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Full-Text Articles in Law
Brown Ii'S "All Deliberate Speed" At Fifty: A Golden Anniversary Or A Mid- Life Crisis For The Constitutional Injunction As A School Desegregation Remedy?, Doug Rendleman
Scholarly Articles
In 1955 in Brown II the Supreme Court instructed school authorities and federal judges how to implement its decision in Brown I that racially segregated public schools violated the constitution. This article summarizes the half-century of federal injunctions that the courts granted to desegregate schools. It organizes the injunctions chronologically under three headings, "all deliberate speed," desegregate "now," and "unitary" districts. Rejecting both extravagant hoopla and charges of "failure," the article approves disciplined judicial discretion leading to large-scale structural injunctions when the times are ripe because unconstitutional conditions warrant massive judicial reconstruction. In particular, the article maintains that the courts' …
A Call To Leadership: The Future Of Race Relations In Virginia, Rodney A. Smolla
A Call To Leadership: The Future Of Race Relations In Virginia, Rodney A. Smolla
Scholarly Articles
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(Un)Masking Race-Based Intracorporate Conspiracies Under The Ku Klux Klan Act, Catherine E. Smith
(Un)Masking Race-Based Intracorporate Conspiracies Under The Ku Klux Klan Act, Catherine E. Smith
Scholarly Articles
The intracorporate conspiracy doctrine should not be applicable to § 1985(3) conspiracies. Section 2 of the Ku Klux Klan Act was designed to specifically challenge collective action and eliminate the many ways in which individuals conspired to engage in civil rights violations. Some commentators may argue that race-based intracorporate agreements are actionable under other federal antidiscrimination laws and state causes of actions. However, § 1985(3) fulfills a unique role in the national comprehensive civil rights scheme to eliminate different forms of bias-motivated and discriminatory actions. As the only federal civil conspiracy statute that punishes individuals who use collective resources to …