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Articles 1 - 30 of 230
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Getting To The Root Of Bacterial Hairs: What Is “S”?, Rebecca Gaddis, Samantha O'Conner, Evan Anderson, Terri Camesano, Nancy Burnham
Getting To The Root Of Bacterial Hairs: What Is “S”?, Rebecca Gaddis, Samantha O'Conner, Evan Anderson, Terri Camesano, Nancy Burnham
Nancy A. Burnham
An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure the steric forces of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the biofilm-forming bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is well known that LPS play a vital role in biofilm formation. These forces were characterized with a modified version of the Alexander and de Gennes (AdG) model for polymers, which is a function of equilibrium brush length, L, probe radius, R, temperature, T, separation distance, D, and an indefinite density variable, s. This last parameter was originally distinguished by de Gennes as the root spacing or mesh spacing depending upon the type of polymer adhesion; however since …
Unraveling The Mystery Of Natural Rubber Biosynthesis. Part Ii: Composition And Growth Of In Vitro Natural Rubber Using High-Resolution Size Exclusion Chromatography, Cheng Ching Chiang, Balaka Barkakaty, Judit Puskas, Wenshuang Xie, Katrina Cornish, Federic Peruch, Alain Deffieux
Unraveling The Mystery Of Natural Rubber Biosynthesis. Part Ii: Composition And Growth Of In Vitro Natural Rubber Using High-Resolution Size Exclusion Chromatography, Cheng Ching Chiang, Balaka Barkakaty, Judit Puskas, Wenshuang Xie, Katrina Cornish, Federic Peruch, Alain Deffieux
Balaka Barkakaty
The superior properties of natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene [NR]) are a function of its structure and composition, properties that still remain a mystery and that are irreplaceable by any synthetic rubber. NR from guayule (Parthenium argentatum) has been gaining special interest for its hypoallergenic properties while maintaining superior mechanical properties that are commonly associated with the Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), the most common source of NR. Techniques exist to isolate washed rubber particles (WRPs) that contain enzymatically active rubber transferase, to study NR biosynthesis, and previous work on the in vitro NR growth in Hevea has demonstrated the presence of …
Silver (I)-Imidazole Cyclophane Gem-Diol Complexes Encapsulated By Electrospun Tecophilic Nanofibers: Formation Of Nanosilver Particles And Antimicrobial Activity, Abdulkareem Melaiye, Zhaohui Sun, Khadijah Hindi, Amy Milsted, Daniel Ely, Darrell Reneker, Claire Tessier, Wiley Youngs
Silver (I)-Imidazole Cyclophane Gem-Diol Complexes Encapsulated By Electrospun Tecophilic Nanofibers: Formation Of Nanosilver Particles And Antimicrobial Activity, Abdulkareem Melaiye, Zhaohui Sun, Khadijah Hindi, Amy Milsted, Daniel Ely, Darrell Reneker, Claire Tessier, Wiley Youngs
Wiley J. Youngs
Silver(I)-imidazole cyclophane gem-diol complex, 3 [Ag2C36 N10(O)4](2+)2(x)-, where x = OH- or CO3(2-), was synthesized and well characterized. The minimum inhibition concentration tests showed that the aqueous form of 3 is 2 times less effective as an antibiotic than 0.5% AgNO3, with about the same amount of silver. The antimicrobial activity of 3 was enhanced when encapsulated into Tecophilic polymer by electrospinning to obtain mats made of nano-fibers. The fiber mats released nanosilver particles, which in turn sustained the antimicrobial activity of the mats over a long period of time. The rate of bactericidal activity of 3 was greatly improved …
Silver (I)-Imidazole Cyclophane Gem-Diol Complexes Encapsulated By Electrospun Tecophilic Nanofibers: Formation Of Nanosilver Particles And Antimicrobial Activity, Abdulkareem Melaiye, Zhaohui Sun, Khadijah Hindi, Amy Milsted, Daniel Ely, Darrell Reneker, Claire Tessier, Wiley Youngs
Silver (I)-Imidazole Cyclophane Gem-Diol Complexes Encapsulated By Electrospun Tecophilic Nanofibers: Formation Of Nanosilver Particles And Antimicrobial Activity, Abdulkareem Melaiye, Zhaohui Sun, Khadijah Hindi, Amy Milsted, Daniel Ely, Darrell Reneker, Claire Tessier, Wiley Youngs
