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- Biomass (4)
- Fuel (4)
- UAV (4)
- Unmanned aircraft (4)
- XPS (4)
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- Compliant mechanisms (3)
- FPGA (3)
- Water (3)
- Aeronautical telemetry (2)
- Agricultural residues (2)
- Backscatter (2)
- Bearings (2)
- Biomass energy sources (2)
- CPM (2)
- Cavitation (2)
- Contact interactions (2)
- Drug delivery (2)
- Electromagnetic coupling (2)
- Elemental analysis (2)
- Gas Turbine (2)
- Geophysical signal processing (2)
- Greenland (2)
- MIMO systems (2)
- Microstructure (2)
- Nitrogen oxide (2)
- QuikSCAT (2)
- Revolute joints (2)
- SEU (2)
- SeaWinds (2)
- Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) (2)
Articles 1 - 30 of 59
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Research Article| December 30 2005 Analysis Of Shea Nut Shells By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Research Article| December 30 2005 Analysis Of Shea Nut Shells By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Faculty Publications
Determining the chemical structure and composition of biomass fuels using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide fundamental knowledge of their structures that is useful in understanding and predicting their combustion behavior. Shea nut shells are an example of an agricultural residue (byproduct of food and feed production) of potential interest for biomass combustion. The XPS spectra of shea nut shells provide both its elemental composition and indications of its bonding. Traditional fuel analyses of this fuel are also provided. These include: ultimate analysis — the elemental composition of the overall fuel (C, H, N, S, and O); chlorine analysis — …
Analysis Of Sunflower Shells By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Analysis Of Sunflower Shells By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Faculty Publications
Determining the chemical structure and composition of biomass fuels using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide fundamental knowledge of their structures that is useful in understanding and predicting their combustion behavior. Sunflower shells are an example of an agricultural residue (byproduct of food and feed production) of potential interest for biomass combustion. The XPS spectra of sunflower shells provide both its elemental composition and indications of its bonding. Traditional fuel analyses of this fuel are also provided. These include: ultimate analysis — the elemental composition of the overall fuel (C, H, N, S, and O); chlorine analysis — reported here …
Analysis Of Grain Screenings By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Analysis Of Grain Screenings By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Faculty Publications
Determining the chemical structure and composition of biomass fuels using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS can provide fundamental knowledge of their structures that is useful in understanding and predicting their combustion behavior. Grain screenings are an example of an agricultural residue byproduct of food and feed production of potential interest for biomass combustion. The XPS spectra of grain screenings provide both its elemental composition and indications of its bonding. Traditional fuel analyses of this fuel are also provided. These include: ultimate analysis — the elemental composition of the overall fuel C, H, N, S, and O; chlorine analysis — reported here …
Analysis Of Sawdust By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Analysis Of Sawdust By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Faculty Publications
Determining the chemical structure and composition of biomass fuels using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS can provide fundamental knowledge of their structures that is useful in understanding and predicting their combustion behavior. Sawdust is an example of a forest product residue byproduct of paper and lumber production of potential interest for biomass combustion. The XPS spectra of sawdust provide both its elemental composition and indications of its bonding. Traditional fuel analyses of this fuel are also provided. These include: ultimate analysis — the elemental composition of the overall fuel C, H, N, S, and O; chlorine analysis — reported here as …
