Engineering Commons^™

Extruded Aquafeeds Containing Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles: Effects On Extrudate Properties And Processing Behaviour, Kamal Mjoun, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

BACKGROUND: The tremendous supply and low cost of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) make it an attractive feedstuff for aquaculture diets. Also, several studies have shown that DDGS can be successfully fed to various finfish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion rate of DDGS (0, 250, 500 g kg−1), feed moisture content (350, 450 g kg−1) and die opening area (die A = 18.85 mm2, die B = 3988.45 mm2) on the properties of the extrudates and on processing behaviour using a single-screw extruder.

RESULTS: Increasing the inclusion rate of DDGS resulted in …

Direct Pore‐Level Observation Of Permeability Increase In Two‐Phase Flow By Shaking, Igor A. Beresnev, William Gaul, R. Dennis Vigil

R. Dennis Vigil

Increases in permeability of natural reservoirs and aquifers by passing seismic waves have been well documented. If the physical causes of this phenomenon can be understood, technological applications would be possible for controlling the flow in hydrologic systems or enhancing production from oil reservoirs. The explanation of the dynamically increased mobility of underground fluids must lie at the pore level. The natural fluids can be viewed as two-phase systems, composed of water as the wetting phase and of dispersed non-wetting globules of gas or organic fluids, flowing through tortuous constricted channels. Capillary forces prevent free motion of the suspended non-wetting …

Structural Health Monitoring System And Method Using Soft Capacitive Sensing Materials, Simon Laflamme, Matthias Kollosche, Guggi H. R. Kofod

Simon Laflamme

A structural health monitoring system is provided to diagnose and localize crack damage on structural elements. The system uses one or more capacitive sensor assemblies that employ a soft dielectric material. The system can be applied over a large area as a sensing skin, allowing the presence of cracks to be localized.

3d Simulation Of Wind Turbine Rotors At Full Scale. Part Ii: Fluid–Structure Interaction Modeling With Composite Blades, Y. Bazilevs, Ming-Chen Hsu, J. Kiendel, R. Wuchner, K. U. Bletzigner

Ming-Chen Hsu

In this two-part paper, we present a collection of numerical methods combined into a single framework, which has the potential for a successful application to wind turbine rotor modeling and simulation. In Part 1 of this paper we focus on: 1. The basics of geometry modeling and analysis-suitable geometry construction for wind turbine rotors; 2. The fluid mechanics formulation and its suitability and accuracy for rotating turbulent flows; 3. The coupling of air flow and a rotating rigid body. In Part 2, we focus on the structural discretization for wind turbine blades and the details of the fluid–structure interaction computational …

High-Performance Computing Of Wind Turbine Aerodynamics Using Isogeometric Analysis, Ming-Chen Hsu, Ido Akkerman, Yuri Bazilevs

Ming-Chen Hsu

In this article we present a high-performance computing framework for advanced flow simulation and its application to wind energy based on the residual-based variational multiscale (RBVMS) method and isogeometric analysis. The RBVMS formulation and its suitability and accuracy for turbulent flow in a moving domain are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the parallel implementation of the methodology and its scalability. Two challenging flow cases were considered: the turbulent Taylor–Couette flow and the NREL 5 MW offshore baseline wind turbine rotor at full scale. In both cases, flow quantities of interest from the simulation results compare favorably with the reference …

Dual Operation Human-Machine Interface, Petr Krupansky, Jiri Vasek, Claudia Keinrath, Michael C. Dorneich, Larry Ball

Michael C. Dorneich

The paper describes a Dual Operation concept and one example of its design. The amount of information the pilot must process, already high in current Air Traffic Management (ATM) operation, will increase dramatically in the envisioned future ATM environment. New pilot functions will require new levels of automation. Thus cockpit displays must be modified in order to facilitate the pilot's future tasks and to manage the increased information available. One approach to these challenges is to adaptively modify the displays depending on current pilot tasks and situation. Simply adding functionality to current day displays has the potential to reach an …