Claire A. Tessier
Silver(I)-imidazole cyclophane gem-diol complex, 3 [Ag2C36 N10(O)4](2+)2(x)-, where x = OH- or CO3(2-), was synthesized and well characterized. The minimum inhibition concentration tests showed that the aqueous form of 3 is 2 times less effective as an antibiotic than 0.5% AgNO3, with about the same amount of silver. The antimicrobial activity of 3 was enhanced when encapsulated into Tecophilic polymer by electrospinning to obtain mats made of nano-fibers. The fiber mats released nanosilver particles, which in turn sustained the antimicrobial activity of the mats over a long period of time. The rate of bactericidal activity of 3 was greatly improved …
A Ga3+Self-Assembled Fluorescent Probe For Atp Imaging In Vivo, Liangliang Xiao, Shiguo Sun, Zhichao Pei, Yuxin Pei, Yi Pang, Yongqian Xu
A Ga3+Self-Assembled Fluorescent Probe For Atp Imaging In Vivo, Liangliang Xiao, Shiguo Sun, Zhichao Pei, Yuxin Pei, Yi Pang, Yongqian Xu
Yi Pang
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is a functional molecule associated with many important biological processes. Fluorescent detection methods for ATP with facile performance and high selectivity are in demand. One of the possible multi-membered arrays assembled between DHBO and Ga3+ ions was conducted in aqueous solution, which can selectively recognize ATP with fluorescence enhancement from ADP, AMP and other structurally similar nucleoside triphosphates in vitro and in vivo. ATP facilitates the interaction between DHBO and Ga3+ ions, resulting in the fluorescence increase. The detection limit for ATP was calculated to be 5.49×10−7 M, which is much lower than that of intracellular concentrations …
Synthesis And Electrochemical Properties Of A New Class Of Boron-Containing N-Type Conjugated Polymers, Jianfang Chai, Chao Wang, Li Jia, Yi Pang, Matthew Graham, Stephen Cheng
Synthesis And Electrochemical Properties Of A New Class Of Boron-Containing N-Type Conjugated Polymers, Jianfang Chai, Chao Wang, Li Jia, Yi Pang, Matthew Graham, Stephen Cheng
Yi Pang
Several electron-deficient polymers containing the 9,10-diboroanthracene unit have been synthesized and characterized. Electrochemical study shows that they have high electron affinities. Photoluminescence of rr-P3HT is quenched in the presence of one of the polymers in the solid state, demonstrating the potential utility of this class of polymer as powerful n-type materials in organic photovoltaic devices.
Biocompatible Flavone-Based Fluorogenic Probes For Quick Wash-Free Mitochondria! Imaging In Living Cells, Bin Liu, Mickey Shah, Ge Zhang, Qin Liu, Yi Pang
Biocompatible Flavone-Based Fluorogenic Probes For Quick Wash-Free Mitochondria! Imaging In Living Cells, Bin Liu, Mickey Shah, Ge Zhang, Qin Liu, Yi Pang
Yi Pang
Mitochondria, vital organelles existing in almost all eukaryotic cells, play a crucial role in energy metabolism and apoptosis of aerobic organisms. In this work, we report two new flavone-based fluorescent probes, MC-Mito1 and MC-Mito2, for monitoring mitochondria in living cells. These two probes exhibit remarkably low toxicity, good cell permeability, and high specificity; these probes complement the existing library of mitochondrial imaging agents. The new dyes give nearly no background fluorescence, and their application does not require tedious postwashing after cell staining. The appreciable tolerance of MC-Mito2 encourages a broader range of biological applications for understanding the cell degeneration and …
Regioregular Poly(3-Alkanoylthiophene): Synthesis And Electrochemical, Photophysical, Charge Transport, And Photovoltaic Properties, Chao Wang, Felix Kim, Guoqiang Ren, Yongqian Xu, Yi Pang, Samson Jenekhe, Li Jia
Regioregular Poly(3-Alkanoylthiophene): Synthesis And Electrochemical, Photophysical, Charge Transport, And Photovoltaic Properties, Chao Wang, Felix Kim, Guoqiang Ren, Yongqian Xu, Yi Pang, Samson Jenekhe, Li Jia
Yi Pang
