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Articles 1 - 25 of 25
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
A Survey On Subsurface Signal Propagation, Usman Raza, Abdul Salam
A Survey On Subsurface Signal Propagation, Usman Raza, Abdul Salam
Faculty Publications
Wireless Underground Communication (WUC) is an emerging field that is being developed continuously. It provides secure mechanism of deploying nodes underground which shields them from any outside temperament or harsh weather conditions. This paper works towards introducing WUC and give a detail overview of WUC. It discusses system architecture of WUC along with the anatomy of the underground sensor motes deployed in WUC systems. It also compares Over-the-Air and Underground and highlights the major differences between the both type of channels. Since, UG communication is an evolving field, this paper also presents the evolution of the field along with the …
Decision Agriculture, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Decision Agriculture, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
In this chapter, the latest developments in the field of decision agriculture are discussed. The practice of management zones in digital agriculture is described for efficient and smart faming. Accordingly, the methodology for delineating management zones is presented. Modeling of decision support systems is explained along with discussion of the issues and challenges in this area. Moreover, the precision agriculture technology is also considered. Moreover, the chapter surveys the state of the decision agriculture technologies in the countries such as Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Israel, Malaysia, Pakistan, United Kingdom, Ukraine, and Sweden. Finally, different field factors such as GPS accuracy and …
Electromagnetic Characteristics Of The Soil, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Electromagnetic Characteristics Of The Soil, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
The electromagnetic characteristics of the soil are discussed in this chapter. The characteristics of porous bedrock, soil medium, and impacts of rain attenuations are also presented. The models of dielectric soil properties are studied with a rigorous focus on the constitutive parameters of subsurface soil medium. Moreover, the permittivity and wavenumber in soil are explained. In addition, the frequency-dependent dielectric properties such as dispersion in soil, absorption characteristic, and penetration depth versus frequency are reviewed. Furthermore, the effective permittivity of soil–water mixture for through-the soil-propagation mechanism is analyzed thoroughly.
Underground Phased Arrays And Beamforming Applications, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Underground Phased Arrays And Beamforming Applications, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
This chapter presents a framework for adaptive beamforming in underground communication. The wireless propagation is thoroughly analyzed to develop a model using the soil moisture as an input parameter to provide feedback mechanism while enhancing the system performance. The working of array element in the soil is analyzed. Moreover, the effect of soil texture and soil moisture on the resonant frequency and return loss is studied in detail. The wave refraction from the soil–air interface highly degrades the performance of the system. Furthermore, to beam steering is done to achieve high gain for lateral component improving the UG communication. The …
Signals In The Soil: Underground Antennas, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Signals In The Soil: Underground Antennas, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
Antenna is a major design component of Internet of Underground Things (IOUT) communication system. The use of antenna, in IOUT, differs from traditional communication in that it is buried in the soil. Therefore, one of the main challenges, in IOUT applications, is to establish a reliable communication. To that end, there is a need of designing an underground-specific antenna. Three major factors that can impact the performance of a buried antenna are: (1) effect of high soil permittivity changes the wavelength of EM waves, (2) variations in soil moisture with time affecting the permittivity of the soil, and (3) difference …
Soil Moisture And Permittivity Estimation, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Soil Moisture And Permittivity Estimation, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
The soil moisture and permittivity estimation is vital for the success of the variable rate approaches in the field of the decision agriculture. In this chapter, the development of a novel permittivity estimation and soil moisture sensing approach is presented. The empirical setup and experimental methodology for the power delay measurements used in model are introduced. Moreover, the performance analysis is explained that includes the model validation and error analysis. The transfer functions are reported as well for soil moisture and permittivity estimation. Furthermore, the potential applications of the developed approach in different disciplines are also examined.
Current Advances In Internet Of Underground Things, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Current Advances In Internet Of Underground Things, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
The latest developments in Internet of Underground Things are covered in this chapter. First, the IOUT Architecture is discussed followed by the explanation of the challenges being faced in this paradigm. Moreover, a comprehensive coverage of the different IOUT components is presented that includes communications, sensing, and system integration with the cloud. An in-depth coverage of the applications of the IOUT in various disciplines is also surveyed. These applications include areas such as decision agriculture, pipeline monitoring, border control, and oil wells.
Signals In The Soil: Subsurface Sensing, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Signals In The Soil: Subsurface Sensing, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
In this chapter, novel subsurface soil sensing approaches are presented for monitoring and real-time decision support system applications. The methods, materials, and operational feasibility aspects of soil sensors are explored. The soil sensing techniques covered in this chapter include aerial sensing, in-situ, proximal sensing, and remote sensing. The underlying mechanism used for sensing is also examined as well. The sensor selection and calibration techniques are described in detail. The chapter concludes with discussion of soil sensing challenges.