Evaluation Of A Shared Representation To Support Collaborative, Distributed, Coalition, Multilevel Planning, Michael C. Dorneich, David Mott, Ali Bahrami, Jitu Patel, Cheryl Giammanco

Michael C. Dorneich

This paper presents the extension and evaluation of a formal representation that enables planners at different levels of command, and in different functional area, to jointly share, develop, and modify plans. Planning has moved from a co-located, concurrent, small team activity to an activity that involves a large, culturally diverse, hierarchical, globally-distributed team. However, significant benefits of distributed planning can only come if the team is able to communicate and maintain a shared understanding of the commander’s intent, objectives, resources and constraints, as well as decisions made and justifications for planning options chosen or alternatives rejected. Effective automated support must …

Thickness Of Residual Wetting Film In Liquid-Liquid Displacement, Igor A. Beresnev, William Gaul, R .Dennis Vigil

R. Dennis Vigil

Core-annular flow is common in nature, representing, for example, how streams of oil, surrounded by water, move in petroleum reservoirs. Oil, typically a nonwetting fluid, tends to occupy the middle (core) part of a channel, while water forms a surrounding wall-wetting film. What is the thickness of the wetting film? A classic theory has been in existence for nearly 50 years offering a solution, although in a controversial manner, for moving gas bubbles. On the other hand, an acceptable, experimentally verified theory for a body of one liquid flowing in another has not been available. Here we develop a hydrodynamic, …

Artificial Neural Network Modeling Of Ddgs Flowability With Varying Process And Storage Parameters, Rumela Bhadra, K. Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Neural Network (NN) modeling techniques were used to predict flowability behavior of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) prepared with varying condensed distillers soluble (10, 15, and 20%, wb), drying temperature (100, 200, and 300°C), cooling temperature (-12, 0, and 35°C) and cooling time (0 and 1 month) levels. Response variables were selected based on our previous research results, and included aerated bulk density, Hausner Ratio, angle of repose, Total Flowability Index, and Jenike Flow Function. Various neural network models were developed using multiple input variables in order to predict single response variables or multiple response variables simultaneously. The NN …

Effects Of Conditioner Steam, Extruder Water And Screw Speed On Physical Properties Of Ddgs-Based Extrudates In Twin-Screw Extrusion, Parisa Fallahi, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Mehmet Tulbek

Kurt A. Rosentrater

A fractional factorial design with a replicated central composite point was used to investigate the effects of extrusion processing on physical properties of DDGS–based aquafeeds using a twin screw extruder. Extrusion cooking trials were performed using an ingredient blend for Nile tilapia, with 2 levels of screw speed (350 and 450 rpm), 2 levels of extruder water (0.236 and 0.302 kg/min) and 2 levels of conditioner steam (0.1 and 0.15 kg/min). The central point was 400 rpm screw speed, 0.271 kg/min extruder water, and 0.12 kg/min conditioner steam. Effects of these processing conditions on extrudate characteristics were extensively analyzed, and …

Quantification Of Physical And Chemical Properties, And Identification Of Potentially Valuable Components From Fuel Ethanol Process Streams, Christine Wood, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Zhengrong Gu, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Wider exploration of ethanol coproducts is required as the ethanol industry continues to expand. Currently, process streams such as thin stillage and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) are processed into DDGS and used as animal feeds, but other higher value opportunities may exist. The objective of this study was to identify chemical components in CDS and thin stillage and to quantify physical properties. Analysis of protein, organic acid, and sugar profiles was explored. Physical properties including density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and moisture were also examined. CDS had an average density of 1.02 g/cm 3 , while thin stillage had 1.08 …

Single-Screw Extrusion Modeling Effects On Extrusion Processing Parameters And Physical Properties Of Ddgs-Based Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis Niloticus ) Feeds, Ferouz Y. Ayadi, Parisa Fallahi, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

A single-screw laboratory extruder was used to conduct an L 18 (2 2 X 3 6 ) Taguchi fractional factorial study of aquafeed processing. The ingredients were based on a formulation for nutritionally-balanced Nile tilapia diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal as the main protein sources, in addition to constant amounts of corn flour, whey, and fish meal. The effects of three levels of DDGS (20, 30 and 40%), soybean meal (30, 40 and 50%), ingredient moisture content (20, 30 and 40% db), screw speed (100, 150 and 200 rpm), barrel temperatures (80-100-100°C, 80-120-120°C and …