Head-to-tail regioregular poly(3-heptanoylthiophene) (PHOT) was synthesized by Ni-catalyzed polycondensation of the 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol-protected Grignard monomer followed by deprotection. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) study demonstrates that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of PHOT are 0.5 eV lower in energy than those of the head-to-tail poly(3-hexylthiophene) (HT-P3HT). Their optical band gaps are essentially the same. Incomplete photoluminescence (PL) quenching was observed in thin films of the 1:1 blend of PHOT and HT-P3HT. PHOT displayed a glass transition at ∼269 °C and decomposed at ∼300 °C according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Wide-angle X-ray …
Identification Of A Highly Specific Hydroxyapatite-Binding Peptide Using Phage Display, Marc Roy, Scott Stanley, Eric Amis, Matthew Becker
Identification Of A Highly Specific Hydroxyapatite-Binding Peptide Using Phage Display, Marc Roy, Scott Stanley, Eric Amis, Matthew Becker
Eric J. Amis
A peptide sequence SVSVGMKPSPRP that selectively recognizes hydroxyapatite (HA) is identified by using a phage display approach. The engineered sequence exhibits chemical and structural specificity for HA over calcium carbonate and HA's amorphous calcium phosphate precursor. In situ binding to HA in a tooth cross section further demonstrates the sequence specificity and utility in nondestructive imaging applications.
Biocompatible Flavone-Based Fluorogenic Probes For Quick Wash-Free Mitochondria! Imaging In Living Cells, Bin Liu, Mickey Shah, Ge Zhang, Qin Liu, Yi Pang
Biocompatible Flavone-Based Fluorogenic Probes For Quick Wash-Free Mitochondria! Imaging In Living Cells, Bin Liu, Mickey Shah, Ge Zhang, Qin Liu, Yi Pang
Ge Zhang
Mitochondria, vital organelles existing in almost all eukaryotic cells, play a crucial role in energy metabolism and apoptosis of aerobic organisms. In this work, we report two new flavone-based fluorescent probes, MC-Mito1 and MC-Mito2, for monitoring mitochondria in living cells. These two probes exhibit remarkably low toxicity, good cell permeability, and high specificity; these probes complement the existing library of mitochondrial imaging agents. The new dyes give nearly no background fluorescence, and their application does not require tedious postwashing after cell staining. The appreciable tolerance of MC-Mito2 encourages a broader range of biological applications for understanding the cell degeneration and …
Bioactive Surface Modification Of Metal Oxides Via Catechol-Bearing Modular Peptides: Multivalent-Binding, Surface Retention, And Peptide Bioactivity, Wen Tang, Gina Policastro, Geng Hua, Kai Guo, Chrys Wesdemiotis, Gary Doll, Matthew Becker
Bioactive Surface Modification Of Metal Oxides Via Catechol-Bearing Modular Peptides: Multivalent-Binding, Surface Retention, And Peptide Bioactivity, Wen Tang, Gina Policastro, Geng Hua, Kai Guo, Chrys Wesdemiotis, Gary Doll, Matthew Becker
Gary L. Doll
A series of multivalent dendrons containing a bioactive osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) domain and surface-binding catechol domains were obtained through solid phase synthesis, and their binding affinity to hydroxyapatite, TiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, Fe3O4 and gold was characterized using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-d). Using the distinct difference in binding affinity of the bioconjugate to the metal oxides, TiO2-coated glass slides were selectively patterned with bioactive peptides. Cell culture studies demonstrated the bioavailability of the OGP and that OGP remained on the surface for at least 2 weeks under in vitro cell culture conditions. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcein …
Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy Indentation Method For Hydrogel Elasticity Measurement, Donghee Lee, Md Mahmudur Rahman, You Zhou, Sangjin Ryu
Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy Indentation Method For Hydrogel Elasticity Measurement, Donghee Lee, Md Mahmudur Rahman, You Zhou, Sangjin Ryu
Md Mahmudur Rahman
No abstract provided.
