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2005

Chemistry

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Full-Text Articles in Engineering

54th Spsj Annual Meeting Yokohama, Japan, May 25-27, 2005, Jane C. Vogl, Hiroyuki Ohno Dec 2005

54th Spsj Annual Meeting Yokohama, Japan, May 25-27, 2005, Jane C. Vogl, Hiroyuki Ohno

Emeritus Faculty Author Gallery

No abstract provided.


54th Spsj Annual Meeting Yokohama, Japan, May 25-27, 2005, Jane C. Vogl, Hiroyuki Ohno Dec 2005

54th Spsj Annual Meeting Yokohama, Japan, May 25-27, 2005, Jane C. Vogl, Hiroyuki Ohno

Otto Vogl

No abstract provided.


A Microreactor System For Measuring Size Selectivity In Porous Wo3 Sensor Materials, Meng Lu Dec 2005

A Microreactor System For Measuring Size Selectivity In Porous Wo3 Sensor Materials, Meng Lu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Our interest in studying reactions catalyzed by high surface area W03 powders is based on their potential application as the active material in sensors for low level (ppb) detection of flammable or toxic gases. A series of porous W03 powders with both meso- and micro-porosity have been synthesized by Waghe and Tripp. Preliminary results of the response of sensors fabricated from these materials indicated the possibility of size selectivity on the molecular scale. To provide support for the hypothesis of size selectivity and understand the reaction kinetics of alcohols over the new porous W03 powders for sensor …


Atr-Ftir Spectroscopic Analysis Of Sorption Of Aqueous Analytes Into Polymer Coatings Used With Guided Sh-Saw Sensors, Yolanda K. Jones, Zhonghui Li, Michael M. Johnson, Fabien Josse, Jeanne Hossenlopp Dec 2005

Atr-Ftir Spectroscopic Analysis Of Sorption Of Aqueous Analytes Into Polymer Coatings Used With Guided Sh-Saw Sensors, Yolanda K. Jones, Zhonghui Li, Michael M. Johnson, Fabien Josse, Jeanne Hossenlopp

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

Attenuated total internal reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the investigation of sorption of aqueous solutions of analytes into polymer coatings. A series of simple model polymers, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly(epichlorhydrin), and poly(isobutylene), and films and analytes, such as aqueous solutions of ethylbenzene, xylenes, toluene, and nitrobenzene, were used to evaluate the use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a screening tool for sensor development. The ratios of integrated infrared absorption bands provided a simple and efficient method for predicting trends in partition coefficients. Responses of polymer-coated guided shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensor platforms to the series …


A Continuous Operation For Electroreduction Of Oxalic Acid To Glyoxylic Acid, Xiao-Hui Hu, Xiang-Fei Yan, Yu-Zhong Su, Jun Li Nov 2005

A Continuous Operation For Electroreduction Of Oxalic Acid To Glyoxylic Acid, Xiao-Hui Hu, Xiang-Fei Yan, Yu-Zhong Su, Jun Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

A simulative-continuous-operation approach was proposed to study the continuous operation for electroreduction of oxalic acid to gloxylic acid using a packed bed reactor and a parallel reactor with cooled cathode in order to solve the low productivity problem in current state by using traditional reactor.The effects of the concentration of oxalic acid and temperature on this process were also studied.Results showed that,after 30min of the reaction(residence time),the mass fraction of the produced glyoxylic acid in the catholic solution could reach 3.76% and 3.66% with respect to a saturated oxalic acid method and a step-temperature decreasing method.From this study,we conclude that …


The High Temperature Corrosion Of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel With Nacl Deposit, Fu-Fu Peng, Chaur-Jeng Wang, Yu-Chang Lin Nov 2005