Using Alternative Flours As Partial Replacement In Barbari Bread (Traditional Iranian Bread) Formulation, Shirin Pourafshar, Padmanaban G. Krishnan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Since cereals and cereal-based products are a cheap source of energy, they are highly consumed in all of countries. Wheat is the major cereal, consumed in different food products, especially bread. Today, whole wheat flour is being consumed in most of the breads because of its nutrient components but still different problems are associated with this flour, such as allergies and loss of nutrient components due to milling and refining. Thus, to find different sources to fortify products made with wheat flour as their major ingredient, especially bread is important. In this study, five different flours (20% of each flour …

Overview Of Corn-Based Fuel Ethanol Coproducts: Production And Use, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Modern societies face many challenges, including growing populations, increased demands for food, clothing, housing, consumer goods, and the raw materials required to produce all of these. Additionally, there is a growing need for energy, which is most easily met by use of fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, petroleum). For example, in 2008, the overall U.S. demand for energy was 99.3 x 1015 Btu (1.05 x 1014 MJ); 84% of this was supplied by fossil sources. Transportation fuels accounted for 28% of all energy consumed during this time, and nearly 97% of this came from fossil sources. Domestic production of …

Thermal Conductivity Reduction Through Isotope Substitution In Nanomaterials: Predictions From An Analytical Classical Model And Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Ganesh Balasubramanian, Ishwar K. Puri, Michael C. Bohm, Frederic Leroy

Ganesh Balasubramanian

We introduce an analytical model to rapidly determine the thermal conductivity reduction due to mass disorder in nanomaterials. Although this simplified classical model depends only on the masses of the different atoms, it adequately describes the changes in thermal transport as the concentrations of these atoms vary. Its predictions compare satisfactorily with nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal conductivity of 14C–12C carbon nanotubes as well as with previous simulations of other materials. We present it as a simple tool to quantitatively estimate the thermal conductivity decrease that is induced by isotope substitution in various materials.

Forced Instability Of Core-Annular Flow In Capillary Constrictions, Igor A. Beresnev, William Gaul, R. Dennis Vigil

R. Dennis Vigil

Instability of fluid cylinders and jets, a highly nonlinear hydrodynamic phenomenon, has fascinated researchers for nearly 150 years. A subset of the phenomenon is the core-annular flow, in which a non-wetting core fluid and a surrounding wall-wetting annulus flow through a solid channel. The model, for example, represents the flow of oil in petroleum reservoirs. The flow may be forced to break up when passing through a channel’s constriction. Although it has long been observed that the breakup occurs near the neck of the constriction, the exact conditions for the occurrence of the forced breakup and its dynamic theory have …

Heat Conduction Across A Solid-Solid Interface: Understanding Nanoscale Interfacial Effects On Thermal Resistance, Ganesh Balasubramanian, Ishwar K. Puri

Ganesh Balasubramanian

Phonons scatter and travel ballistically in systems smaller than the phonon mean free path. At larger lengths, the transport is instead predominantly diffusive. We employ molecular dynamics simulations to describe the length dependence of the thermal conductivity. The simulations show that the interfacial thermal resistance Rk for a Si-Ge superlattice is inversely proportional to its length, but reaches a constant value as the system dimension becomes larger than the phonon mean free path. This nanoscale effect is incorporated into an accurate continuum model by treating the interface as a distinct material with an effective thermal resistance equal to Rk .