Analysis Of Sugar Beet Pulp By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Analysis Of Sugar Beet Pulp By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Faculty Publications
Determining the chemical structure and composition of biomass fuels using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS can provide fundamental knowledge of their structures that is useful in understanding and predicting their combustion behavior. Sugar beet pulp is an example of an agricultural residue byproduct of food and feed production of potential interest for biomass combustion. The XPS spectra of sugar beet pulp provide both its elemental composition and indications of its bonding. Traditional fuel analyses of this fuel are also provided. These include: ultimate analysis — the elemental composition of the overall fuel C, H, N, S, and O; chlorine analysis — …
Analysis Of Straw By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Analysis Of Straw By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Guilin Jiang, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Larry Lin Baxter, Matthew R. Linford
Faculty Publications
Determining the chemical structure and composition of biomass fuels using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS can provide fundamental knowledge of their structures that is useful in understanding and predicting their combustion behavior. Straw is an example of an agricultural residue byproduct of food and feed production of potential interest for biomass combustion. The XPS spectra of straw provide both its elemental composition and indications of its bonding. Traditional fuel analyses of this fuel are also provided. These include: ultimate analysis — the elemental composition of the overall fuel C, H, N, S, and O; chlorine analysis — reported here as part …
Fully Compliant Tensural Bistable Micro-Mechanisms (Ftbm), D. L. Wilcox, Larry L. Howell
Fully Compliant Tensural Bistable Micro-Mechanisms (Ftbm), D. L. Wilcox, Larry L. Howell
Faculty Publications
A new class of bistable mechanisms, the fully compliant tensural bistable micromechanism (FTBM) class, is introduced. The class consists of linear bistable micromechanisms that undergo tension loads, in addition to the bending loads present, through their range of motion. Proof-of-concept designs fabricated in two different microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) surface micromachining processes were demonstrated. Three sets of refined designs within the FTBM class were designed using optimization methods linked with nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA), then fabricated and tested. Measured force and displacement performance are compared to values obtained by FEA. On-chip actuation of the bistable mechanisms was achieved using thermomechanical …
Performance Analysis Of Common Detectors For Shaped Offset Qpsk And Feher's Qpsk, Tom Nelson, Michael D. Rice, Erik Perrins
Performance Analysis Of Common Detectors For Shaped Offset Qpsk And Feher's Qpsk, Tom Nelson, Michael D. Rice, Erik Perrins
Faculty Publications
Sponsorship: US Air Force Grant FA9302-05-C-0001. A detector architecture capable of detecting both shaped offset quadrature phase shift keying (SOQPSK-TG) and Feher's quadrature phase shift keying (FQPSK-JR) is developed and analyzed. Both modulations are embodied as fully interoperable modulations in the Interrange Instrumentation Group (IRIG) standard IRIG-106. It is shown that the common detector achieves near optimal bit error rate performance without knowledge of which modulation is used by the transmitter. The detection techniques are based on a common trellis-coded modulation representation and a common continuous phase modulation (CPM) representation for these two modulations. In addition the common pulse amplitude …
Modeling Microwave Emissions Of Erg Surfaces In The Sahara Desert, David G. Long, Haroon Stephen
Modeling Microwave Emissions Of Erg Surfaces In The Sahara Desert, David G. Long, Haroon Stephen
Faculty Publications
Sand seas (ergs) of the Sahara are the most dynamic parts of the desert. Aeolian erosion, transportation, and deposition continue to reshape the surface of the ergs. The large-scale features (dunes) of these bedforms reflect the characteristics of the sand and the long-term wind. Radiometric emissions from the ergs have strong dependence on the surface geometry. We model the erg surface as composed of tilted rough facets. Each facet is characterized by a tilt distribution dependent upon the surface roughness of the facet. The radiometric temperature (Tb) of ergs is then the weighted sum of the Tb from all the …