The High Temperature Corrosion Of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel With Nacl Deposit, Fu-Fu Peng, Chaur-Jeng Wang, Yu-Chang Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The objective of this study was to figure out the hot corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel(2205 DSS) within the temperature ranges from 550 to 850℃ in the static air condition with 2 mg/cm~(2)NaCl deposit,and in the air atmosphere condition with a constant flow rate of 500 vppm NaCl_((g)),respectively.Experimental results show that the hot corrosion kinetics met the parabolic rate law and the corrosion rate increased constantly with increasing temperature.The scales formed included Fe_(2)O_(3)/Fe_(3)O_(4)/Cr_(2)O_(3) and FeCr_(2)O_(4)from outer layer to inner layer.The sequence of formation is independent of the environment temperature,but the SiO_2 and NiO can be found in the …


A Study Of Three Corrosion Inhibitors For Reinforcing Steel In Sps Solution By Electrochemical Methods, Bing Zhao, Rong-Gui Du, Chang-Jian Lin Nov 2005

A Study Of Three Corrosion Inhibitors For Reinforcing Steel In Sps Solution By Electrochemical Methods, Bing Zhao, Rong-Gui Du, Chang-Jian Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

Some electrochemical techniques such as linear polarization,electrochemical noise and EIShave been employedto study the inhibition behavior of N-lauroyl sarcosinate,β-sodium glycerophosphate and D-sodium gluconate for the reinforcing steel immersed in simulated concrete pore solution(SPS) with NaCl addition.The results show that D-sodium gluconatehas an obvious inhibitive effect for the reinforcing steelin containingCl~(-)SPS solution.It has been proposed that the corrosion inhibition of D-sodium gluconate is due to its competitive adsorption and precipitation on steel surface in the simulated concrete environment.


Effect Of Hco_3~-Concentration On Co_2 Corrosion In Gas And Oil Fields, Guo-An Zhang Nov 2005

Effect Of Hco_3~-Concentration On Co_2 Corrosion In Gas And Oil Fields, Guo-An Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The effecs of HCO_3~-concentration on CO_(2) corrosion in gas and oil fields were investigated by carrying out potentiodynamic scans and weight loss tests.Potentiodynamic polarization curves showed that the cathodic current density decreased with cm increase of HCO_3~-concentration when [HCO_3~-] was lower than 0.042(mol/L.)The cathodic reations were promoted by increasing [HCO_3~-] when it reached 0.126 mol/L,(Anodic) behavior was an active process at low er [HCO_3~-] concentration and the anodic current density decreased with the increase of [HCO_3~-] concentration.An evident active-passive behavior exhibited in anodic process at 0.126 mol/L HCO_3~-.Under high pressure and high temperature,the corrosion rate of steel X65 decreased with …


An Electrochemical Study Of Electroless Copper Plating Using Glyoxylic Acid As Reducing Agent, Li-Qiong Wu, Fang-Zu Yang Nov 2005

An Electrochemical Study Of Electroless Copper Plating Using Glyoxylic Acid As Reducing Agent, Li-Qiong Wu, Fang-Zu Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electroless copper plating using glyoxylic acid as a reducing agent,Na_(2)EDTA as a chelating agent and K_(4)Fe(CN)_(6) and 2,2'-dipyridyl as additives was studied.The effect of chelating agent and addtives on the polangation behaviovs of copper reduction and glyoxylie acid oxidation were analyzed by linear sweep voltammetry.The results mainly demonstrated that the chelating agent hindered both the oxidation of glyoxylic acid and the reduction of copper complexing ions.It has revealed that K_(4)Fe(CN)_(6)and 2,2'-dipyridyl(with the content over than 20 mg/L)both played negative actions on the oxidation of glyoxylic acid.