Autonomous Irrigation Management In Decision Agriculture, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Autonomous Irrigation Management In Decision Agriculture, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
In this chapter, the important application of autonomous irrigation management in the field decision agriculture is discussed. The different types of sensor-guided irrigation systems are presented that includes center pivot systems and drip irrigation systems. Their sensing and actuator components are with detailed focus on real-time decision-making and integration to the cloud. This chapter also presents irrigation control systems which takes, as an input, soil moisture and temperature from IOUT and weather data from Internet and communicate with center pivot based irrigation systems. Moreover, the system architecture is explored where development of the nodes including sensing and actuators is presented. …
Variable Rate Applications In Decision Agriculture, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Variable Rate Applications In Decision Agriculture, Abdul Salam, Usman Raza
Faculty Publications
In this chapter, the variable rate applications (VRA) are presented for the field of decision agriculture. The characteristics of VRA control systems are described along with control hardware. Different types of VRA systems are discussed (e.g., liquid VRA systems and dry VRA systems). A case study is also explored in this regard. Moreover, recent advances and future trends are also outlined. Accordingly, a sustainable variable-rate irrigation scheduling is studied where different hardware and software component of the cyber-physical system are considered. Finally, chapter is concluded with a novel sensor deployment methodology.
In Situ Enhanced Soil Mixing, Purdue Ect Team
In Situ Enhanced Soil Mixing, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
In Situ Enhanced Soil Mixing (ISESM) is a remediation technology that has been used to remediate soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The technology was developed by industry with the assistance of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science and Technology and the Office of Environmental Restoration.
Funnel & Gate System, Purdue Ect Team
Funnel & Gate System, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
The limited success and high cost of traditional 'active' ground-water-contaminant plume management efforts (i.e., pump-and-treat systems) has stimulated a search for less expensive 'passive' plume interception and in-situ treatment technologies. The 'funnel and gate system,' which uses heterogeneous (surface-mediated) reactions on porous media to degrade dissolved contaminants, is one passive technology under consideration.
In Situ Remediation Using Horizontal Wells, Purdue Ect Team
In Situ Remediation Using Horizontal Wells, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
Horizontal well technology has been widely used in petroleum and underground utility installation. Since late 1980's, the technology has been adapted for environmental remediation applications. Two general methods in drilling horizontal wells have been used in remediation, trenched and directionally-drilled. The first method involves the excavation of a relatively large diameter borehole, with simultaneous installation of well materials and backfill. The second method, directional drilling, produces a smaller diameter borehole and well materials are installed following the completion of drilling activities.
Jet-Grouting Constructed Laminar Diaphragms, Purdue Ect Team
Jet-Grouting Constructed Laminar Diaphragms, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
The high cost of digging and hauling contaminated soil has made enclosure of the contaminated soil an alternative to prevent contamination of ground water and adjacent sites. The jet-grouting method uses special grout nozzles to create a grout sheet of controlled width and thickness from each drilled grout hole. This sheet is commonly 100 mm. to 150 mm. in thickness, 2 to 3 meters in width, and of any desired length. The width of the sheet in one pass can go up to 6 meters. Actual lateral soil penetration of the grout jets is a function of the nature of …
Extraction Of Contaminated Soil Using High Pressure Jet Grouting, Purdue Ect Team
Extraction Of Contaminated Soil Using High Pressure Jet Grouting, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
Removal of contaminated soil underneath existing structures causes settlement. There is a need for a remediation technology that eliminates this problem. The jet grouting by the triple rod system can be combined with an on site remediation technology (e.g., soil washing). Jet grouting was developed primarily for underpinning and/or excavation support. The benefits of this technology lie in the future reduction of structural settlement, and site access flexibility.
Glass Diaphragm Walls, Purdue Ect Team
Glass Diaphragm Walls, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
The materials currently applied to confine contaminated soils are not the best solution (ex. slurry walls). A new contaminant confining material is presented where the costs of digging and hauling the contaminated soil are eliminated. For contaminant enclosure, the new technology incorporates a diaphragm wall system consisting of special glass panels with a sealing made out of glass.
