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Bribery And Brokerage: An Analysis Of Bribery In Domestic And Foreign Commerce Under Section 2 ( C ) Of The Robinson-Patman Act, Michigan Law Review
Bribery And Brokerage: An Analysis Of Bribery In Domestic And Foreign Commerce Under Section 2 ( C ) Of The Robinson-Patman Act, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note first analyzes the substantive and jurisdictional criteria of section 2(c) to evaluate the possible and the desirable scope of its applicability to commercial bribery. The Note next asks whether this statute reaches bribery of domestic and foreign government officials and concludes that where the requirements of section 2(c) are otherwise met and where the person accepting the bribe is acting administratively rather than politically, the statute could be applied to bribery of agents of domestic governments. However, a wholesale application of section 2( c) to bribery of foreign government agents would leave American competitors in foreign commerce defenseless …
Regulation Of Intermodal Rate Competition In Transportation, Joseph R. Rose
Regulation Of Intermodal Rate Competition In Transportation, Joseph R. Rose
Michigan Law Review
The controversy over intermodal rate competition comprehends both legal and economic issues. Clarity requires that each be explicitly stated and separately treated. The legal issues center on the meaning of section 15a(3) of the Interstate Commerce Act and the declaration of the National Transportation Policy that precedes the Act, which are the sources of the Commission's authority. The economic issues involve the effect on resource allocation of rate-making proposals devised to carry out these provisions of the Act.
Tying Arrangements Under The Antitrust Laws: The "Integrity Of The Product" Defense, F. Bruce Kulp Jr.
Tying Arrangements Under The Antitrust Laws: The "Integrity Of The Product" Defense, F. Bruce Kulp Jr.
Michigan Law Review
One of the most frequently asserted defenses to an action under either the Sherman Act or the Clayton Act against a tying arrangement-a contractual limitation imposed by a manufacturer whereby the purchaser of the "tying product" agrees to purchase a related "tied product" only from the manufacturer of the tying product-has been that the tying was necessary to protect the good will or the integrity of the tying product. Whether the tied product is service for the tying product, another component in a system in which the tying product is used, repair parts for the tying product, or any other …
Constitutional Law-Relation Of Federal And State Governments- Applicability Of State Minimum Price Regulations To Federal Procurement, Alexander E. Bennett
Constitutional Law-Relation Of Federal And State Governments- Applicability Of State Minimum Price Regulations To Federal Procurement, Alexander E. Bennett
Michigan Law Review
The United States accepted the lowest bids for the supply of milk at three military installations in California. Because these bids were below the minimum prices for wholesale milk prescribed by state law, California instituted proceedings in the state courts for civil damages and injunctive relief against the successful bidders. The United States brought a separate action in a federal district court asking that the state be enjoined from applying its minimum price regulations to milk purchases by the armed services on the grounds that the military installations were federal enclaves over which the United States has exclusive jurisdiction and …
Trade Regulation-Robinson-Patman Act-Price Discrimination In The Marketing Of Gasoline, Howard R. Lurie S.Ed.
Trade Regulation-Robinson-Patman Act-Price Discrimination In The Marketing Of Gasoline, Howard R. Lurie S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The emergence of chain stores and mail-order houses in the 1920's posed a new threat to competition; this time at the retail level. The quantity purchase discounts which large buyers could exact placed the small independent merchant at a competitive disadvantage so substantial as to cast doubt upon his continued presence in the competitive picture. To prevent these competitive advantages, which were felt to be unfair and undesirable, Congress, in 1936, passed the Robinson-Patman Act which, in part, amended section 2 of the Clayton Act. The effect of the amendment was to tighten the application of the quantity purchase defense …
Antitrust Considerations In Motor Carrier Mergers, Carl H. Fulda
Antitrust Considerations In Motor Carrier Mergers, Carl H. Fulda
Michigan Law Review
Unification of separate independent business enterprises in a single organization may raise important questions of antitrust policy. The entity which emerges may have acquired, as a result of such unification, a market position of such significance that a substantial lessening of competition or even the creation of a monopoly becomes not only possible but probable. This would be apparent whenever opportunities for buyers of the products or services of the new single unit to shop freely, and to make independent decisions as to prices, channels of purchases and selection of suppliers were to be seriously curtailed, or where such curtailment …
Price Discriminations And Their Justifications Under The Robinson-Patman Act Of 1936, John T. Haslett
Price Discriminations And Their Justifications Under The Robinson-Patman Act Of 1936, John T. Haslett
Michigan Law Review
The Robinson-Patman Act was approved by the President on June 19, 1936. The purpose of the act was to amend section 2 of the Clayton Act, which prohibited price discriminations in interstate commerce. Congress, by amending section 2 of the Clayton Act, broadened the scope of the section by extending its purposes and prohibitions to price discriminations not formerly covered and by prohibiting other forms of discrimination which give favored purchasers undue cost advantages over their non-favored competitors. It also reduced the extent of requisite competitive injury.