The Deactivation Mechanism Of Metal Oxide Anodes Under Alternative Current Electrolysis Condition, Jun-Tao Wang Nov 2005

The Deactivation Mechanism Of Metal Oxide Anodes Under Alternative Current Electrolysis Condition, Jun-Tao Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The metal oxide anodes coated on titanium used in seawater electrolysis were prepared by thermal decomposition.Their morphologies、compositions and phase structures were determined by scanning electron microscope(SEM)、energy dispersive X-ray detector(EDX) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The electrochemical properties of the anodes were characterized by accelerated life test,cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.SEM、EDX and XRD showed that solid solution structures of(Ru,Ir,Ti)O_(2)and(Ir,Ti)O_(2) were formed after pyrolysis,the solid solution structures and active components were disappeared after the deactivation of the anodes.Electrochemical results indicated that the active area decreased and the coating resistance increased,which are resulted by active component falling off from the anode surfaces.Hence,the deactivation of the …


Copper Electrodeposition Under The Perturbation Of Hard Particles, Zeng-Wei Zhu, Di Zhu Nov 2005

Copper Electrodeposition Under The Perturbation Of Hard Particles, Zeng-Wei Zhu, Di Zhu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Copper electrodepositon was carried out on the rotating cathode,with hard particles(such as ceramic beads) filling between the electrodes.The rotation of cathode led hard particles to polish and impact the surface of deposit during electrodeposition.Copper deposits with a mass of cuspidal nodules were produced in acid sulfate solutions while brittle deposits without nodules were produced in alkaline sulfate solutions.It was also found that brightening and smoothing deposit could be obtained from the alkaline solution,and the deposit was approximatively disordered orientation with granular morphology of about 100~300 nm.The results show that the polishing and impact of hard particles can effectively disturb the …


Electrochemical Controllable Preparation Of Hydroxyapatite Coating With Different Morphologies And Preliminary In Vitro Tests, Hai-Yan Shi, Ren Hu, Chang-Jian Lin Nov 2005

Electrochemical Controllable Preparation Of Hydroxyapatite Coating With Different Morphologies And Preliminary In Vitro Tests, Hai-Yan Shi, Ren Hu, Chang-Jian Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The Controllable electrochemical deposition has been developed to prepare the hydroxyapatite(HA) coatings on Ti substrate with different morphologies and structures.Three kinds of typical topography of HA coatings,i.e.standing-up,flower and ordered porous structures have been obtained.The XRD and FTIR results demonstrate high crystallinity of the coating and exclusion of other forms of calcium phosphates.In vitro tests reveal that the biological property is largely dependent on the structure and morphology of the HA coating.It has been found that all pure HA coating show good biocompatibilities,while only the HA coating with ordered porous structures exhibits best bioactivities.


The Electrocatalystic Investigation Of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid On The Modified Multiply Wall Carbon Nanotubes, Ming-Qi Li Nov 2005

The Electrocatalystic Investigation Of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid On The Modified Multiply Wall Carbon Nanotubes, Ming-Qi Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electrochemical behavior of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid(DHBA)on modified multiply wall carbon nanotubes electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and square wave voltammetry(SWV).Results show that in 0.1 mol/L HCl solutions the modified carbon nanotube electrode has an obvious electrocatalytic effect on the oxidation and deoxidization of DHBA.The oxidation current of DHBA is linear to it's concentration in the range of 4.0×10~(-6)~1.0×10~(-4) mol/L and 2.0×10~(-4)~8.0×10~(-4)1mol/L with correlation coefficient of 0.9995 and 0.9992.The detection limit is 1.0 ×10~(-6)mol/ L.


The Optimal Sulfonation Conditions Of Self-Doped Polyaniline Obtained By Using Experimental Strategies, Wen-Yar Li, Chi-Chang Hu Nov 2005

The Optimal Sulfonation Conditions Of Self-Doped Polyaniline Obtained By Using Experimental Strategies, Wen-Yar Li, Chi-Chang Hu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The optimal sulfonation condition of self-doped sulfonated polyaniline(prepared from leucoemeraldinebase;denoted as LEB-SPANI) with a high electronic conductivity was obtained by experimental strategies,includingthe fractional factorial design(FFD) and central composite design(CCD).From the FFD experiment,the self-doped LEB-SPANI prepared at a lowtemperature(4oC),a short reaction time(1 h),and a small volume of fumingsulfuric acid(10 mL) showed a better conductivity(ca.127 mS/cm).In the CCD study coupled with a confirmationtest,the highest conductivity(ca.141 mS/cm) of the LEB-SPANI film was obtained under a sulfonation temperatureof 4oC,a sulfonation time of75 minutes,and a volume of8 mLof30% fuming sulfuric acid.The textural cha-racter-istics of self-doped LEB-SPANI were characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy,four-pointprobe method,and X-ray …


