Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- Combustion (3)
- Satellite (3)
- Controller (2)
- Cubesat (2)
- Film cooling (2)
-
- Heat -- Transmission (2)
- Load transfer (2)
- Methane (2)
- Optimal control (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- 2d materials (1)
- ACS (1)
- Acoustic levitation (1)
- Acoustic streaming (1)
- Acoustically levitated droplet (1)
- Active Control (1)
- Actuators (1)
- Adaptive Control (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Adiabatic film cooling effectiveness (1)
- Aerial vehicle (1)
- Aerodynamic Heating (1)
- Aerofoils -- Effect of temperature on (1)
- Aerofoils -- Fatigue (1)
- Agglomeration (1)
- Algorithm; (1)
- Alumina (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Annular diffuser (1)
- Attitude (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 70
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Investigation Of The Flow Field And Associated Heat Transfer Within An Asymmetrical Leading Edge Jet Impingement Array, Jorge Torres
Investigation Of The Flow Field And Associated Heat Transfer Within An Asymmetrical Leading Edge Jet Impingement Array, Jorge Torres
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the turbulent flow features present in asymmetrical leading edge jet impingement and their effects from a fluid and heat transfer prospective using both numerical and experimental techniques. The jet-centerline plane flow field was quantified experimentally through the non-intrusive experimental method of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), while an area average heat transfer was acquired via a traditional copper block method. The numerical element served to investigate how well the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) k-? SST turbulence model predicts the flow field and heat transfer within the leading edge and further investigate the results outside of the experimental scope. …
A Smart Uav Platform For Railroad Inspection, Ryan Debevec
A Smart Uav Platform For Railroad Inspection, Ryan Debevec
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Using quadcopters for analysis of an environment has been an intriguing subject of study recently. The purpose of this work is to develop a fully autonomous UAV platform for Railroad inspection The dynamics of the quadrotor is derived using Euler's and Newton's laws and then linearized around the hover position. A PID controller is designed to control the states of the quadrotor in a manner to effectively follow a vision-based path, using the down facing camera on a Parrot Mambo quadrotor. Using computer vision the distance from the position of the quadrotor to the position of the center of the …
Hybrid Multi-Objective Optimization Of Left Ventricular Assist Device Outflow Graft Anastomosis Orientation To Minimize Stroke Rate, Blake Lozinski
Hybrid Multi-Objective Optimization Of Left Ventricular Assist Device Outflow Graft Anastomosis Orientation To Minimize Stroke Rate, Blake Lozinski
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) is a mechanical pump that is utilized as a bridge to transplantation for patients with a Heart Failure (HF) condition. More recently, LVADs have been also used as destination therapy and have provided an increase in the quality of life for patients with HF. However, despite improvements in VAD design and anticoagulation treatment, there remains a significant problem with VAD therapy, namely drive line infection and thromboembolic events leading to stroke. This thesis focuses on a surgical maneuver to address the second of these issues, guided by previous steady flow hemodynamic studies that have …
Investigation Of Ps-Pvd And Eb-Pvd Thermal Barrier Coatings Over Lifetime Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction, Matthew Northam
Investigation Of Ps-Pvd And Eb-Pvd Thermal Barrier Coatings Over Lifetime Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction, Matthew Northam
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Extreme operating temperatures within the turbine section of jet engines require sophisticated methods of cooling and material protection. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) achieve this through a ceramic coating applied to a substrate material (nickel-based superalloy). Electron-beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) is the industry standard coating used on jet engines. By tailoring the microstructure of an emerging deposition method, Plasma-spray physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD), similar microstructures to that of EB-PVD coatings can be fabricated, allowing the benefits of strain tolerance to be obtained while improving coating deposition times. This work investigates the strain through depth of uncycled and cycled samples using …
A Multi-Species Single-Led Hazardous Gas Sensor For Commercial Space Applications, Akshita Parupalli
A Multi-Species Single-Led Hazardous Gas Sensor For Commercial Space Applications, Akshita Parupalli