Carriers - Motor Carrier Act Of 1935 - Issuance Of Certificates Of Convenience And Necessity, William H. Hillier
Carriers - Motor Carrier Act Of 1935 - Issuance Of Certificates Of Convenience And Necessity, William H. Hillier
Michigan Law Review
Applicant petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission for a certificate of public convenience and necessity to operate a transcontinental bus line, claiming that it offered a distinct type of low-cost service, that by so doing it attracted a portion of the travelling public not served by other carriers, that its through-trip features were a special convenience to its passengers, and that meals en route were included in its fare charges, which were slightly lower than those of existing carriers. The protesting carriers claimed that existing bus facilities could amply handle all of applicant's traffic, that competition in the motor bus field …
Interstate Commerce - Discrimination Between Shippers By Providing Non-Transportation Services At Less Than Cost, Thomas K. Fisher
Interstate Commerce - Discrimination Between Shippers By Providing Non-Transportation Services At Less Than Cost, Thomas K. Fisher
Michigan Law Review
In order to increase the use of rail transportation, seven railroads with terminals at the Port of New York expended a total of $35,000,000 in construction of warehouse and docking facilities. Charges for leases, storage (both in and out of the transit privilege), handling and insurance were found by the Interstate Commerce Commission to be non-compensatory. The commission further found that the below-cost warehouse rates were not available to all shippers alike. Upon an appeal by the carriers from a three-judge court's dismissal of their petition to enjoin enforcement of a cease and desist order issued by the commission, it …
Interstate Commerce - Constitutionality Of State Weight And Size Limitations As Applied To Interstate Motor Carriers, Paul G. Kauper
Interstate Commerce - Constitutionality Of State Weight And Size Limitations As Applied To Interstate Motor Carriers, Paul G. Kauper
Michigan Law Review
A South Carolina statute limited the width of motor trucks (including semi-trailers) to 90 inches and their gross weight to 20,000 pounds. The validity of this legislation was challenged before a three-judge federal court on three grounds: (1) that it was a denial of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) that the power of the states to regulate size and weight of motor vehicles used in interstate commerce had been superseded by the Federal Motor Carrier Act of 1935; (3) that the statute as applied to vehicles used by interstate motor carriers placed an unreasonable burden upon interstate commerce. …
State Regulation Of Interstate Motor Carriers, Paul G. Kauper
State Regulation Of Interstate Motor Carriers, Paul G. Kauper
Michigan Law Review
After the decision in Buck v. Kuykendall, the question naturally arose whether a State could require an interstate carrier to obtain a certificate of public convenience and necessity in order to engage in intrastate business. The question is important because it is possible that interstate business cannot be conducted profitably on a given route without the benefit of supplemental earnings derived from intrastate business. No doubt was entertained by state commissions after the Buck case that they could still exercise plenary control over the intrastate operations of interstate carriers, and deny them permission to engage in intrastate business if …
State Regulation Of Interstate Motor Carriers, Paul G. Kauper
State Regulation Of Interstate Motor Carriers, Paul G. Kauper
Michigan Law Review
According to Article 1, section 8, of the Constitution, "The Congress shall have power . . . to regulate commerce . . . among the several States . . . . " Is this provision of the Constitution applicable to interstate motor transportation over a public highway, built, owned, and maintained by a State? The provincial view might have been put forward that because the State owns the highways, therefore it should have exclusive control with respect to the commerce passing over them. Whatever force might have been conceded such a view in the early history of our country, when …
Public Utilities-Power Of Interstate Commerce Commision To Give Certificate Of Convenience And Necessity
Michigan Law Review
Certain coal fields in West Virginia are served by the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Norfolk and Western, and the Virginian railroads. The Chesapeake and the Norfolk compete for the westbound coal traffic coming over the Virginian which has no lines in the western part of these fields. The Interstate Commerce Commission authorized the Virginian to build a short connecting line which made possible much cheaper carriage over the Chesapeake, and authorized the Norfolk to construct a similar line in order to compete on equal terms. The Chesapeake sought a reversal on the ground that the Interstate Commerce Commission is not …
Note And Comment, Edwin C. Goddard, George Seletto, Edson R. Sunderland, Victor H. Lane, Burke Shartel, George E. Longstaff
Note And Comment, Edwin C. Goddard, George Seletto, Edson R. Sunderland, Victor H. Lane, Burke Shartel, George E. Longstaff
Michigan Law Review
Carriers - Second Cummins Amendment - It was seven years after the Carmack Amendment of the Hepburn Act of i9o6 before the Supreme Court began that series of decisions, extending from Adams Express Co. v. Croninger, 226 U. S. 491 (1913), to George N. Pierce Co. v. Wells, Fargo & Co., 236 U. S. 278 (1915), which directly resulted in the First Cummins Amendment of March, 1915. One has only to read those cases, reviewed in 13 Micn. L. REv. 59o, and other notes referred to in 17 MICH. L. Rzv. 183, to see that the language of the Cummins …
Combination Not Competition Of Railroads, Blewett Lee
Combination Not Competition Of Railroads, Blewett Lee
Michigan Law Review
In the course of the taking of evidence before what is generally called the Newlands Committee, appointed by Congress to investigate conditions relating to interstate and foreign commerce, it was very interesting to observe the personality of the different members of the Committee, as indicated by the questions which they asked of the various expert witnesses who were brought before them. The keen intellect of the Senior Senator from Iowa has continually played about the problem, how the revenues of the weak lines can be increased without at the same time increasing those of the strong ones. Assuming that some …