523(A)(6), Bryan Hoynak Mar 2010

Filling In The Blank: Defining Breaches Of Contract Excepted From Discharge As Willful And Malicious Injuries To Property Under 11i U.S.C. § 523(A)(6), Bryan Hoynak

Washington and Lee Law Review

No abstract provided.


Was Gonzales V. Raich The Death Knell Of Federalism? Assessing Meaningful Limits On Federal Intrastate Regulation In Light Of U.S. V. Nascimento, Brandon J. Stoker Mar 2010

Was Gonzales V. Raich The Death Knell Of Federalism? Assessing Meaningful Limits On Federal Intrastate Regulation In Light Of U.S. V. Nascimento, Brandon J. Stoker

Brigham Young University Journal of Public Law

No abstract provided.


Online Fantasy Sports Litigation And The Need For A Federal Right Of Publicity Statute, Risa J. Weaver Feb 2010

Online Fantasy Sports Litigation And The Need For A Federal Right Of Publicity Statute, Risa J. Weaver

Duke Law & Technology Review

The right of publicity is currently a jumble of state common law and state statutes, but the online fantasy sports industry crosses state lines with ease. Having witnessed the great revenue potential of online fantasy sports, professional sports leagues are trying to strong-arm independent fantasy sports providers out of the business by using the right of publicity to assert property interests in the statistics generated by professional players, and used by fantasy sports providers to run their online games. The first such attempt--by Major League Baseball--failed. However, the state law nature of the right of publicity prevents any single court …


Everything In Its Right Place: Social Cooperation And Artist Compensation, Leah Belsky, Byron Kahr, Max Berkelhammer, Yochai Benkler Jan 2010

Everything In Its Right Place: Social Cooperation And Artist Compensation, Leah Belsky, Byron Kahr, Max Berkelhammer, Yochai Benkler

Michigan Telecommunications & Technology Law Review

The music industry's crisis response to the Internet has been the primary driver of U.S. copyright policy for over a decade. The core institutional response has been to increase the scope of copyright and the use of litigation, prosecution, and technical control mechanisms for its enforcement. The assumption driving these efforts has been that without heavily-enforced copyright, artists will not be able to make a living from their art. Throughout this period artists have been experimenting with approaches that do not rely on technological or legal enforcement, but on constructing web-based business models that engage fans and rely on voluntary …


Real Estate Law And Practice Symposium: Foreword, 43 J. Marshall L. Rev. Iii (2010), Celeste M. Hammond Jan 2010

Real Estate Law And Practice Symposium: Foreword, 43 J. Marshall L. Rev. Iii (2010), Celeste M. Hammond

UIC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Foreword: In Berle’S Footsteps, Charles R.T. O'Kelley Jan 2010

Foreword: In Berle’S Footsteps, Charles R.T. O'Kelley

Seattle University Law Review

On the weekend of November 6–8, 2009, scholars from around the world gathered in Seattle for a symposium—In Berle’s Footsteps—celebrating the launch of the Adolf A. Berle, Jr. Center on Corporations, Law and Society. As founding director of the Berle Center, I described our undertaking: “It is with a profound sense of obligation to the legacy that has been entrusted to my care, that I announce the launching of the Adolf A. Berle, Jr. Center on Corporations, Law and Society. It is a privilege to follow in Berle’s footsteps.”


Burnham, Water, And The Plan Of Chicago: A Historical Explanation Of Why Water Was Ignored And The Consequences Of Ignoring Water, 43 J. Marshall L. Rev. 413 (2010), Virginia M. Harding Jan 2010

Burnham, Water, And The Plan Of Chicago: A Historical Explanation Of Why Water Was Ignored And The Consequences Of Ignoring Water, 43 J. Marshall L. Rev. 413 (2010), Virginia M. Harding

UIC Law Review

No abstract provided.


International Commercial Surrogacy And Its Parties, 43 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1009 (2010), Margaret Ryznar Jan 2010

International Commercial Surrogacy And Its Parties, 43 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1009 (2010), Margaret Ryznar

UIC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Economic Value, Equal Dignity And The Future Of Sweepstakes, Anthony N. Cabot, Glenn J. Light, Karl F. Rutledge Jan 2010

Economic Value, Equal Dignity And The Future Of Sweepstakes, Anthony N. Cabot, Glenn J. Light, Karl F. Rutledge

UNLV Gaming Law Journal

The three basic forms of prize gaming are gambling, sweepstakes, and contests. Most states have a common approach to determining the legality of prize gaming. In general, states analyze if an activity includes three factors associated with gambling: (1) opportunity to win a prize, (2) winning based on chance, and (3) consideration paid to take that chance. If you take away any one of the three elements of gambling—consideration, prize, or chance—you have an activity that is lawful in most states. A contest, for example, differs from gambling because the winner is determined by skill. Determination of whether a (pay-for-play) …


Opening Remarks, Chancellor William B. Chandler Iii Jan 2010

Opening Remarks, Chancellor William B. Chandler Iii

Seattle University Law Review

Law is, in many ways, a backwards-looking field. We litigate over facts that have already occurred, challenge deals that have already been signed, and apply rules of decision based on previously-established precedent or statutes already enacted. To the extent that this Center and the symposium reflect on Berle’s work, they too are an exercise in looking back. Indeed, some might say the establishment of a Center named in Berle’s honor is a monument to the past.


Securities Intermediaries And The Separation Of Ownership From Control, Jill E. Fisch Jan 2010

Securities Intermediaries And The Separation Of Ownership From Control, Jill E. Fisch

Seattle University Law Review

The Modern Corporation & Private Property is a paradigm-shifting analysis of the modern corporation. The book is perhaps best known for the insights of Berle and Means about the separation of ownership from control and the consequences of that separation for the allocation of power within the corporation. The Berle and Means story focuses on the shareholder as the owner of the corporation. Berle and Means saw the mechanism of centralized management—in which the shareholder retains the economic interest but not the control rights associated with ownership—as threatening the conception of shareholder interests in terms of property rights. In particular, …


Rethinking The Separation Of Ownership From Management In American History, Kenneth Lipartito, Yumiko Morii Jan 2010

Rethinking The Separation Of Ownership From Management In American History, Kenneth Lipartito, Yumiko Morii

Seattle University Law Review

In <em>The Modern Corporation and Private Property</em>, Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means would use AT&T as a prime example of what they saw as a dangerous new trend, the replacement of ownership-based capitalism with giant corporations controlled by a small group of propertyless managers. Indeed, AT&T became Berle and Means’ favorite example. . . . As we shall see, however, the claim that AT&T was a leading example of the separation of ownership from management is incomplete. More importantly, the common interpretation of Berle and Means’ work is mistaken, placing the emphasis incorrectly on the number of shareholders and reading …


The Modern Corporation As Social Construction, Mark S. Mizruchi, Daniel Hirschman Jan 2010

The Modern Corporation As Social Construction, Mark S. Mizruchi, Daniel Hirschman

Seattle University Law Review

Classic works, Mark Mizruchi and Lisa Fein argued, share a particular fate. Authors often cite classic works without reading them—or without reading them carefully. . . . Yet perhaps no single work fits the above description better than one of the most important books on the large corporation ever published: Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means’s The Modern Corporation and Private Property. One can speculate that few works in the social sciences have been as often cited and as little read. As a consequence, we would expect The Modern Corporation to be a good candidate for either selective interpretation or …