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In the interest of furthering both commercial and government-funded opportunities for deep space exploration, the safety of life and equipment onboard must be absolutely certain. In this regard, the presence of any hazardous gases or combustion events onboard space vehicles must be quickly characterized and detected. Several hazardous gases of interest have absorption features in the mid-infrared range and can be detected with an infrared light source, via the principles of absorption spectroscopy. A non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor that follows these principles has been developed to utilize light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for gas detection and quantification. LEDs contain a particular advantage …
Numerical Simulation Of Non-Premixed And Premixed Axial Stage Combustor At High Pressure, Tyler Worbington
Numerical Simulation Of Non-Premixed And Premixed Axial Stage Combustor At High Pressure, Tyler Worbington
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Axial-staged combustors represent an important concept that can be applied to reduce NOx emissions throughout a gas turbine engine. There are four main CFD models presented in this study that describe a highly turbulent jet-in-crossflow (JIC) simulation of partially premixed and non-premixed jets with a constant chamber pressure of 5 atm absolute. The equivalence ratio of the partially premixed jet was held constant at rich conditions with a �������� of 4 while the main stage varied from ��1 and ��2 of 0.575 and 0.73 with an average headend temperature of 1415K and 1545K, respectively. Chemistry was reduced by tabulation of …
Characterization Of Rare-Earth Doped Thermal Barrier Coatings For Phosphor Thermometry, Quentin Fouliard
Characterization Of Rare-Earth Doped Thermal Barrier Coatings For Phosphor Thermometry, Quentin Fouliard
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Thermal Barrier Coatings have been extensively used to protect and insulate the metallic components in turbine engines from extreme environments to achieve higher turbine inlet temperatures, resulting in an increase in combined engine cycle efficiency, lowering NOx emissions and fuel consumption. Additionally, as the major failure mechanisms determining lifetime are thermally activated during engine operation, uncertainty in temperature measurements affects lifetime prediction. Early detection of Thermal Barrier Coatings spallation symptoms, associated with local delamination induced temperature changes, can reduce forced engine outages. Further improvements are envisioned with the development of more reliable measurement techniques. For this purpose, Phosphor Thermometry has …
Influence Of Transverse Slot Jet On Premixed Flame Acceleration, Dylan Tarrant
Influence Of Transverse Slot Jet On Premixed Flame Acceleration, Dylan Tarrant
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This work aims to identify the key flow parameters that influence flame acceleration in a semi-confined square channel. A transverse fluidic jet was used as an active flow blockage mechanism and to introduce turbulence into the propagating flame. Three experimental parameters were used to examine the relative influence of (1) mixture reactivity defined here as system equivalence ratio (SER), (2) jet mixture composition (JMC), and the momentum ratio (MR) on the acceleration of laminar premixed methane flame. High-speed PIV and schlieren photography were utilized to characterize the instantaneous flow-field conditions throughout the flame-jet interaction. Using these diagnostic techniques, flame front …
Compressible Turbulent Flame Speed Of Highly Turbulent Standing Flames, Jonathan Sosa
Compressible Turbulent Flame Speed Of Highly Turbulent Standing Flames, Jonathan Sosa
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This work presents the first measurement of turbulent burning velocities of a highly-turbulent compressible standing flame induced by shock-driven turbulence in a Turbulent Shock Tube. High-speed schlieren, chemiluminescence, PIV, and dynamic pressure measurements are made to quantify flame-turbulence interaction for high levels of turbulence at elevated temperatures and pressure. Distributions of turbulent velocities, vorticity and turbulent strain are provided for regions ahead and behind the standing flame. The turbulent flame speed is directly measured for the high-Mach standing turbulent flame. From measurements of the flame turbulent speed and turbulent Mach number, transition into a non-linear compressibility regime at turbulent Mach …
Structured Light-Field Focusing 3d Density Measurements Of A Supersonic Cone, Ryonosuke Ozawa
Structured Light-Field Focusing 3d Density Measurements Of A Supersonic Cone, Ryonosuke Ozawa
