Engineering Commons^™

Spectral-Efficiency Of Multi-Antenna Links In Ad-Hoc Networks With Limited Tx Csi, Siddhartan Govindasamy, Daniel Bliss, David Staelin

Siddhartan Govindasamy

An asymptotic expression is derived for the mean spectral efficiency of multi-antenna links randomly distributed on a plane in a uniform manner where transmitters (Tx) have Channel-State-Information (CSI) of the channels between themselves and their target receivers while receivers (Rx) have CSI between themselves and all transmitters. The mean per-link spectral efficiency in the network is found to increase if nodes transmit using a subset of their strongest channel modes instead of the link-optimal strategy of water-filling on all channel modes (Farrokhi et al.). For reasonable parameters, this system which requires limited Tx CSI, has approximately double the mean spectral …

Spectral Efficiency In Single-Hop Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks With Interference Using Adaptive Antenna Arrays, Siddhartan Govindasamy, Daniel Bliss, David Staelin

Siddhartan Govindasamy

Receivers with N antennas in single-hop, ad-hoc wireless networks with nodes randomly distributed on an infinite plane with uniform area density are studied. Transmitting nodes have single antennas and transmit simultaneously in the same frequency band with power P that decays with distance via the commonly-used inverse-polynomial model with path-loss-exponent (PLE) greater than 2. This model applies to shared spectrum systems where multiple links share the same frequency band. In the interference-limited regime, the average spectral efficiency of a representative link E[C] (b/s/Hz/link) is found to grow as log(N) and linearly with PLE, and its variance decays as 1/N. The …

Cdf Of The Spectral-Efficiency Of A Simple Distributed Channel Assignment Algorithm In Spatially Distributed Wireless Networks, Siddhartan Govindasamy, Raghu Rangan, Elena Koukina, Ashley Lloyd

Siddhartan Govindasamy

The Cumulative-Distribution-Function (CDF) of the spectral efficiency of links in spatially distributed networks with orthogonal channels and a simple channel assignment algorithm is presented for constant link-lengths and nearest-neighbor links. Transmitters are randomly distributed on the plane with uniform probability, and receivers are either randomly distributed or at hexagonal lattice sites. This result includes random channel assignments as a special case. The CDF is used to find the spectral efficiency for a given, small outage probability which is used to optimize the number of channels to maximize the spectral efficiency. The optimum number of channels represents the best trade off …

On The Spectral Efficiency Of Links With Multi-Antenna Receivers In Non-Homogenous Wireless Networks, Siddhartan Govindasamy, Daniel Bliss

Siddhartan Govindasamy

An asymptotic technique is developed to find the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) and spectral efficiency of a link with N receiver antennas in wireless networks with non-homogeneous distributions of nodes. It is found that with appropriate normalization, the SINR and spectral efficiency converge with probability 1 to asymptotic limits as N increases. This technique is applied to networks with power-law node intensities, which includes homogeneous networks as a special case, to find a simple approximation for the spectral efficiency. It is found that for receivers in dense clusters, the SINR grows with N at rates higher than that of homogeneous networks and …

The Performance Of Linear Multiple-Antenna Receivers With Interferes Distributed On A Plane, Siddhartan Govindasamy, Filip Antic, Daniel Bliss, David Staelin

Siddhartan Govindasamy

We find an asymptotic expression for the average signal to interference ratio (SIR) between a transmitter with a single isotropic antenna and a multi-antenna linear receiver in the presence of interferers with single isotropic transmit antennas distributed uniformly on an infinite plane. The channels are modeled as complex Gaussian random variables with average received power dependent on the distance separating nodes. We find that in large networks, the average SIR for a representative link depends primarily on the ratio of the number of receive antenna elements to the area density of interferers. Furthermore for our network model, the SIR grows …

Minimizing Hidden-Node Network Interference By Optimizing Siso And Mimo Spectral Efficiency, Daniel Bliss, Siddhartan Govindasamy

Siddhartan Govindasamy

In this paper, the optimal spectral efficiency (data rate divided by the message bandwidth) that minimizes the probability of causing disruptive interference for ad hoc wireless networks or cognitive radios is investigated. Two basic problem constraints are considered: a given message size, or fixed data rate. Implicitly, the trade being optimized is between longer transmit duration and wider bandwidth versus higher transmit power. Both single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) links are considered. Here, a link optimizes its spectral efficiency to be a “good neighbor.” The probability of interference is characterized by the probability that the signal power received …