An Analysis Of Seawinds-Based Rain Retrieval In Severe Weather Events, David G. Long, Jeffrey R. Allen
An Analysis Of Seawinds-Based Rain Retrieval In Severe Weather Events, David G. Long, Jeffrey R. Allen
Faculty Publications
The Ku-band SeaWinds scatterometer estimates near-surface ocean wind vectors by relating measured backscatter to a geophysical model function for the near-surface vector wind. The conventional wind retrieval algorithm does not explicitly account for SeaWinds' sensitivity to rain, resulting in rain-caused wind retrieval error. A new retrieval method, termed "simultaneous wind/rain retrieval," that estimates both wind and rain from rain-contaminated measurements has been previously proposed and validated with Tropical Rain Measuring Mission data. Here, the accuracy of rains retrieved by the new method is validated through comparison with the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) in coastal storm events. The rains detected …
Recovery Of The Grain Boundary Character Distribution Through Oblique Double-Sectioning, Brent L. Adams, David T. Fullwood, E. R. Homer
Recovery Of The Grain Boundary Character Distribution Through Oblique Double-Sectioning, Brent L. Adams, David T. Fullwood, E. R. Homer
Faculty Publications
This work was supported primarily by the MRSEC program of the National Science Foundation under DMR-0079996. A method for the retrieval of the complete grain boundary character distribution by oblique double-sectioning is proposed. The method, which is similar to the recovery of the orientation distribution from sets of incomplete pole-figures, is efficient and provides many advantages as compared to calibrated serial sectioning. As compared to standard stereological approaches, the new methodology retains the advantage of direct measurement of the grain boundary inclination parameters. Solutions to the fundamental equation of oblique double-sectioning are provided in the Fourier space, and some specifics …
Highly Efficient Fluorescence Detection In Picoliter Volume Liquid-Core Waveguides, Aaron R. Hawkins, John P. Barber, Dongliang Yin
Highly Efficient Fluorescence Detection In Picoliter Volume Liquid-Core Waveguides, Aaron R. Hawkins, John P. Barber, Dongliang Yin
Faculty Publications
We report loss improvement and fluorescence detection in integrated antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides with liquid cores. The minimum waveguide loss is reduced to 0.33/cm by compensating for thickness variations in the fabrication process. We demonstrate fluorescence detection from as few as 490 molecules in a 57 pl core using these optimized waveguides. We measure angular fluorescence collection factors as high as 15% per facet in good agreement with theory. This demonstrates the potential of integrated hollow-core waveguides as optical sensors for single-molecule spectroscopy.
A Compliant Contact-Aided Revolute Joint, Jessie R. Cannon, Larry L. Howell
A Compliant Contact-Aided Revolute Joint, Jessie R. Cannon, Larry L. Howell
Faculty Publications
This paper presents the compliant contact-aided revolute (CCAR) joint, a planar mechanism capable of performing the functions of a bearing and a spring. The pseudo-rigid-body model is used to predict the behavior of the CCAR joint, and this model is validated through the use of finite element analysis and prototype testing. The CCAR joint is shown to have high maximum rotation and lateral stiffness. A case study is presented, and manufacturing considerations are discussed for the macro, meso, and micro scales.
A Compliant Contact-Aided Revolute Joint, Jessie R. Cannon, Larry L. Howell
A Compliant Contact-Aided Revolute Joint, Jessie R. Cannon, Larry L. Howell
Faculty Publications
This paper presents the compliant contact-aided revolute (CCAR) joint, a planar mechanism capable of performing the functions of a bearing and a spring. The pseudo-rigid-body model is used to predict the behavior of the CCAR joint, and this model is validated through the use of finite element analysis and prototype testing. The CCAR joint is shown to have high maximum rotation and lateral stiffness. A case study is presented, and manufacturing considerations are discussed for the macro, meso, and micro scales.
