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Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Activity Of Solid Acid Catalysts For Biodiesel Production: A Critical Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Activity Of Solid Acid Catalysts For Biodiesel Production: A Critical Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Homogeneous acid catalysts received wide acceptability because of their fast reaction rates. However, postproduction costs incurred from aqueous quenching, wastewater and loss of catalysts led to the search for alternatives. Until recently, heterogeneous base catalyzed-biodiesel production also gained the attention of most researchers. This was because the process minimized the problems of homogeneous catalysis in terms of catalyst regeneration and recycling in continuous processes. However, despite these advances, the ultimate aim of producing biodiesel at affordable cost is yet to be realized. Further, the process requires refined feedstocks which account for as high as 88% of the final production costs. …
3d Simulation Of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production In A Packed Membrane Reactor, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
3d Simulation Of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production In A Packed Membrane Reactor, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The current work is aimed to simulate the production of high quality fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) production from palm oil in a micro porous ceramic membrane reactor. The TiO2/Al2O3 ceramic membrane was used as the separator and catalytic bed. It was packed with potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon. The investigation of component distribution within the system was not possible. Hence CFD analysis was used to predict the distribution of the fatty acid methyl ester and the other by-products in the membrane module. The Brinkman equation was used to simulate fluid flow within the porous media. …
The Effects Of Catalysts In Biodiesel Production: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The Effects Of Catalysts In Biodiesel Production: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Biodiesel fuel has shown great promise as an alternative to petro-diesel fuel. Biodiesel production is widely conducted through transesterification reaction, catalyzed by homogeneous catalysts or heterogeneous catalysts. The most notable catalyst used in producing biodiesel is the homogeneous alkaline catalyst such as NaOH, KOH, CH3ONa and CH3OK. The choice of these catalysts is due to their higher kinetic reaction rates. However because of high cost of refined feedstocks and difficulties associated with use of homogeneous alkaline catalysts to transesterify low quality feedstocks for biodiesel production, development of various heterogeneous catalysts are now on the increase. Development of heterogeneous catalyst such …
Status Of Biodiesel Research And Development In Pakistan, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Status Of Biodiesel Research And Development In Pakistan, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Performance of biodiesel in engines is well established and biodiesel is currently adjudged as a low carbon fuel with the most potential of replacing fossil fuels. The fossil fuel sources are dwindling in Pakistan resulting in importation of about 8.1 million tonnes at approximately US$ 9.4 billion per annum. In the ambit of this justification, augmenting the energy scarce resources in Pakistan through intense harnessing of the varied biodiesel sources can adequately address the deficiency and can ensure energy security. Towards this end, the progress attained in biodiesel related researches in Pakistan are evaluated and presented with the view of …
Production Of Biodiesel Using High Free Fatty Acid Feedstocks, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Production Of Biodiesel Using High Free Fatty Acid Feedstocks, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The enormous challenges faced in the search for suitable and profitable feedstocks to produce biodiesel cannot be over-emphasis. This paper has provided an overview of different catalysts used in processing different kinds of feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. Although the process of biodiesel production from refined feedstocks is less cumbersome and could provide biodiesel yield of more than 98%, but its product cost is high. Thus, the recent biodiesel production from low-quality feedstocks, though presents challenges but has equally provided biodiesel yield comparable to that obtained from refined feedstocks. Furthermore the physicochemical properties of biodiesel derived from low-quality feedstocks …
Performance Evaluation Of Biodiesel From Used Domestic Waste Oils: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Performance Evaluation Of Biodiesel From Used Domestic Waste Oils: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Global warming, high-energy demand and availability of new technologies are among the factors catalyzing the search for alternative sources of energy. Currently, there is renewed interest in obtaining energy from wastes hitherto meant for disposal. Increased costs of disposal and their attendant problems of heavy environmental loading are some aspects making the disposal option unattractive. These wastes are sources of energy and among the several sources of generating this energy are the waste-to-energy (WTE) categories with potentials for useable fuel production. The WTE materials are mainly used domestic waste oils (UDWOs), municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural and industrial wastes. However, …
Reactive Extraction Of Solid Coconut Waste To Produce Biodiesel, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Reactive Extraction Of Solid Coconut Waste To Produce Biodiesel, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced using transesterification method where edible or non edible oil and alcohol reacts in the presence of catalyst. Biodiesel is expensive than fossil fuels because of higher raw material and production costs. Solid coconut waste is an alternative raw material from waste and suitable for biodiesel production to lower the production cost. Solid coconut waste is produced after coconut milk extraction and may still contain 17–24 wt% extractable oil content. This study introduces reactive extraction of solid coconut waste for biodiesel production. Effects of catalyst amount, KOH (0.8–2.0%), temperature (55–65 °C) and mixing intensity …
Membrane Biodiesel Production And Refining Technology: A Critical Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Membrane Biodiesel Production And Refining Technology: A Critical Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Membranes processes for the production and refining of biodiesel are being increasingly reported. Membrane technology has attracted the interest of researchers for its ability to provide high purity and quality biodiesel fuel besides its remarkable biodiesel yields. Membranes have numerous numbers of useful properties such as resistance to mechanical, chemical and thermal stress, high available surface area per unit volume, high selectivity, and ability to control the components contact between the two phases makes them potential. These properties have made them to be potential candidates for both upstream and downstream biodiesel production and refining applications. In this regards, this paper …