Linear Mmse Receivers For Random Cdma In Wireless Networks With Equal Transmit Powers, Siddhartan Govindasamy, David Staelin

Siddhartan Govindasamy

The performance of single-hop links in ad-hoc wireless systems using direct-sequence (DS) code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) with random signature sequences and linear minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) receivers is investigated. Expressions for the average signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) and spectral efficiency (b s^-1 Hz^-1 link^-1) were derived for a representative link in the presence of interferers distributed randomly on a plane with uniform area density p interferers m^-2. Nodes transmit with equal power P, which decays with distance r as r^-alpha. An expression for the optimum spreading factor given system parameters is also provided. It is found that for …

Asymptotic Spectral Efficiency Of Multiantenna Links In Wireless Networks With Limited Tx Csi, Siddhartan Govindasamy, Daniel Bliss, David Staelin

Siddhartan Govindasamy

An asymptotic technique is presented for finding the spectral efficiency of multiantenna links in spatially distributed wireless networks where transmitters have channel-state-information (CSI) corresponding to their target receiver. Transmitters are assumed to transmit independent data streams on a limited number of channel modes which limits the rank of transmit covariance matrices. An approximation for the spectral efficiency in the interference-limited regime as a function of link-length, interferer density, number of antennas per receiver and transmitter, number of transmit streams, and path-loss exponent is derived. It is found that targeted-receiver CSI, which can be acquired with low overhead in duplex systems …

Spectral Efficiency Of Wireless Networks With Multi-Antenna Base Stations And Spatially Distributed Nodes, Siddhartan Govindasamy, Daniel Bliss, David Staelin

Siddhartan Govindasamy

We analyze networks with wireless nodes distributed randomly in space, transmitting simultaneously in the same channel to their nearest base-stations using a simple power control algorithm. Base-stations are on a hexagonal grid and have N optimally-phased antennas. We derive the asymptotic mean upstream spectral efficiency(validated by simulation) as a function of N, wireless-node density, base-station separation, and path-loss-exponent which controls signal attenuation with distance. These results indicate that mean per-link spectralefficiency is constant if the number of receive antennas or density of base-stations is increased linearly withwireless node density. They also improve our understanding of systems like city-wide wireless Internet …

Power Electronics Enabled System Design And Power Management Control In Future Fuel Cell Vehicle, Lei Wang

Dr Lei Wang

Advanced vehicle technology including hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles are attracting attention recently, as climate change and energy shortage become a more and more severe problem. Among all the options, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHV) are considered to be next generation dominant technology because of its zero emission characteristic and other advantages.

While active research is continuously being pursued in the use of energy storage elements and power management strategies in fuel cell hybrid vehicle applications, the research reported so far in literature has limited guidance in real application. They consider …

Study Of The Cascaded Z-Source Inverter To Solve The Partial Shading For The Grid-Connected Pv System, Lei Wang

Dr Lei Wang

Recently there have been increasing interests in developing the renewable energy resources for the future energy need. Solar energy generation has shown its great potential to serve as a clean distributed energy source. While one drawback of the solar source is that when partial shading happens, which means the PV panels receive the non-uniform irradiation, the PV system output power would reduce depending on the partial shading scenario. Under this circumstance, the cascaded Z-source inverter for the grid-connected PV system is proposed to solve the partial shading problem. In order to demonstrate the proposed technology, the single stage Z-source inverter …

Novel Constructions Of Improved Square Complex Orthogonal Designs For Eight Transmit Antennas, Le Chung Tran, Tadeusz Wysocki, Jennifer Seberry, Alfred Mertins, Sarah Adams

Dr Le Chung Tran

Constructions of square, maximum rate complex orthogonal space-time block codes (CO STBCs) are well known, however codes constructed via the known methods include numerous zeros, which impede their practical implementation. By modifying the Williamson and Wallis-Whiteman arrays to apply to complex matrices, we propose two methods of construction of square, order-4n CO STBCs from square, order-n codes which satisfy certain properties. Applying the proposed methods, we construct square, maximum rate, order-8 CO STBCs with no zeros, such that the transmitted symbols are equally dispersed through transmit antennas. Those codes, referred to as the improved square CO STBCs, have the advantages …