Electrochemical Oxidation Of Organic Additives In Tin Plating Electrolytes, Yin-Mei Cheng, Lan-Kun Cai, Qiang Song Nov 2005

Electrochemical Oxidation Of Organic Additives In Tin Plating Electrolytes, Yin-Mei Cheng, Lan-Kun Cai, Qiang Song

Journal of Electrochemistry

Cyclic voltammetry(CV) was used to characterize the voltammetric behaviours of organic additives,e.g.PSA(phenolsulfonic acid)、EN(ethoxylatedα-naphthol) and ENSA(ethoxylatedα-naphthol sulfonic acid),on the anode surface.In PSA solutions,an anodic peak was obtained and the peak potential was about 1.2V.In EN and ENSA solutions,two anodic peaks were obtained and the peak potentials were about(0.95V) and 1.3V.The products of galvanostatic electrolysis were separated by HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography) and analyzed by EI/MS(electron ionizing mass spectrometry).The mechnism of the electrochemical oxidation was also disussed.


Electrochemical Disinfection Method To Treat Wastewater From Hospitals, Lizhi-Fu Lizhi-Fu Nov 2005

Electrochemical Disinfection Method To Treat Wastewater From Hospitals, Lizhi-Fu Lizhi-Fu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrochemical disinfection method was used to treat wastewater from hospitals.The mechanism of electrochemical disinfection was researched by using the different anode materials.The results showed that when the titanium coated with noble metal(Ru、Pt、Ir)oxide was used as an anode and stainless steel as a cathode,the current density was 6 mA/cm~(2),hydraulic retention time was 15 min,air flow rate was 40 L/h,the rate of anode effective area to the inner water volume was 1.0,the amount of total colibacillus was below 500 CFU/L after electrochemical disinfection,All these meet the first order of Effluent Discharge Standard(GB8978-98).


Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-Materials And Prospects, Molenda Janina, Marzec Jacek Nov 2005

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-Materials And Prospects, Molenda Janina, Marzec Jacek

Journal of Electrochemistry

The paper summarizes and discusses the basic properties of solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC) components(electrode materials and electrolyte) from the point of view of their essential functional parameters suck as chemicalstability,transport,catalytic and thermomechanical properties under operational conditions in a SOFC.An interrela-tion between the defect structure of these materials related to oxygen nonstoichiometry and their electronic propertiesand catalytic activity was shown.Single-chamber fuel cell concept was also presented.


An Investigation On Poly(Vinyl Chloride-Co-Isobutyl Vinyl Ether) Coatings Modified By Rutile Nano-Tio_2 Pastes, Xiang Bin Nov 2005

An Investigation On Poly(Vinyl Chloride-Co-Isobutyl Vinyl Ether) Coatings Modified By Rutile Nano-Tio_2 Pastes, Xiang Bin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The anti-corrosion coating of Poly(Vinyl Chloride-Co-Isobutyl Vinyl Ether)(PVCCIVE) was modified by rutile nano-TiO_(2).The influence of nano-TiO_(2) pastes on the coating's corrosion resistance was investigated through electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The results show that the addition of nano-TiO_(2) pastes does not have obvious effect on the coating's performance of adhesion,flexility,impact resistance,but improves the coating's UV resistance and the gloss.Meanwhile,with the proper addition of rutile nano-TiO_(2) pastes,the(anti)-corrosion behavior of the coating was advanced.