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study describes three-dimensional (3D) quantitative visualization of density field in a supersonic flow around a cone spike. A measurement of the density gradient is conducted within a supersonic wind tunnel facility at the Propulsion and Energy Research Laboratory at the University of Central Florida utilizing Structured Light-Field Focusing Schlieren (SLLF). In conventional schlieren and Shadowgraph techniques, it is widely known that a complicated optical system is needed and yet visualizable area depends on an effective diameter of lenses and mirrors. Unlike these techniques, SLLF is yet one of the same family as schlieren photography, it is capable of non-intrusive …
Characterization Of Acoustic Modes In Aeroengines, Michelle Otero
Characterization Of Acoustic Modes In Aeroengines, Michelle Otero
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Acoustic instabilities remain a key design concern faced in the development of liquid rocket engines. The interaction between the acoustic modes and the occurring combustion reactions can be detrimental to the engine. The fluctuating pressure waves resulting from the flame oscillations in the system can potentially lead to engine failure. For this reason, research in acoustic instabilities and methods to minimize the influences on the engine, has maintain interest in the aerospace community. The scope of this study was to design, optimize and characterize acoustic behaviors of a scaled rocket combustion chamber simulating acoustic pressure waves. Tangential and longitudinal acoustic …
The Effect Of Martensite-Fractions Assumptions In Shape Memory Alloy Springs, Christian Vazquez
The Effect Of Martensite-Fractions Assumptions In Shape Memory Alloy Springs, Christian Vazquez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This research addresses various models of a spring-mass system that uses a spring made of a shape memory alloy (SMA). The system model describes the martensite fractions, which are values that describe an SMA's crystalline phases, via differential equations. The model admits and this thesis contrasts two commonly used but distinct assumptions: a homogeneous case where the martensite fractions are constant throughout the spring's cross section, and a bilinear case where the evolution of the martensite fractions only occurs beyond some critical radius. While previous literature has developed a model of the system dynamics under the homogeneous assumption using the …
Theoretical Paschen's Law Model For Aerospace Vehicles: Validation Experiment, Jaysen Mulligan Aroche
Theoretical Paschen's Law Model For Aerospace Vehicles: Validation Experiment, Jaysen Mulligan Aroche
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Aerospace vehicles often experience triboelectric charging while traversing the atmosphere. Triboelectric charging occurs when a material come into frictional contact with a different material. Aerospace vehicles triboelectrically charge due to frictional contact with dust and ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Launch vehicles traversing ice clouds in low-pressure atmosphere are especially prone to electrostatic discharge events (i.e. sparks). These conditions are hazardous and affect the vehicle's launch commit criteria. In 2010, engineers from an ARES-I rocket launch reported concerns with triboelectric charging over their self-destruct system antenna. This concern was addressed by putting the antenna through harsh conditions in a …
Analysis Of Heat Transfer On Turbulence Generating Ribs Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition, Michael Elmore
Analysis Of Heat Transfer On Turbulence Generating Ribs Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition, Michael Elmore
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Ducts with turbulence-promoting ribs are common in heat transfer applications. This study uses a recent modal extraction technique called Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) to determine mode shapes of the spatially and temporally complex flowfield inside a ribbed duct. One subject missing from current literature is a method of directly linking a mode to a certain engineering quantity of interest. Presented is a generalized methodology for producing such a link utilizing the data from the DMD analysis. Theory suggests exciting the modes which are identified may cause the flow to change in such a way to promote the quantity of interest, …
Six Degree Of Freedom Dynamic Modeling Of A High Altitude Airship And Its Trajectory Optimization Using Direct Collocation Method, Pradens Pierre-Louis
Six Degree Of Freedom Dynamic Modeling Of A High Altitude Airship And Its Trajectory Optimization Using Direct Collocation Method, Pradens Pierre-Louis