Stochastic Optimal Control In Nonlinear Systems, Celestin Nkundineza

Celestin Nkundineza

Stochastic control is an important area of research in engineering systems that undergo disturbances. Controlling individual states in such systems is critical. The present investigation is concerned with the application of the stochastic optimal control strategy developed by To (2010) and its implementation as well as providing computed results of linear and nonlinear systems under stationary and nonstationary random excitations. In the strategy the feedback matrix is designed based on the achievement of the objectives for individual states in the system through the application of the Lyapunov equation for the system. Each diagonal element in the gain or associated gain …

Role Of Induction Motors In Voltage Instability And Coordinated Reactive Power Planning, Venkat Krishnan

Venkat Kumar Krishnan

No abstract provided.

Large Coercivity In Nanostructured Rare-Earth-Free Mnₓga Films, Don Heiman, Tom Nummy, Steve Bennett, Tom Cardinal

Donald Heiman

The magnetic hysteresis of MnₓGa films exhibit remarkably large coercive fields as high as μₒHC=2.5 T when fabricated with nanoscale particles of a suitable size and orientation. This coercivity is an order of magnitude larger than in well-ordered epitaxial film counterparts and bulk materials. The enhanced coercivity is attributed to the combination of large magnetocrystalline anisotropy and ~50-100 nm size nanoparticles. The large coercivity is also replicated in the electrical properties through the anomalous Hall effect. The magnitude of the coercivity approaches that found in rare-earth magnets, making them attractive for rare-earth-free magnet applications.

A Simple Low-Voltage Cascode Current Mirror With Enhanced Dynamic Performance, Bradley Minch

Bradley Minch

In this paper, we present a simple low-voltage MOS cascode current mirror featuring a step response and an output voltage swing comparable to those of a simple mirror and and output resistance comparable to that of a stacked mirror. The proposed mirror operates with an input voltage of V_diode+V_DSsat and can operate on a minimum supply of V_diode + 2V_DSsat. We validate the proposed mirror with a combination of simulated and measured results from a circuit prototyped from transistor arrays fabricated in a 0.5-μm CMOS process through MOSIS.

Optimal Fixed And Scalable Energy Management For Wireless Networks, Rahul Mangharam, Sofie Pollin, Bruno Bougard, Ragunathan Rajkumar, Francky Catthoor, Liesbet Van Der Perre, Ingrid Moerman

Rahul Mangharam

In many devices, wireless network interfaces consume upwards of 30% of scarce portable system energy. Extending the system lifetime by minimizing communication power consumption has therefore become a priority. Conventional energy management techniques focus independently on minimizing the fixed energy consumption of the transceiver circuit or on scalable transmission control. Fixed energy consumption is reduced by maximizing the transceiver shutdown interval. In contrast, variable transmission rate, coding and power can be leveraged to minimize energy costs. These two energy management approaches present a tradeoff in minimizing the overall system energy. For example, variable energy costs are minimized by transmitting at …

Rt-Link: A Time-Synchronized Link Protocol For Energy-Constrained Multi-Hop Wireless Networks, Rahul Mangharam, Anthoney Rowe, Raj Rajkumar

Rahul Mangharam

We propose RT-Link, a time-synchronized link protocol for real-time wireless communication in industrial control, surveillance and inventory tracking. RT-Link provides predictable lifetime for battery-operated embedded nodes, bounded end-to-end delay across multiple hops, and collision-free operation. We investigate the use of hardwarebased time-synchronization for infrastructure nodes by using an AM carrier-current radio for indoors and atomic clock receivers for outdoors. Mobile nodes are synchronized via in-band software synchronization within the same framework. We identify three key observations in the design and deployment of RT-Link: (a) Hardware-based global-time synchronization is a robust and scalable option to in-band softwarebased techniques. (b) Achieving global …

Green Scheduling For Radiant Systems In Buildings, Truong Nghiem, Madhur Behl, George Pappas, Rahul Mangharam

