Engineering Commons^™

Separation Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons By Using Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Patricia Simmons

Theses

In this work, the use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for the separation of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds is investigated. All of the compounds studied are listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants.

In micellar electrokinetic chromatography, solutes partition between the aqueous phase and the micellar phase. This partition is based on the hydrophobicity of each compound. In some cases, organic modifiers are added to the electrophoretic solution to enhance the separation efficiency. The organic modifier used in this study is y-cyclodextrin (y-CD), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as the micellar phase. …

Design Of A Gear Driven Anti-Twister Mechanism For A Seal-Less Blood Processor, Ajit Nachiket Dastane

Theses

This thesis presents the design of a gear driven anti- twister mechanism for a blood cell separator. The anti- twister mechanism allows for continuous feed and discharge lines that are rigidly attached to the rotating centrifuge head, thus eliminating the need of rotating seals. It is anticipated that the device using a gear driven anti-twister mechanism will have smoother power transmission and closer rpm tolerances.

In addition, a procedure for the dynamic analysis of the existing device, which uses a belt-driven anti-twister mechanism, is developed. The experimental values obtained from the device are compared with the theoretical values obtained by …

Ph Parametric Pumping : An Examination Of Different Feed Locations For A Two And Three Column Process With The Same Flow Patterns And Ph Distribution, Roberta Rosty

Theses

PH parametric pumping is used to separate protein mixtures of hemoglobin and Albumin.

In this thesis, modifications to a two-column process, where the fluid stage flow pattern and the pH distributions were constant, were explored. These modifications consisted of: changes in the feed stream inlet and outlet locations, changes in the amount of feed itself, and an addition of another column and reservoir to the original two-column process. The results were obtained through computer simulation.

Results indicate that the batch or no-feed two and three column processes yield better separations of the two proteins than the same processes with feed …

Separation Of Chromium From Waste Sludges By An Electric Membrane Process, Freeman Nai-Tchun Ho

Theses

The process is characterized by using metallic membrane as a filter which is charged by a separate DC-power supply and it may become experimentally very effective in increasing the separation potency and migration flux. The technique of integrating migration with electromembrane was evaluated for the removal of chromium. The transport was found to be adequately described by an equation in which the rate is proportional to the chromium concentration. The rate of dichromate ions transported across the membranes and the gel water content of membrane increased when the ratio of electromembrane potential and cell system potential was increased. The back …

The Separation Of Proteins Via Charged Electromembrane Process, Chi-Wen Lin

Theses

A new method for separation and concentration of protein and other biocolloids such as hemoglobin and albumin was developed by a process called the charged electromembrane (CEM) process. The process is characterized by using a metallic membrane as a filter which can carry either positive or negative electric current.

The effect of various factors on the separation coefficient and filtration efficiency were investigated experimentally. These factors include strength of electric field, pH of colloidal solution, electric current through membrane filter and flow rate.

It was found out that the thickness of the gel layer formed on the membrane could be …

Transport Phenomena Of Copper Ions Through An Electromembrane, Ren-Fu Cheng

Theses

A separation process based on a new class of membrane ( the electromembrane ) was studied. Experiments were performed using three types of electromembrane to remove copper ions from aqueous solution. A Separation Cell Unit was designed and set up to investigate the transport of copper ions through the electromembranes under the influence of both an electric field and a concentration gradient. Fluxes achieved were much greater than those reported for other membrane processes, and the energy consumption was one half that of electrolytic deposition.

The Lewis-Matheson Method On Computer, William Raymond Castner

Theses

Lewis and Matheson, in the early 1930's, developed a manual calculation technique for the solution of multicomponent distillation problems. The object of this study was to see if there would be any advantage to using the Lewis-Matheson method, once incorporated onto a computer, over current multicomponent distillation solution techniques. The immediate advantage of using the L-M technique is that it requires fewer preliminary calculations than other computer methods. It was found that the L-M technique uses about half the execution time of a typical Newton-Raphson program, while using only one tenth the computer core (memory). This was not intended to …

An Experimental Study Of Comparison Between Ph-Parametric Pumping And Ph-Cycling Zone Adsorption Process On Protein Separation, Vincent P. Jajalla

Theses

In this thesis, an experimental investigation was conducted to compare the performance of the continuous pH-parametric pumping and the pH-cycling zone adsorption process on protein separation.

The model system studied was hemoglobin-water. on CM-Sepharose CL-6B (cation) exchanger in a single-column system. Various modes of operation were tried on both the pH-parametric pumping and the pH-cycling zone adsorption method. The separation factors for each mode of operation were computed and compared.

It is shown that the continuous pH-parametric pumping, with circulation to insure the pH uniformity inside the column, has the better separation factor than the pH-cycling zone adsorption method.