Biodiesel Separation And Purification: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Biodiesel Separation And Purification: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Conventional technologies used for biodiesel separation such as gravitational settling, decantation, filtration and biodiesel purification such as water washing, acid washing, and washing with ether and absorbents have proven to be inefficient, time and energy consumptive, and less cost effective. The involvement of membrane reactor and separative membrane shows great promise for the separation and purification of biodiesel. Membrane technology needs to be explored and exploited to overcome the difficulties usually encountered in the separation and purification of biodiesel. In this paper both conventional and most recent membrane technologies used in refining biodiesel have been critically reviewed. The effects of …
A Packed Bed Membrane Reactor For Production Of Biodiesel Using Activated Carbon Supported Catalyst, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
A Packed Bed Membrane Reactor For Production Of Biodiesel Using Activated Carbon Supported Catalyst, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
In this study, a novel continuous reactor has been developed to produce high quality methyl esters (biodiesel) from palm oil. A microporous TiO 2/Al 2O 3 membrane was packed with potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon. The central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, catalyst amount and cross flow circulation velocity on the production of biodiesel in the packed bed membrane reactor. The highest conversion of palm oil to biodiesel in the reactor was obtained at 70°C employing 157.04g catalyst per unit volume of the reactor …
Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst Supported On Palm Shell Activated Carbon For Transesterification Of Palm Oil, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst Supported On Palm Shell Activated Carbon For Transesterification Of Palm Oil, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
In this study, potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon was developed for transesterification of palm oil. The Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, catalyst loading and methanol to oil molar ratio on the production of biodiesel using activated carbon supported catalyst. The highest yield was obtained at 64.1 °C reaction temperature, 30.3 wt.% catalyst loading and 24:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. The physical and chemical properties of the produced biodiesel met the standard specifications. This study proves that activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide …
Methanol Recovery During Transesterification Of Palm Oil In A Tio2/Al2o3 Membrane Reactor: Experimental Study And Neural Network Modeling, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Methanol Recovery During Transesterification Of Palm Oil In A Tio2/Al2o3 Membrane Reactor: Experimental Study And Neural Network Modeling, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
High quality palm oil biodiesel can be produced by combination of alkali transesterification and separation processes in a TiO2/Al 2O3 membrane reactor. Due to the small molecular size, methanol molecules are able to pass through the membrane along with the products. Since methanol is one of the process reactants it is necessary to be recovered. Methanol recovery by means of continuous distillation was employed and the influences of different operational parameters including heating temperature permeate flow rate and reactants ratio were investigated. The results indicate that these parameters have significant effects on the rate of methanol recovery. To simulate the …
Viscosities And Densities Of Binary And Ternary Blends Of Palm Oil + Palm Biodiesel + Diesel Fuel At Different Temperatures, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Viscosities And Densities Of Binary And Ternary Blends Of Palm Oil + Palm Biodiesel + Diesel Fuel At Different Temperatures, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Vegetable oil-based fuels are promising alternative fuels for diesel engines because of their environmental and strategic advantages. In this work, binary and ternary blends of palm oil, biodiesel, and diesel fuel were prepared, and dynamic viscosities and densities of blends were measured as functions of temperature. The binary and ternary blends demonstrate a temperature-dependent behavior, and viscosities and densities decreased nonlinearly and linearly with temperature, respectively. The evaluation of the measured viscosities of binary and ternary blends was completed, and the best correlation was obtained by a polynomial regression. © 2010 American Chemical Society.
Density Of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil And Its Methyl Esters: Measurement And Estimations, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Density Of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil And Its Methyl Esters: Measurement And Estimations, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Density data as a function of temperature have been measured for Jatropha curcas seed oil, as well as biodiesel jatropha methyl esters at temperatures from above their melting points to 90 ° C. The data obtained were used to validate the method proposed by Spencer and Danner using a modified Rackett equation. The experimental and estimated density values using the modified Rackett equation gave almost identical values with average absolute percent deviations less than 0.03% for the jatropha oil and 0.04% for the jatropha methyl esters. The Janarthanan empirical equation was also employed to predict jatropha biodiesel densities. This equation …
Densities Of Ethyl Esters Produced From Different Vegetable Oils, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Densities Of Ethyl Esters Produced From Different Vegetable Oils, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Biodiesel density data as a function of temperature is needed to model the combustion process. In this work, the densities of ethyl ester biodiesel obtained from various vegetable oils were measured at various temperatures from (15 to 90)°C. The data obtained were used to validate the method proposed by Spencer and Danner using a modified Rackett equation. The experimental and estimated density values using the modified Rackett equation gave almost identical values with deviations less than (0.21, 0.35, 0.22, 0.15, and 0.24) % for the ethyl esters of palm, soybean, canola, corn, and ricebran oil, respectively. Simple linear equations for …
Density Of Palm Oil-Based Methyl Ester, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Density Of Palm Oil-Based Methyl Ester, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Biodiesel density data as a function of temperature is needed to model the combustion process. In this work, the density and specific gravity of pure palm oil-based methyl ester biodiesel was measured at various temperatures from (15 to 90) °C. The data obtained was validated with Janarthanan empirical equation and the method proposed by Spencer and Danner using a modified Rackett equation. The experimental and estimated density values using the modified Rackett equation gave almost identical values with differences less than 0.03 %. The Janarthanan empirical equation performs equally with diffrences within 0.03 %. A simple linear equation for density …
Prediction Of Palm Oil-Based Methyl Ester Biodiesel Density Using Artificial Neural Networks, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Prediction Of Palm Oil-Based Methyl Ester Biodiesel Density Using Artificial Neural Networks, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
In this study, a new approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) has been designed to estimate the density of pure palm oil-based methyl ester biodiesel. The experimental density data measured at various temperatures from 14 to 90°C at 1°C intervals were used to train the networks. The present research, applied a three layer back propagation neural network with seven neurons in the hidden layer. The results from the network are in good agreement with the measured data and the average absolute percent deviation is 0.29%. The results of ANNs have also been compared with the results of empirical and …