A Study Of Overcharge Characteristic Of Lithium-Ion Cells, Jing Pang, Shi-Gang Lu, Sha Liu Nov 2005

A Study Of Overcharge Characteristic Of Lithium-Ion Cells, Jing Pang, Shi-Gang Lu, Sha Liu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The overcharge characteristics and effect factors of lithium-ion cells containing LiMn_(2)O_(4)cathodes were studied in detail.Overcharge testing of Lithium-ion cells with a systematic variation in the cell balance demonstrated that the overcharge characteristics of Lithium-ion cells was affected by the amount of cathode in the cells,which is independent of the amount of anode material.The rate of charge was found to be an important parameter,as electrolyte complete decomposition at low charge rates caused the end of overcharge testing,while high charge rates accelerated the rate of heat generation in the cells and the cell temperature increased as a result of insufficient heat dissipation.The …


Silicides And Composites Materials As Anodes For Lithium Ion Batteries, Jun-Mei Yan Nov 2005

Silicides And Composites Materials As Anodes For Lithium Ion Batteries, Jun-Mei Yan

Journal of Electrochemistry

The anode materials of Mg_(2)Si and MnSi were synthesized by mechanically activated annealing(MAA) techniques in this work and the in electrochemical performances were also studied.A series of composite materials of Mg_(2)Si and CNTs or CMS were prepared by ball-milling method respectively.The reversible capacities of the composites were higher than that of the pure Mg_(2)Si and pure carbon materials.The cyclic performances have been improved greatly by ball-milling of the Mg_(2)Si and carbon materials.Results show that ball-milling method is one kind of method to make alloy materials into practical use.


The Mechanism Of Ethylenediamine On Electroless Ni-B Alloy Deposition, Sen-Lin Wang Nov 2005

The Mechanism Of Ethylenediamine On Electroless Ni-B Alloy Deposition, Sen-Lin Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The effects of ethylenediamine stabilizer on the deposition rate and on the stability of the plating bath for electroless deposition of Ni-B alloy were investigated.It was found that the addition of ethylenediamine greatly enhances the stability of the electroless plating bath.The electrochemical polarization including cathodic and anodic polarizations measurements were carried out to examine the effect of ethylenediamine on the deposition process.The results show that ethylenediamine affects both the cathodic and the anodic polarization processes.The oxidation current of the reducer and the reduction current of Ni-B alloy decrease greatly when ethylenediamine was added into the plating bath.The infrared spectroscopy(IR) experiments …


Macromolecules In Graz, Austria, December 3, 2004, Otto Vogl, Volker Ribitsch Nov 2005

Macromolecules In Graz, Austria, December 3, 2004, Otto Vogl, Volker Ribitsch

Emeritus Faculty Author Gallery

No abstract provided.


Macromolecules In Graz, Austria, December 3, 2004, Otto Vogl, Volker Ribitsch Nov 2005

Macromolecules In Graz, Austria, December 3, 2004, Otto Vogl, Volker Ribitsch

Otto Vogl

No abstract provided.


Afci Quarterly Input – Unlv July 1 Through September 30, 2005, Harry Reid Center For Environmental Studies. Nuclear Science And Technology Division Sep 2005

Afci Quarterly Input – Unlv July 1 Through September 30, 2005, Harry Reid Center For Environmental Studies. Nuclear Science And Technology Division

Transmutation Research Program Reports (TRP)

Quarterly report highlighting research projects, activities and objectives of the Transmutation Research Program at the Nuclear Science & Technology Division, Harry Reid Research Center.The University of Nevada, Las Vegas supports the AFCI through research and development of technologies for economic and environmentally sound refinement of spent nuclear fuel. The UNLV program has four components: infrastructure, international collaboration, student-based research, and management and program support.


The Research Of Nano-Sized Nio Anode Materials For Lithium Ion Batteries, Jun-Mei Yan, Jing Zhang, Yong Yang Aug 2005

The Research Of Nano-Sized Nio Anode Materials For Lithium Ion Batteries, Jun-Mei Yan, Jing Zhang, Yong Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The nano-sized NiO materials were synthesized by solid phase method and sol-gel method. The synthesis conditions were optimized by DSC and TG techniques. The sol-gel method was optimized by changing the solvent and regulating the solution's pH for preparing NiO material. The structure and morphology of the materials were also characterized by means of XRD and TEM techniques, and the electrochemical performances of the materials were studied by the galvanostatically charge and discharge experiments.