Continuous Fractionation Of Protein Mixtures By Ph-Parametric Pumping, Yuk-Wei Wong

Theses

Continuous pH-parametric pumping separations of a haemoglobin - albumin - CM Separose system were experimentally investigated. The parapump system has a feed, containing the protein mixture to be separated, introduced alternately to the top and bottom of the chromatographic column. The top and bottom products are withdrawn from the apparatus during the bottom and top feed respectively. It is shown that under certain conditions the pH-driven parametric pump has the capacity for removal of a protein component from one product fraction and large enrichment in the other fraction. Moreover, the continuous process can be operated with a large feed throughput.

An Equilibrium Theory Of The Ph-Parametric Pump, Charles Omotayo Kerobo

Theses

Parametric pumping, both batch and continuous, and cycling zone adsorption are theoretically scrutinized for various operating conditions by using the concept of equilibrium stages. The model system is Haemoglobin-Albumin-CM sepharose, a physical system in which a local equilibrium between liquid and sorbent in the layers of the separating medium in the column is characterized. For the batch process, the steady-state concentrations in both top and bottom reservoirs are found to be independent of the number of equilibrium stages, provided that a = 1 (i.e., number of transfer steps/number of stages).. For continuous parapump process, separation is enhanced with decreasing top …

Effect Of Concentration And Ph On Parametric Pumping Separations, Tsu-Kun S. Hsieh

Theses

The technique of parametric pumping represents a new and valuable development in the separation science of proteins. Many conventional protein separation are often processed batchwise. However, parametric pumping offers the possibility of continuous processing; the continuous process provides both the advantages of decreasing the processing time and of minimizing degradation.

Preliminary step testing experiments were conducted to study the equilibrium of protein between the stationary and mobile phase of the sephadex ion exchanger.

It was the purpose of this research to study the feasibility of operating a semi-continuous parametric pump with a sephadex ion exchanger for the separation of a …

Semicontinous Ph-Parametric Pump : Experimental Study, Hsien-Chih Lee

Theses

Voidage of SP Sephadex (C-50) ion exchanger at different aqueous buffer concentration and the pH have been estimated from draining the interstitial aqueous. Experimental results of the SP Sephadex (C-50) voidage at pH cycling zone are in quantitative agreement with previous test method, so the voidage estimated from draining the interstital aqueous can be used in pH-parametric pumping. The optional displacement volume in semicontinuous pH-parametric pump of different buffer concentration can be predicted from voidage. A semicontinuous pH-parametric pump for separating proteins has been experimentally investigated using the model system haemoglobin and albumin on a. SP Sephadex (C-50) ion exchanger. …

The Separation Of Proteins Via Parametric Pumping And Ion Exchange, Paul Albert Falcon

Theses

A pH parametric pump, coupled with ion exchange, was used in an experimental investigation to separate a protein-water binary mixture. The model system consisted of a hemoglobin-water binary mixture. A pH gradient throughout the parametric pumping column was sustained with the use of hollow fiber devices incorporating phosphate buffer circulation.

Data is presented for both batch and semi-continuous recuperative mode pH parametric pumping. Continuous pH parametric pumping for protein isolation has also been envisioned.

No attempt has been made to optimize this newly devel-oped process; however, certain parameters are suspected of controlling separation, including buffer concentration, half cycle time, packed …

Non-Equilibrium Parametric Pumps For Separating Liquids Or Gases, Anil Krishna Rastogi

Theses

An experimental and theoretical study has been done of Non-Equilibrium parametric pumps. Mathematical models and computer programmes are developed for both thermal and heatless parametric pumps based on non-equilibrium conditions and linear isotherms. A mathematical study was done for thermal parametric pumps whereas both experimental and theoretical studies were made for a heatless parametric pump. The effect of different operating conditions has been investigated on the separation of NaCl-H₂O via a thermal parametric pump and He-CO₂ and He-C₃H₆ gas mixtures via a heatless parametric pump.

The experimental study of heatless parametric pumps was extended …

An Experimental Study Of Semi-Continuous Ph-Parametric Pumping With A Center Feed, John S. Dell'osso

Theses

Parametric pumping represents a new development in separation science. It has attracted considerable attention both because of its novelty and because it permits continuous operation in small equipment with very high separation factors. The basic principle of parametric pumping is to utilize the coupling of periodic changes in equilibrium conditions caused by periodic changes in some intensive variables (temperature, pH, electric field, etc.), and periodic changes in flow direction to separate the components of fluid which flows past a solid adsorbent. Applications of parametric pumping involving the separation of valuable materials such as proteins would be very attractive and profitable …

Separation Of Isomers Via Thermal Parametric Pumping, Vincent J. D'Emidio

Theses

Continuous and semicontinuous thermal parametric pumps for separating isomers were experimentally investigated using the model system glucose-fructose-water on a cation exchange resin adsorbent. A comparison was made between the experimental data and the calculated results by a method based on an equilibrium theory. The method invokes the assumptions that a multicomponent mixture contains a series of pseudo binary systems. Each binary system consists of one of the solutes as one component and the common inert solvent as the other component. It has been shown that under certain conditions, the pump with feed at the enriched end has the capacity for …