Social Utility Functions-Part I: Theory, Wynn C. Stirling
Social Utility Functions-Part I: Theory, Wynn C. Stirling
Faculty Publications
The dominant approaches to utility-based multiagent decision theory rely on the premise of individual rationality-the doctrine that each individual is committed to achieving the best outcome for itself, regardless of the effect doing so has on others. This fundamentally asocial concept is the basis of conventional von Neumann-Morgenstern (vN-M) utilities but is inadequate to characterize truly cooperative artificial systems. Social utility functions differ from conventional vN-M utilities in that they are functions of multiple decision-maker preferences, rather than actions, and thus permit individuals to expand their spheres of interest beyond the self. A logical basis for coherent reasoning in multiagent …
Social Utility Functions-Part Ii: Applications, Wynn C. Stirling, Richard L. Frost
Social Utility Functions-Part Ii: Applications, Wynn C. Stirling, Richard L. Frost
Faculty Publications
Social utilities account for agent preferences and, thus, can characterize complex interrelationships, such as cooperation, compromise, negotiation, and altruism, that can exist between agents. Satisficing game theory, which is based on social utilities, offers a framework within which to design sophisticated multiagent systems. Key features of this approach are: a) an N-agent system may be represented by a 2N-dimensional Bayesian network, called a praxeic network; b) the theory accommodates a notion of situational altruism (a willingness to defer to others in a controlled way if so doing would actually benefit others under the condition that others wish to take advantage …
The Role Of Cavitation In Acoustically Activated Drug Delivery, Mario A. Diaz, Ghaleb A. Husseini, William G. Pitt, Eric S. Richardson, Douglas A. Christensen
The Role Of Cavitation In Acoustically Activated Drug Delivery, Mario A. Diaz, Ghaleb A. Husseini, William G. Pitt, Eric S. Richardson, Douglas A. Christensen
Faculty Publications
The triblock copolymer, Pluronic P105, has been found to be an ideal ultrasonically activated drug delivery vehicle because it forms micelles with hydrophobic polypropylene oxide cores that sequester hydrophobic drugs (Fig. 1). These micelles release their contents upon the application of low frequency ultrasound [1]such that drugs can be released specifically at the ultrasonicated region (Fig. 2). Such ultrasonically controlled release has been effective against cancer cells in vitro [2] and in vivo [3]. This poster presents our results showing that collapse cavitation is associated with drug release. Cavitation is generally divided into two types of behavior. Stable cavitation is …
Impact Of Receive Amplifier Signal Coupling On Mimo System Performance, Michael A. Jensen, Matthew L. Morris
Impact Of Receive Amplifier Signal Coupling On Mimo System Performance, Michael A. Jensen, Matthew L. Morris
Faculty Publications
This paper uses a detailed model of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems to explore the impact of signal coupling in the receiver front end on communication capacity. The model is applied to assess the performance of a MIMO system with two transmit and receive antennas in a simulated multipath environment for different amplifier coupling levels. The results show that in practical scenarios where simple impedance matching techniques are used, the circuit coupling can reduce the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver and therefore degrade the achievable MIMO capacity.
Superdirectivity In Mimo Systems, Michael A. Jensen, Matthew L. Morris, Jon W. Wallace
Superdirectivity In Mimo Systems, Michael A. Jensen, Matthew L. Morris, Jon W. Wallace
Faculty Publications
Multiantenna systems such as devices for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication can theoretically use array superdirectivity to optimally exploit the propagation channel. In traditional analyses of MIMO systems, such superdirectivity is not observed due to the commonly applied constraint that limits the excitation current magnitudes. However, when an electromagnetically appropriate constraint on the power radiated by the array is applied, the computed capacity can include effects of transmit superdirectivity. A similar result occurs at the receiver for spatially colored noise. This paper formulates the MIMO system capacity under these circumstances and provides a framework for computing this capacity when the level of …
Embedded Slanted Grating Coupler For Vertical Coupling Between Fibers And Silicon-On-Insulator Planar Waveguides, Gregory P. Nordin, J. Jiang, B. Wang
Embedded Slanted Grating Coupler For Vertical Coupling Between Fibers And Silicon-On-Insulator Planar Waveguides, Gregory P. Nordin, J. Jiang, B. Wang
Faculty Publications
We propose a compact and efficient grating coupler for vertical coupling between optical fibers and planar waveguides. A grating with a parallelogram shape is designed to be etched through the entire high-index waveguide core. The coupler is optimized using a microgenetic algorithm coupled with a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. Simulations show that up to 75.8% coupling efficiency can be obtained between a single-mode fiber and a 240-nm-thick silicon-on-insulator planar waveguide.