Rahul Mangharam

In this report we look at the problem of peak power reduction for buildings with electric radiant floor heating systems. Uncoordinated operation of a multi-zone radiant floor heating system can result in temporally correlated electricity demand surges or peaks in the building’s electricity consumption. As peak power prices are 200-400 times that of the nominal rate, this uncoordinated activity can result in high electricity costs and expensive system operation. We have previously presented green scheduling as an approach for reducing the aggregate peak power consumption in buildings while ensuring that indoor thermal comfort is always maintained. This report extends the …

The Wireless Control Network: Monitoring For Malicious Behavior, Shreyas Sundaram, Miroslav Pajic, Christoforos Hadjicostis, Rahul Mangharam, George Pappas

Rahul Mangharam

We consider the problem of stabilizing a plant with a network of resource constrained wireless nodes. In a companion paper, we developed a protocol where each node repeatedly transmits a linear combination of the values in its neighborhood. For certain topologies, we showed that these linear combinations can be designed so that the closed loop system is stable (i.e., the wireless network itself acts as a controller for the plant). In this paper, we design a Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for this control scheme, which observes the transmissions of certain nodes in the network and uses that information to (a) …

Vacuum Microelectronic Integrated Differential Amplifier, S. Hsu, W. Kang, J. Davidson, J. Huang, David Kerns, Jr.

David V. Kerns

Reported is a novel vacuum field emission transistor (VFET) differential amplifier (diff-amp) utilising nanocrystalline diamond emitters with self-aligned gate partitions. The integrated VFET diff-amp was fabricated by a dual-mask self-aligned mould transfer method in conjunction with chemical vapour deposited nanodiamond. Identical pairs of devices with well-matched field emission transistor characteristics were obtained, realising a negligible common-mode gain, high differential-mode gain, and large common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of 55 dB. The emission current was validated by a modified Fowler-Nordheim equation in transistor configuration, and the CMRR was modelled by an equivalent half-circuit with the calculated result found to agree well with …

Terahertz And Microwave Detection Using Metallic Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes, Enrique Carrion

Enrique A Carrion

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising nanomaterials for high frequency applications due to their unique physical characteristics. CNTs have a low heat capacity, low intrinsic capacitance, and incredibly fast thermal time constants. They can also exhibit ballistic transport at low bias, for both phonons and electrons, as evident by their fairly long mean free paths. However, despite the great potential they present, the RF behavior of these nanostructures is not completely understood. In order to explore this high frequency regime we studied the microwave (MW) and terahertz (THz) response of individual and bundled single wall nanotube based devices. This thesis is …

Peak Wireless Power Transfer Using Magnetically Coupled Series Resonators, José Oscar Mur-Miranda, Giulia Fanti

José Oscar Mur-Miranda

Wireless power transfer can create the illusion of portable devices with infinite power supplies. Power transfer using magnetically coupled series resonators is maximized when the load presented to the sender is matched to the series impedance of the source. This determines an optimal separation distance between the sender and the receiver. However, the maximum power transferred only depends on the losses in the system and is independent of this distance and the resonant frequency. Closed-form expressions describe the power transferred and efficiency for all distances and system values. These expressions are validated with systems operating at 23 kHz, 40 kHz …

Wireless Power Transfer Using Weakly Coupled Magnetostatic Resonators, José Oscar Mur-Miranda, Giulia Fanti, Yifei Feng, Keerthik Omanakuttan, Roydan Ongie, Albert Setjoadi, Natalie Sharpe

José Oscar Mur-Miranda

Wireless power transfer can create the illusion of portable devices with infinite power supplies and enable applications that are currently unimaginable because of power constraints. Magnetic induction has been extensively used for wireless power transfer, but its efficiency depends on magnetic coupling that decays as the inverse cube of distance. At long enough distances, the magnetic coupling is weak enough that the effect of the receiver coil on the sender coil can be neglected. In this weakly coupled limit, series resonance in both the sender and the receiver increases the power transfer. Compared to magnetic induction, the power transfer increases …

Power Mems And Microengines, Alan Epstein, Stephen Senturia, G. Ananthasuresh, Arturo Ayon, Kenneth Breuer, Kuo-Shen Chen, Fredric Ehrich, Gautam Gauba, Reza Ghodssi, C. Groshenry, Stuart Jacobson, Jeffrey Lang, Chuang-Chia Lin, Amit Mehra, José Oscar Mur-Miranda, Steve Nagle, D. Orr, Ed Piekos, Martin Schmidt, Gregory Shirley, Mark Spearing, Choon Tan, Sheng-Yang Tzeng, Ian Waitz