Twin-Screw Extrusion Processing Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Feeds Using Various Levels Of Corn-Based Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Ferouz Y. Ayadi, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Michael L. Brown

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Increasing demand for seafood products and rising demand for fish meal for commercial fish feeds is driving the search for effective alternative protein sources. Twin-screw extrusion trials were conducted to study the production of nutritionally balanced feeds for rainbow trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Six isocaloric (≈4.61 kcal/g) ingredient blends with a target protein content of >45% db were formulated with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and other feed ingredients. The moisture contents of the diets were initially adjusted to 5–7% db, and then extruded at 250 rpm using dual 1.9 mm dies …

The Honour House Project: Reservist Re-Entry Program, Sarah A. Rajala, Kevin J. Wainwright, Barbara E. Endicott-Popovsky

Sarah A. Rajala

Both the United States and Canada invest a great deal of resources in the training of their military personal. Many of the skills and experiences accumulated by soldiers are those that are highly valued by civilian employers. Further, these skills are often embodied in academic programs, suggesting soldiers would have a comparative advantage in such programs; however, despite the efforts of government agencies, many soldiers are unable to convert their skills and training into meaningful careers. While there are several reasons why individuals leaving military duty have trouble re-integrating into work and education, one of the major obstacles is the …

Quasi-Static Analysis Of Rocking Wall Systems, Douglas Seymour, Simon Laflamme

Simon Laflamme

Rocking wall systems consist of shear walls that are free to rotate at their base. Their purpose is to mitigate seismic structural damage by constraining the structure primarily to its first mode. This constraint prevents weak story failure, and maximizes energy dissipation by activating plastic hinges throughout the structure. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for the design of rocking wall systems. A quasi-static analysis model is used for predicting the seismic mitigation performance of rocking walls. The stiffness matrix is generalized for an N-story simplified structure equipped with this structural system. The model presented enables …

Control Of Large-Scale Structures With Large Uncertainties, Simon Laflamme

Simon Laflamme

Performance-based design is a design approach that satisfies motion constraints as its primary goal, and then verifies for strength. The approach is traditionally executed by appropriately sizing stiffnesses, but recently, passive energy dissipation systems have gained popularity. Semi-active and active energy dissipation systems have been shown to outperform purely passive systems, but they are not yet widely accepted in the construction and structural engineering fields. Several factors are impeding the application of semi-active and active damping systems, such as large modeling uncertainties that are inherent to large-scale structures, limited state measurements, lack of mechanically reliable control devices, large power requirements, …

Blood Vessel Tissue Prestress Modeling For Vascular Fluid–Structure Interaction Simulation, Ming-Chen Hsu, Yuri Bazilevs

Ming-Chen Hsu

In this paper we present a new strategy for obtaining blood vessel tissue prestress for use in fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis of vascular blood flow. The method consists of a simple iterative procedure and is applicable to a large class of vascular geometries. The formulation of the solid problem is modified to account for the tissue prestress by employing an additive decomposition of the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor. Computational results using patient-specific models of cerebral aneurysms indicate that tissue prestress plays an important role in predicting hemodynamic quantities of interest in vascular FSI simulations.

Alternative Approach To Assessing Military Training For Advanced Placement Into Engineering And Technology Programs, Kevin James Wainwright, Barbara Ellen Endicott-Popovsky, Sarah A. Rajala

Sarah A. Rajala

Both the United States and Canada invest a great deal of resources in the training of their military personal. Many of the skills and experiences accumulated by soldiers are those that are highly valued by civilian employers. Further, these skills are often embodied in academic programs, suggesting soldiers would have a comparative advantage in such programs; however, despite the efforts of government agencies, many soldiers are unable to convert their skills and training into meaningful careers. While there are several reasons why individuals leaving military duty have trouble re-integrating into work and education, one of the major obstacles is the …

Multizone Paper Platform For 3d Cell Cultures, Ratmir Derda, Sindy K.Y. Tang, Anna Laromaine, Bobak Mosadegh, Estrella Hong, Martin Mwangi, Akiko Mammoto, Donald E. Ingber, George M. Whitesides

Martin M. Thuo

In vitro 3D culture is an important model for tissues in vivo. Cells in different locations of 3D tissues are physiologically different, because they are exposed to different concentrations of oxygen, nutrients, and signaling molecules, and to other environmental factors (temperature, mechanical stress, etc). The majority of high-throughput assays based on 3D cultures, however, can only detect the average behavior of cells in the whole 3D construct. Isolation of cells from specific regions of 3D cultures is possible, but relies on low-throughput techniques such as tissue sectioning and micromanipulation. Based on a procedure reported previously ("cells-in-gels-in-paper" or CiGiP), this paper …