Static And Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance For Miniature Air Vehicles, Jeffery Brian Saunders, Brandon Call, Andrew Curtis, Randal W. Beard, Timothy W. Mclain
Static And Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance For Miniature Air Vehicles, Jeffery Brian Saunders, Brandon Call, Andrew Curtis, Randal W. Beard, Timothy W. Mclain
Faculty Publications
Small unmanned air vehicles are limited in sensor weight and power such that detection and avoidance of unknown obstacles during flight is difficult. This paper presents a low power low weight method of detection using a laser range finder. In addition, a rapidly-exploring random tree algorithm to generate waypoint paths around obstacles known a priori is presented, and a dynamic geometric algorithm to generate paths around detected obstacles is derived. The algorithms are demonstrated in simulation and in flight tests on a fixed-wing miniature air vehicle (MAV).
Navigation And Control Technologies For Autonomous Micro Vehicles, Randal Beard, Timothy W. Mclain
Navigation And Control Technologies For Autonomous Micro Vehicles, Randal Beard, Timothy W. Mclain
Faculty Publications
Sponsorship: Air Force Research Laboratory / Munitions Directorate. During this project we focused on four primary objectives which are listed below. 1. Magnetometer Integration. Integrate and flight test magnetometers with the current version of the autopilot (Spiral 1). 2. Height-Above-Ground Sensor Integration. Integrate and flight test height-above-ground sensors with the current version of the autopilot (Spiral 1). 3. Automatic Gain Adjustment. Develop and flight test automatic gain adjustment algorithms that automatically tune the servo loops of the autopilot. 4. Automatic Trim Seeking. Develop and flight test automatic trim seeking algorithms to recursively estimate the trim values of the UAV.
The Calculation Of Characteristic Impedance And Propagation Operator Associated With Isothermal And Viscous Effects In Acoustic Tubes, Dean R. Wheeler
The Calculation Of Characteristic Impedance And Propagation Operator Associated With Isothermal And Viscous Effects In Acoustic Tubes, Dean R. Wheeler
Faculty Publications
Chebychev type approximations are used to represent the Kelvin functions and in turn the complex Bessel functions needed in modeling the characteristic impedance and propagation operator for an acoustic tube. This technique is used to approximate the Bessel functions of the first kind of order zero and order one with complex arguments. The method is then used to approximate the ratio of Bessel functions in an effort to decrease computing time. The results are used in electrical analog expressions for computing system frequency response of miniature transducers.
Solid-State Current Amplifier Based On Impact Ionization, Aaron R. Hawkins, Hong-Wei Lee
Solid-State Current Amplifier Based On Impact Ionization, Aaron R. Hawkins, Hong-Wei Lee
Faculty Publications
The operation principle, fabrication, and measurement results for a stand-alone amplifier based on impact ionization are reported. The device was built in silicon using standard microelectronic processes. Testing was performed by connecting the device to both silicon and indium-gallium-arsenide photodiodes to demonstrate its compatibility with arbitrary current sources. Preamplified leakage currents of less than 1 nA were measured along with current gains greater than 100.