José Oscar Mur-Miranda

MIT is developing a MEMS-based gas turbine generator. Based on high speed rotating machinery, this 1 cm diameter by 3 mm thick SiC heat engine is designed to produce 10-20 W of electric power while consuming 10 grams/hr of H2. Later versions may produce up to 100 W using hydrocarbon fuels. The combustor is now operating and an 80 W micro-turbine has been fabricated and is being tested. This engine can be considered the first of a new class of MEMS device, power MEMS, which are heat engines operating at power densities similar to those of the best large scale …

A Physical Model For The Kink Effect In Inalas/Ingaas Hemt’S, Mark Somerville, Alexander Ernst, Jesus Del Alamo

Mark Somerville

We present a new model for the the kink effect in InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs. The model suggests that the kink is due to a threshold voltage shift which arises from a hole pile-up in the extrinsic source and an ensuing charging ofthe surface and/or the buffer-substrate interface. The model captures many of the observed behaviors of the kink, including the kink's dependence on bias, time, temperature, illumination, and device structure. Using the model, we have developed a simple equivalent circuit, which reproduced well the kink's dc characteristics, its time evolution in the nanosecond range, and its dependence on illumination.

Degradation Uniformity Of Rf-Power Gaas Phemts Under Electrical Stress, Anita Villanueva, Jesus Del Alamo, Takayuki Hisaka, Kazuo Hayashi, Mark Somerville

Mark Somerville

We have studied the electrical degradation of RF-power PHEMTs by means of in situ 2-D light-emission measurements. Electroluminescence originates in the recombination of holes that have been generated by impact ionization. The local light intensity, thus, maps the electric-field distribution at the drain side of the device. This allows us to probe the uniformity of electrical degradation due to electric-field-driven mechanisms. We find that electrical degradation proceeds in a highly nonuniform manner across the width of the device. In an initial phase, degradation takes place preferentially toward the center of the gate finger. In advanced stages of degradation, the edges …

Determining Dominant Breakdown Mechanisms In Inp Hemts, Mark Somerville, Chris Putnam, Jesus Del Alamo

Mark Somerville

We present a new technique for determining the dominant breakdown mechanism in InAlAs-InGaAs high-electron mobility transistors. By exploiting both the temperature dependence and the bias dependence of different physical mechanisms, we are able to discriminate impact ionization gate current from tunneling and thermionic field emission gate current in these devices. Our results suggest that the doping level of the supply layers plays a key role in determining the relative importance of these two effects.

Film Thickness Constraints For Manufacturable Strained Silicon Cmos, J. Fiorenza, G. Braithwaite, C. Leitz, M. Currie, J. Yap, F. Singaporewala, V. Yang, T. Langdo, J. Carlin, Mark Somerville, A. Lochtefeld, H. Badawi, M. Bulsara

Mark Somerville

This paper studies the effect of the strained silicon thickness on the characteristics of strained silicon MOSFETs on SiGe virtual substrates. NMOSFETs were fabricated on strained silicon substrates with various strained silicon thicknesses, both above and below the strained silicon critical thickness. The low field electron mobility and subthreshold characteristics of the devices were measured. Low field electron mobility is increased by about 1.8 times on all wafers and is not significantly degraded on any of the samples, even for a strained silicon thickness far greater than the critical thickness. From the subthreshold characteristics, however, it is shown that the …

Physical Mechanisms Limiting The Manufacturing Uniformity Of Millimeter-Wave Power Inp Hemt's, Sergei Krupenin, Roxann Blanchard, Mark Somerville, Jesus Del Alamo, K. Duh, Pane Chao

Mark Somerville

We have developed a methodology to diagnose the physical mechanisms limiting the manufacturing uniformity of millimeter-wave power InAlAs/InGaAs HEMT's on InP. A statistical analysis was carried out on dc figures of merit obtained from a large number of actual devices on an experimental wafer. Correlation studies and principal component analysis of the results indicated that variations in Si delta-doping concentration introduced during molecular-beam epitaxy accounted for more than half of the manufacturing variance. Variations in the gate-source distance that is determined by the electron-beam alignment in the gate formation process were found to be the second leading source of manufacturing …