Averaged Iterative Water-Filling Algorithm: Robustness And Convergence, Mingyi Hong, Alfredo Garcia

Mingyi Hong

The convergence properties of the iterative water-filling (IWF) based algorithms have been derived in the ideal situation where the transmitters in the network are able to obtain the exact value of the interference plus noise (IPN) experienced at the corresponding receivers in each iteration of the algorithm. However, these algorithms are not robust because they diverge when there is time-varying estimation error of the IPN, a situation that arises in real communication system. In this correspondence, we propose an algorithm that possesses convergence guarantees in the presence of various forms of such time-varying error. Moreover, we also show by simulation …

Manufacturing Self-Assembled Coatings Of Micro- And Nano-Particles By Controlled Evaporation Of Drops And Thin Films, Junfeng Xiao, Rajneesh Bhardwaj, Daniel Attinger

Daniel Attinger

The engineered deposition of self-assembled coatings of micro- and nano-particles on solid surfaces has applications in photonic crystals, optoelectronic devices, sensors, waveguides and antireflective coatings. Besides lithographic, etching or vapor deposition methods, these coatings can be self-assembled on small (

Developing Criteria For Evaluating The Sustainability Of Emerging Energy, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Elif Kongar

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Over the last decade, the interest in and production of biofuels has grown rapidly. Renewable transportation fuels can be produced from a variety of substrates, using various processing strategies. Feedstock preference and factory scale are geographic dependent. However, it is important to understand the implications of deploying these types of systems on a large scale, both throughout the U.S. as well as globally. To assess the sustainability of various biofuel options, it is crucial to evaluate their performance according to a number of attributes. This has been done using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Even so, comparisons among biofuel options are …

A Large Deformation, Rotation-Free, Isogeometric Shell, D. J. Benson, Y. Bazilevs, Ming-Chen Hsu, T. J. R. Hughes

Ming-Chen Hsu

Conventional finite shell element formulations use rotational degrees of freedom to describe the motion of the fiber in the Reissner–Mindlin shear deformable shell theory, resulting in an element with five or six degrees of freedom per node. These additional degrees of freedom are frequently the source of convergence difficulties in implicit structural analyses, and, unless the rotational inertias are scaled, control the time step size in explicit analyses. Structural formulations that are based on only the translational degrees of freedom are therefore attractive. Although rotation-free formulations using C0 basis functions are possible, they are complicated in comparison to their C1 …

Single-Screw Extrusion Processing Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs)-Based Yellow Perch (Perca Flavescens) Feeds, Ferouz Y. Ayadi, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Michael R. Brown

Kurt A. Rosentrater

This study was conducted to investigate the production of balanced diets for juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) feeds. Six isocaloric (≈3.21 kcal/g), isonitrogenous (30.1 ± 0.4% db) ingredient blends were formulated with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and appropriate amounts of soybean meal, fish meal, vitamins, and minerals. Extrusion cooking was performed using a laboratory-scale single-screw extruder at a constant barrel temperature profile of 40–90–100°C, and a constant screw speed of 230 rpm (24.1 rad/sec). The mass flow rate was determined during processing; it generally increased with progressively higher DDGS content. Additionally, …

Effect Of Starch Sources And Protein Content On Extruded Aquaculture Feed Containing Ddgs, Sankaranandh Kannadhason, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

A 3 × 3 × 3 completely randomized design was used to investigate extrusion cooking behavior and product characteristics of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), protein levels, and various starch sources in a laboratory scale single screw extruder. Cassava, corn, and potato starches with varying levels of DDGS (20%, 30%, and 40% wet basis (wb)) were extruded with three different proportions of protein levels (28%, 30%, and 32% wb). The extrusion cooking was performed at a constant feed moisture content of 20% wb, barrel temperature of 120 °C, and a preset screw speed of 130 rpm (13.6 rad/s). Extrudate …