Effects Of Mutual Coupling On Interference Mitigation With A Focal Plane Array, Michael A. Jensen, Karl F. Warnick
Effects Of Mutual Coupling On Interference Mitigation With A Focal Plane Array, Michael A. Jensen, Karl F. Warnick
Faculty Publications
A focal plane array feed of electrically small elements has been proposed as a means for achieving high sensitivity for radio astronomy applications in the presence of radio frequency interference (RFI). For a broadband system, mutual coupling effects become significant as the array element spacing becomes small relative to the electromagnetic wavelength. We present a theoretical framework for modeling the effects of mutual coupling and for determining the optimal multiport matching network between array elements and front-end transistor low-noise amplifiers for maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Numerical results are given for a model scenario including spillover and amplifier thermal noise and …
Design And Characterization Of A Dual-Stage, Thermally Actuated Nanopositioner, Neal B. Hubbard, Larry L. Howell
Design And Characterization Of A Dual-Stage, Thermally Actuated Nanopositioner, Neal B. Hubbard, Larry L. Howell
Faculty Publications
A nanopositioner is presented that has two stages for independent coarse and fine position control. Thermal microactuators operate both stages. The first stage includes a bistable mechanism: it travels 52 micrometers between two discrete positions. The second stage is mounted on the first stage and moves continuously through an additional 8 micrometers in the same direction as the first stage. Three approaches to the control of the second stage were evaluated in terms of accuracy and manufacturability, and one was selected for the design of the nanopositioner. The device was surface micromachined in a two-layer polysilicon process. Experiments were performed …
Decentralized Perimeter Surveillance Using A Team Of Uavs, Timothy Mclain, Randal W. Beard, Derek Kingston, Ryan S. Holt, David W. Casbeer
Decentralized Perimeter Surveillance Using A Team Of Uavs, Timothy Mclain, Randal W. Beard, Derek Kingston, Ryan S. Holt, David W. Casbeer
Faculty Publications
This paper poses the cooperative perimeter-surveillance problem and offers a decentralized solution that accounts for perimeter growth (expanding or contracting) and insertion/deletion of team members. By identifying and sharing the critical coordination information and by exploiting the known communication topology, only a small communication range is required for accurate performance. Simulation and hardware results are presented that demonstrate the applicability of the solution.
Biomass-Coal Co-Combustion: Opportunity For Affordable Renewable Energy, Larry Lin Baxter
Biomass-Coal Co-Combustion: Opportunity For Affordable Renewable Energy, Larry Lin Baxter
Faculty Publications
This investigation explores the reasons for and technical challenges associated with co-combustion of biomass and coal in boilers designed for coal (mainly pulverized coal) combustion. Biomass-coal co-combustion represents a near-term, low-risk, low-cost, sustainable, renewable energy option that promises reduction in net CO2 emissions, reduction in SOx and often NOx emissions, and several societal benefits. Technical issues associated with cofiring include fuel supply, handling and storage challenges, potential increases in corrosion, decreases in overall efficiency, ash deposition issues, pollutant emissions, carbon burnout, impacts on ash marketing, impacts on SCR performance, and overall economics. Each of these issues has been investigated and …
Improved Network Analysis Of Coupled Antenna Diversity Performance, Michael A. Jensen, Matthew L. Morris
Improved Network Analysis Of Coupled Antenna Diversity Performance, Michael A. Jensen, Matthew L. Morris
Faculty Publications
This paper presents a new framework for the analysis of mutually coupled diversity antennas based on network theory. The network model incorporates the matching network between the antennas and front-end amplifiers and uses a realistic model for the amplifier noise. The resulting analysis includes the impact of the coupled-antenna radiation patterns and impedance characteristics in determining the branch signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Application of the formulation to coupled dipole antennas characterized using full-wave electromagnetic analysis illustrates that a matching network providing a minimum amplifier noise figure achieves significantly better diversity performance than one providing maximum power transfer.
Correlation Of Fault-Injection To Proton Accelerator Persistent Cross Section Measurements, Keith S. Morgan, Michael J. Wirthlin
Correlation Of Fault-Injection To Proton Accelerator Persistent Cross Section Measurements, Keith S. Morgan, Michael J. Wirthlin
Faculty Publications
Sponsorship: Los Alamos National Laboratory. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are an attractive solution for space system electronics. Unfortunately, FPGAs are susceptible to radiation-induced single-event upsets (SEU). As such, the FPGA Reliability Studies research group (http://reliability.ee.byu.edu) at Brigham Young University has studied ways to effectively measure the static, dynamic and persistent cross sections of an FPGA desgin; each of which are characterized in some way by how the part reacts to an SEU. One such method is to actually radiate an FPGA and monitor how it reacts to SEUs. A cheaper, more efficient solution is to use fault-injection to emulate …