In-Situ Vitrification, Purdue Ect Team
In-Situ Vitrification, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
While landfills are the predominant form of solid-waste disposal for municipalities in the U.S., people are objecting to the establishment of new landfills in their communities. Decreasing availability of land, worries about potential health problems and a growing concern for the environment have made the disposal of solid waste a challenge. This technology represents a safety improvement. There is no need for contaminated soil transportation and handling. The need for disposal landfills disappears. Any type of radioactively contaminated buried waste unit, which because of its high activity represents significant risk for exhumation and re-disposal, would be a potential application for …
Ehydraulic Pneumatic Fracturing, Purdue Ect Team
Ehydraulic Pneumatic Fracturing, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
The technology is an enhancement process designed for integration with primary in-situ treatment technologies such as vapor extraction, bioremediation, thermal treatment, and 'pump and treat'. Fractures in dense soils are created, using hydraulic or pneumatic methods, making existing fractures larger to get at contaminants and allowing a more effective distribution of the extractive air throughout the soil. Pneumatic Fracturing was jointly developed by Accutech Remedial Systems Inc. and the New Jersey Institute of Technology. It involves the injection of air (or another gas) into a contaminated geologic formation at sufficient pressure and flow rate to create artificial fractures or to …
Plasma Arc Torch Technology Stabilization And Ground Improvement, Purdue Ect Team
Plasma Arc Torch Technology Stabilization And Ground Improvement, Purdue Ect Team
ECT Fact Sheets
This technology represents an additional alternative for stabilizing weak foundation soils upon which buildings, bridges, roads or other structures are to be constructed. A plasma is a gas that has been ionized by the electric arc of a plasma torch and can therefore respond to electrical and magnetic fields. Plasma arc technology can create plasma using almost any type of gas (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, air, etc.) and in a wide range of pressures (vacuum to 20 atmospheres).
Geometric And Temperature Effects On Time Domain Reflectometry Measurements In Soils, Teresa Eileen Dallinger Ms
Geometric And Temperature Effects On Time Domain Reflectometry Measurements In Soils, Teresa Eileen Dallinger Ms
Lyles School of Civil Engineering Masters Theses
No abstract provided.
Soil Type Identification Using Time Domain Relectometry, Carlos Eduardo Zambrano Narvaez
Soil Type Identification Using Time Domain Relectometry, Carlos Eduardo Zambrano Narvaez
Lyles School of Civil Engineering Masters Theses
No abstract provided.
Remediation Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Low Permeability Soils: Updating The Remediation Decision Tree (Synthesis Study), Inez Hua, Andy Hopf
Remediation Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Low Permeability Soils: Updating The Remediation Decision Tree (Synthesis Study), Inez Hua, Andy Hopf
JTRP Technical Reports
Because of the large number of technologies for in situ remediation, the very different types of contaminants to which these technologies are applicable, and the wide range of field conditions, it can be difficult to choose an optimal technology for a specific site. Sorting and prioritizing the various factors which contribute to the success of a particular clean-up can be daunting. Furthermore, non-technical factors, such as those in the legal, political, or financial realm, may also influence which technology is ultimately chosen. Most in situ treatment methods are effective in permeable soil. However, much of Indiana soil is low-permeability, so …
Remediation And Stabilization Of Soils Contaminated By Lead Resulting From The Removal Of Paint From Bridges, M. K. Banks, A. Paul Schwab
Remediation And Stabilization Of Soils Contaminated By Lead Resulting From The Removal Of Paint From Bridges, M. K. Banks, A. Paul Schwab
JTRP Technical Reports
Lead-based paints are commonly used for painting steel bridge structures. Soils in the immediate vicinity of older bridges have been contaminated with Pb as a result of normal weathering and peeling of the paint coupled with removal prior to repainting. The objectives of this project were to assess the extent of lead contamination near highway bridges and to evaluate phytoremediation and immobilization as means of remediation. We examined soils in the vicinity of approximately 20 bridges in Indiana that had been repainted recently and were know to have been painted originally with Pb-based paint. We found only three bridges in …
Remediation Of Soils And Ground Water Contaminated By Aromatic And Chlorinated Hydrocarbons And Metals, Inez Hua, P. Suresh Rao, Linda S. Lee, Barry K. Partridge, Ben Lawrence
Remediation Of Soils And Ground Water Contaminated By Aromatic And Chlorinated Hydrocarbons And Metals, Inez Hua, P. Suresh Rao, Linda S. Lee, Barry K. Partridge, Ben Lawrence
JTRP Technical Reports
Many of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) sites are contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents; these contaminants often occur in the form of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) or dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). Considerable effort has recently been focused on developing in-situ technologies for removing or destroying NAPL source zones, and several potentially viable methods have emerged, including in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). ISCO has become an attractive remediation option to managers at many contaminated sites. The three oxidants that are most often applied in-situ are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with iron catalysts, potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and ozone (O3). …
Field Identification Of Soils And Aggregates For County Roads, D. G. Shurig, Jean E. Hittle
Field Identification Of Soils And Aggregates For County Roads, D. G. Shurig, Jean E. Hittle
Indiana Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) Publications
The primary purpose of this bulletin is to provide instruction to Indiana county road personnel on rating the quality of soils and pit-run materials used in the construction and maintenance of county roads. A system of soil classification is presented which provides the county highway engineer, road supervisor and inspector alike, with a common language for identifying soil types, properties and problems.