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The long duration airborne feature of airships makes them an attractive solution for many military and civil applications such as long-endurance surveillance, reconnaissance, environment monitoring, communication utilities, and energy harvesting. To achieve a minimum energy periodic motion in the air, an optimal trajectory problem is solved using basic direct collocation methods. In the direct approach, the optimal control problem is converted into a nonlinear programming (NLP). Pseudo-inverse and several discretization methods such as Trapezoidal and Hermite-Simpson are used to obtain a numerical approximated solution by discretizing the states and controls into a set of equal nodes. These nodes are approximated …
Modeling Of Flow Generated Sound In A Constricted Duct At Low Mach Number Flow, Peshala Thibbotuwawa Gamage
Modeling Of Flow Generated Sound In A Constricted Duct At Low Mach Number Flow, Peshala Thibbotuwawa Gamage
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Modelling flow and acoustics in a constricted duct at low Mach numbers is important for investigating many physiological phenomena such as phonation, generation of arterial murmurs, and pulmonary conditions involving airway obstruction. The objective of this study is to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational aero-acoustics (CAA) simulations in a constricted tube at low Mach numbers. Different turbulence models were employed to simulate the flow field. Models included Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS), Detached eddy simulation (DES) and Large eddy simulation (LES). The models were validated by comparing study results with laser doppler anemometry (LDA) velocity measurements. The comparison showed …
Simultaneous Imaging Of The Diatomic Carbon And Methylidyne Species Radicals For The Quantification Of The Fuel To Air Ratio From Low To High Pressure Combustion, Jonathan Reyes
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The radical intensity ratio of the diatomic carbon to methylidyne was characterized at initial pressures up to 10 bar using certified gasoline of 93% octane. This gasoline was selected due to its availability as a common fuel. The characterization of the radical intensity ratio of gasoline at elevated pressures enabled the creation of a calibration map of the equivalence ratio at engine relevant conditions. The proposed calibration map acts as a feedback loop for a combustor. It allows for the location of local rich and lean zones. The local information acquired can be used as an optimization parameter for injection …
Combustion Of 1,3-Butadiene Behind Reflected Shocks, Joseph Lopez
Combustion Of 1,3-Butadiene Behind Reflected Shocks, Joseph Lopez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The chemical kinetics of 1,3-butadiene (1,3-C4H6) are important because 1,3-butadiene is a major intermediate during the combustion of real fuels. However, there is only limited information on the chemical kinetics of 1,3-butadiene combustion, which has applications in several combustion schemes that are currently being developed, including spark-assisted homogeneous charge compression ignition and fuel reformate exhaust gas recirculation. In the present work, the ignition delay times of 1,3-butadiene mixtures has been investigated using pressure data. Oxidation of 1,3-butadiene/oxygen mixtures diluted in argon or nitrogen at equivalence ratios (Φ) of 0.3 behind reflected shock waves has been studied at temperatures ranging from …
Characteristics Of Hydrogel-Wetted Thin Films, James Owens
Characteristics Of Hydrogel-Wetted Thin Films, James Owens
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The meniscus region of a thin film is known to have high heat transfer properties due to high evaporation rates and activation of latent heat. The region known as the thin film meniscus (δfilm lt& 2 µm ) can account for more than half of the total heat transfer of a droplet or film. This study focuses on the potential elongation and curvature amplification of the thin film meniscus region by the implementation of a layer of high hydrogen bonding (hydrogel) film on which the liquid meniscus is built. Forced wetting via liquid propagation though this hydrogel layer in the …
Development And Implementation Of A Streamlined Process For The Creation And Mechanization Of Negative Poisson's Ratio Meso-Scale Patterns, Matthew Shuler
Development And Implementation Of A Streamlined Process For The Creation And Mechanization Of Negative Poisson's Ratio Meso-Scale Patterns, Matthew Shuler
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis focuses on the development a streamlined process used to create novel meso-scale pattern used to induce negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) behavior at the bulk scale. This process includes, the development, optimization, and implementation of a candidate pattern. Currently, the majority of NPR structures are too porous to be utilized in conventional applications. For others, manufacturing methods have yet to realize the meso-scale pattern. Consequently, new NPR meta-materials must be developed in order to confer transformative thermomechanical responses to structures where transverse expansion is more desirable than contraction. For example, materials at high temperature. Additionally, patterns that take into …