Optimal Performance Of Equilibrium Parametric Pumps, Joseph A. Manganaro

Theses

An examination of the conditions required to obtain the optimal performance of semicontinuous and continuous parametric pumps, defined by the achieving of the maximum possible solute free product for a given column height, was undertaken. The model system sodium nitrate ? water on an ion retardation resin adsorbate was employed. Equations defining maximum values of certain important parameters such as the bottom product flow rate and reservoir displacement rate were developed by extending previous theories of parametric pumping. Experimental runs were carried out using parameters whose values were both less than and greater than the maximum values predicted for optimal …

An Experimental Study Of The Separation Of Multicomponent Mixtures Via Thermal Parametric Pumping, Wayne Weywen Lin

Theses

A thermal continuous parametric pump for separating multi-component mixtures was experimentally investigated using the model system toluene-aniline-n-heptane on silica gel adsorbent. A simple method for predicting separations is presented and is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The method, based on an equilibrium theory, is under the assumption that a multicomponent mixture contains a series of pseudo-binary systems, each system consisting of one of the solutes as one component and the common inert solvent as the other component.

An Experimental Study Of Parametric Pump, Khalid Omar Ranginwala

Theses

In this research for Master's Project, the possibility for separation of glucose and fructose by parametric pumping was investigated. In this research activated carbon was used as adsorbent. First Langmuir's isotherms for glucose and fructose were experimentally found. These results were utilized in the thermal parametric pumping. The pump was run semicontinuously. Parametric pumping was also carried out with KCl +H₂O solution using a resin as adsorbent, and the 'b' value of KCl was found.

An Experimental Study Of Equilibrium Parametric Pumps, John A. Park

Theses

Parametric pumping is a separation process characterized by periodic changes in axial displacement, coupled with synchronized changes in some variable affecting the position of the interphase equilibrium. Both continuous and semicontinuous pumps were investigated at various operating conditions using a model system of toluene-n-hep-tane on a silica gel adsorbent. It has been shown that when the penetration distance for the cold cycle is less than or equal to that for the hot cycle and the height of the column, the pump has the capacity of complete removal of solute from one product stream. A quantity which is important in determining …

Separation Of Gas Mixtures Via Batch Parametric Pumping : A Theoretical Study, Jose G. Lopez

Theses

An equilibrium plug?flow model, for the batch isothermal separation of a binary gas mixture in a pressure changing parametric pump, was investigated for the system propane?argon on carbon, with the aid of a G. E. Pack 4020 computer. Separation factors comparable to a temperature changing parametric pump are predicted by the model. A change in pressure of the gas mixture may be carried out very rapidly, compared with a temperature change of similar magnitude. The effects of temperature, pressure, concentration, and penetration are discussed.

A Theoretical Study Of Continuous Parametric Pumping At Constant Temperature, Philip Weingartner

Theses

A continuous parametric pump, operating at constant temperature with pressure as the driving force, is analyized by means of an equilibrium theory. A thorough explanation of the process and the resulting mathematical model reveal how the parameters effect pump performance. The experimental data cited agree well with the analytical results in the CO₂-He on silica gel system. Complete removal of the solute from one of the product streams can be achieved through the proper selection of penetration distances and pressure levels.

Separation Of Glucose - Fructose - Water Systems Via Thermal Parametric Pumping, Zikri Mostafa Ahmed

Theses

Series of experiments were carried out to determine the effect of different factors on adsorption from aqueous solutions of sugar using fuller's earth ( LW 16-30 Mesh ) as an adsorbent. The equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir's equation., and an explanation for the deviation of some of these data has been given.

Systems of glucose-fructose and water mixtures were subjected to semi-continuous and continuous parametric pumping operations using activated carbon (400 Filterasorb) as an adsorbent. The results obtained confirm the equilibrium theory of the parametric pump and essentially fulfill the requirements established by Chen and Hill (6) to …

Separations Via Semicontinuous Parametric Pumping, Edward H. Reiss

Theses

A semicontinuous parametric pump with batch operation during one half-cycle and continuous operation in the other half-cycle was experimentally investigated in the model system, toluene-n-heptane on silica gel adsorbent. Comparison was made with analytical results obtained by the equilibrium theory. It was shown that when the penetration distance for the cold cycle was less than or equal to that of the hot cycle and the height of the column, the rate of production of pure solvent in the semicontinuous pump may become quite large relative to that in the continuous pump.

A Computer Program For The Optimization Of Binary Distillation In A Dual-Column System, Richard Vincent O'Lenick

Theses

A computer program is presented for the optimization of a two-column distillation system involving a two-component mixture. The economic reflux ratios in each column are determined using the McCabe-Thiele Method. Activity coefficients are computed by either the Wilson equation, the Margules equation, or both. The program is general and may be used for any binary system where the assumption of constant molal overflow is valid.

Options in the program permit use of either column in separate calculation schemes.

While the optimization effort was prepared in general terms, the initial work was directed toward the acetone-water system. Full data for this …