Adsorption Of Polyaspartic Acid From Sulphur Acid Solution On Carbon Steel And Its Corrosion Inhibition, Rong-Jing Cui, Ning Gu, Chun-Mei Li Aug 2005

Adsorption Of Polyaspartic Acid From Sulphur Acid Solution On Carbon Steel And Its Corrosion Inhibition, Rong-Jing Cui, Ning Gu, Chun-Mei Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

The role of Polyaspartic acid in the corrosion inhibition of 45~(#) carbon steel in sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by polarization curve andelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The influences of the concentration and the temperature of PASP on the corrosion inhibition efficiency were determined. The results indicated that the PASP as the corrosion inhibitor mainly inhibitated the anode; within the experiment temperature, the inhibitor efficiency decreased with the raising of the temperature and PASP had a good inhibiting performance at 10℃, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of PASP for carbon steel increased with the increase of the concentration of PASP when …


Research Progresses In A Flow Redox Battery, Quan-Feng Dong Aug 2005

Research Progresses In A Flow Redox Battery, Quan-Feng Dong

Journal of Electrochemistry

As a large scale electrochemical storage device, flow redox battery in which the active materials are flowing electrolytes is different from the common batteries employing solid or gas materials as an electrode. In this paper we introduced flow redox battery in brief, reviewed its development and actual state on (study). The main problem existed in the new device was discussed when viewed with its future developments.


Surface And Sructure Investigations Of Membrane Electrode Assembly In Dmfc Lifetime Testing~*, Chengxuan Chengxuan, Cheng Peng, Meng-Di You, Jing Liu, Ying Zhang Aug 2005

Surface And Sructure Investigations Of Membrane Electrode Assembly In Dmfc Lifetime Testing~*, Chengxuan Chengxuan, Cheng Peng, Meng-Di You, Jing Liu, Ying Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The lifetime and performance of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) were investigatedto understand the correlation between thestructure of catalysts /membrane and cell performanceversus time.The cell polarization and performance curves were obtained during the DMFC operation with the time.The catalysts and Nafion~ membrane of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) from the lifetime test were comprehensively examined by XRD, HRTEM, FTIRand Raman spectroscope techniques.The results revealed that there was significant performance degradation during the first 200 hours operation; while the degradation was slowing down between 200 and 704hours operation.The degradation became worse after 1 002 h operation.The increases of the catalyst …


Effect Of Chloride Ions On The Corrosion Behavior Of Reinforcing Steel In Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions, Yu Liu, Rong-Gui Du Aug 2005

Effect Of Chloride Ions On The Corrosion Behavior Of Reinforcing Steel In Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions, Yu Liu, Rong-Gui Du

Journal of Electrochemistry

The potentiodynamic anodic polarization was used to study the corrosion behavior of the reinforcing steel in simulated concrete pore solutions with different pH and chloride ion concentrations. The effect of chloride ions on passivity breakdown of the steel was examined by measuring the breaking potentials of reinforcing steel, and the critical chloride concentrations for depassivation were found in simulated concrete pore solutions at pH 12.50 and pH 12.00.


Cyclic Voltammetry And Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Of Dissociative Adsorption Of Ethanol On Pt-Ru Electrodes, Zhang Bin Aug 2005

Cyclic Voltammetry And Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Of Dissociative Adsorption Of Ethanol On Pt-Ru Electrodes, Zhang Bin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The behaviors of dissociative adsorption of ethanol on roughened platinum-ruthenium electrode with high activity of SERS were studied by using cyclic voltammetry and in-situ surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman spectra of dissociative adsorption of ethanol on Pt electrode in acid was obtained for the first time. It is shown that the Pt-Ru could lower the over-potential of CO oxidation when compared to Pt electrode. The results show that the ethanol in acid medium can be self-dissociated at Pt-Ru electrode to produce CO, which discourage the further oxidation of ethanol, some information of Pt-C and Pt-C-Pt stretching vibration from …