Timoshenko Beam Viscous Damping Model For Spacecraft Cabling Dynamics, Brandi Mcpherson
Timoshenko Beam Viscous Damping Model For Spacecraft Cabling Dynamics, Brandi Mcpherson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
With the increasing data handling and power requirements of today's spacecraft, accurately modeling the effects of cabling on spacecraft structural dynamics has become an increasingly important part of the design process. During testing, spacecraft cabling produces a damping effect on the system dynamics; however, current models often overpredict this response in higher frequency modes and produce unrealistic damping values. Previous models incorporated structural and viscous damping terms into Euler-Bernoulli and shear beams; this thesis presents a viscous damping model for Timoshenko beams that can accurately capture the effects of both spacecraft wiring and harnesses during the design phase. Damping in …
Design And Modeling Of A Heat Exchanger For Porous Combustor Powered Steam Generators In Automotive Industry, Apratim Dasgupta
Design And Modeling Of A Heat Exchanger For Porous Combustor Powered Steam Generators In Automotive Industry, Apratim Dasgupta
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A major challenge faced by automobile manufacturers is to achieve reduction of particulate emission to acceptable standards, as the emission standards become more and more stringent. One of the ecologically friendly options to reduce emissions is to develop external combustion in a steam engine as a replacement of the internal combustion engine. There are multiple factors, other than pollution that need to be considered for developing a substitute for Internal Combustion Engine, like specific power, throttle response, torque speed curve, fuel consumption and refueling infrastructure. External combustion in a steam engine seems to be a bright idea, for a cleaner …
Characterization Of Mechanical Properties In Nanoparticle Reinforced Hybrid Carbon Fiber Composites Using Photoluminescence Piezospectroscopy, Sanjida Jahan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Carbon fiber composites have become popular in aerospace structures and applications due to their light weight, high strength, and high performance. Hybrid carbon fiber reinforced polymer (HCFRP) composites with alumina nanoparticles reinforcement display improved material properties such as fracture toughness, resistance to crack propagation and improved fatigue life. However, homogeneous dispersion of nanoscale materials in the matrix is important for even distribution of the improved properties. Implementing silane coupling agents (SCAs) improves dispersion by acting as a bridge between organic and inorganic materials, which increases interfacial strength and decreases sedimentation by bonding the particulate filler to the fiber reinforcement. This …
Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectrometer For Multi-Species Detection Using Leds For Space Applications: Development And Flight Testing, Michael Villar
Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectrometer For Multi-Species Detection Using Leds For Space Applications: Development And Flight Testing, Michael Villar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
As commercial space travel expands, the need for specialized instrumentation to ensure the safety of crew and cargo becomes increasingly necessary. Both the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and pioneers in the space tourism industry have expressed an interest in a robust, low cost, and low power consumption sensor to measure atmospheric composition aboard spacecraft. To achieve this goal a time-resolved NDIR absorption sensor that measures transient levels of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) was developed. The developed sensor has a wide range of applications applicable to the growing needs of industry, from monitoring CO and CO2 levels …
A Flexible Physics-Based Lifing Method For Metals Under Creep And Thermomechanical Fatigue, Firat Irmak
A Flexible Physics-Based Lifing Method For Metals Under Creep And Thermomechanical Fatigue, Firat Irmak
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis focuses on the development of a flexible, physics-based life prediction approach for steels under complex conditions. Low alloy steels continue to be the materials of choice for large turbomachinery structures experiencing high temperatures for long durations. There has been significant advancement in the research of modern alloys; furthermore, these materials are continue to be utilized in boilers, heat exchanger tubes, and throttle valve bodies in both turbomachinery and pressure-vessel/piping applications. The material 2.25Cr-1Mo is studied in the present work. The resistance of this alloy to deformation and damage under creep and/or fatigue at elevated temperatures make it appropriate …
Implementation Of Optical Interferometry And Spectral Reflectometry For High Fidelity Thin Film Measurements, Armando Arends-Rodriguez
Implementation Of Optical Interferometry And Spectral Reflectometry For High Fidelity Thin Film Measurements, Armando Arends-Rodriguez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
An in-house reflectometer/interferometer has been built to investigate the varying curvature and thickness profiles in the contact line region of air, acetone, iso-octane, ethanol, and water on various types of substrates. Light intensity measurements were obtained using our reflectometer/interferomter and then analyzed in MATLAB to produce thickness and curvature profiles. The apparatus is based on the principle of a reflectometer, consisting of different optical elements, probe, light source, and spectrometer. Our reflectometer/interferomter takes measurements in the UV-Vis-IR range (200nm-1000nm). This range is achieved by using a light source that has both a deuterium light (190nm-800nm), a tungsten halogen light (400nm-1100nm), …
Kinematical Modelling And Its Analytical Inverse Kinematic Solution For The Handling Mechanism Of An Agricultural Robot, Sinem Gozde Defterli
Kinematical Modelling And Its Analytical Inverse Kinematic Solution For The Handling Mechanism Of An Agricultural Robot, Sinem Gozde Defterli
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Early detection of the crop diseases helps to prevent failure in the amount and the quality of the production. In agricultural robotics, the idea of a disease detection robot is a fresh and an innovative hot-button topic. The exclusion of the diseased parts from the strawberry plants for further analyses is one of the main tasks of a recently developed strawberry robot. To this purpose, the handling mechanism in the robot needs to achieve an accurate manipulation task to reach the target. Reaching, cutting and storing the diseased leaf are challenging and delicate processes during the procedure of the handling …
Approximated Control Affine Dynamics Mode For An Agricultural Field Robot Considering Wheel Terrain Interaction, Pablo Menendez-Aponte
Approximated Control Affine Dynamics Mode For An Agricultural Field Robot Considering Wheel Terrain Interaction, Pablo Menendez-Aponte
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
As populations and the demand for higher crop yields grow, so to does the need for efficient agricultural wheeled mobile robots. To achieve precise navigation through a field it is desirable that the control system is designed based on an accurate dynamic model. In this paper a control affine model for a custom designed skid-steer differential drive wheeled mobile robot is found. The Terramechanic wheel terrain interaction is adopted and modified to consider wheels with a torus geometry. Varying slip ratios and slip angles are considered in the terrain reaction forces, which is curve-fitted using a nonlinear least squares approach …
Geolocation Of Diseased Leaves In Strawberry Orchards For A Custom-Designed Octorotor, Christian Garcia
Geolocation Of Diseased Leaves In Strawberry Orchards For A Custom-Designed Octorotor, Christian Garcia
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In recent years, technological advances have shown a strive for more automated processes in agriculture, as seem with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with onboard sensors in many applications, including disease detection and yield prediction. In this thesis, an octorotor UAV is presented that was designed, built, and flight tested, with features that are custom-designed for strawberry orchard disease detection. To further automate the disease scouting operation, geolocation, or the process of determining global position coordinates of identified diseased regions based on images taken, is investigated. A Kalman filter is designed, based on a linear measurement model derived …
The Impact Of Automation Reliability And Fatigue On Reliance, Ryan Wohleber
The Impact Of Automation Reliability And Fatigue On Reliance, Ryan Wohleber
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this research is to inform the design of dynamic interfaces to optimize unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operator reliance on automation. A broad goal of the U.S. military is to improve the ratio of UAV operators to UAVs controlled. Accomplishing this goal requires the use of automation; however, the benefits of automation are jeopardized without appropriate operator reliance. To improve reliance on automation, this effort sought to accomplish several objectives organized into phases. The first phase aimed to validate metrics that could be used to gauge operator fatigue online, to understand how the reliability of automated systems influences …