A Label-Free High Throughput Resistive-Pulse Sensor For Simultaneous Differentiation And Measurement Of Multiple Particle-Laden Analytes, Ashish Jagtiani, Rupesh Sawant, Jiang Zhe
A Label-Free High Throughput Resistive-Pulse Sensor For Simultaneous Differentiation And Measurement Of Multiple Particle-Laden Analytes, Ashish Jagtiani, Rupesh Sawant, Jiang Zhe
Dr. Jiang Zhe
We describe an all-electronic, label-free, resistive-pulse sensor that utilizes multiple microchannels for parallel detection, counting and differentiation of multiple biological particles simultaneously. Four particle solutions, including 20 µm and 40 µm polymethacrylate particles, Juniper Scopulorum (Rocky Mountain Juniper) pollen and Populus deltidoes (Eastern Cottonwood) pollen, were loaded to the four peripheral reservoirs, respectively, and were driven to the central reservoir through four microchannels, all operating simultaneously for particle detection and counting. Experiments demonstrated that this sensor was able to differentiate and count multiple particle solutions simultaneously through its four microchannels fabricated on polymer membranes. Thus the sensing throughput has been …
Synthesis And Characterization Of Sr3Femoo6.88: An Oxygen-Deficient 2d Analogue Of The Double Perobskite Sr2Femoo6, Gabriel Veith, Martha Greenblatt, Mark Croft, K. Ramanujachary, Jason Hattrick-Simpers, Samuel Lofland, Israel Nowik
Synthesis And Characterization Of Sr3Femoo6.88: An Oxygen-Deficient 2d Analogue Of The Double Perobskite Sr2Femoo6, Gabriel Veith, Martha Greenblatt, Mark Croft, K. Ramanujachary, Jason Hattrick-Simpers, Samuel Lofland, Israel Nowik
Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers
No abstract provided.
One-Step Production Of Long-Chain Hydrocarbons From Waste-Biomass-Derived Chemicals Using Bi-Functional Heterogeneous Catalysts, Cun Wen, Elizabeth Barrow, Jason Hattrick-Simpers, Jochen Lauterbach
One-Step Production Of Long-Chain Hydrocarbons From Waste-Biomass-Derived Chemicals Using Bi-Functional Heterogeneous Catalysts, Cun Wen, Elizabeth Barrow, Jason Hattrick-Simpers, Jochen Lauterbach
Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers
n this study, we demonstrate the production of long-chain hydrocarbons (C8+) from 2-methylfuran (2MF) and butanal in a single step reactive process by utilizing a bi-functional catalyst with both acid and metallic sites. Our approach utilizes a solid acid for the hydroalkylation function and as a support as well as a transition metal as hydrodeoxygenation catalyst. A series of solid acids was screened, among which MCM-41 demonstrated the best combination of activity and stability. Platinum nanoparticles were then incorporated into the MCM-41. The Pt/MCM-41 catalyst showed 96% yield for C8+ hydrocarbons and the catalytic performance was stable over four reaction …
Reduction Of Water Surface Tension Significantly Impacts Gecko Adhesion Underwater, Peter Niewiarowski, Ali Dhinojwala, Alyssa Stark, Brandon Mcclung
Reduction Of Water Surface Tension Significantly Impacts Gecko Adhesion Underwater, Peter Niewiarowski, Ali Dhinojwala, Alyssa Stark, Brandon Mcclung
Dr. Peter H. Niewiarowski
The gecko adhesive system is dependent on weak van der Waals interactions that are multiplied across thousands of fine hair-like structures (setae) on geckos' toe pads. Due to the requirements of van der Waals forces, we expect that any interruption between the setae and substrate, such as a water layer, will compromise adhesion. Our recent results suggest, however, that the air layer (plastron) surrounding the superhydrophobic toe pads aid in expelling water at the contact interface and create strong shear adhesion in water when in contact with hydrophobic surfaces. To test the function of the air plastron, we reduced the …
The Role Of Surface Chemistry In Adhesion And Wetting Of Gecko Toe Pads, Ali Dhinojwala, Peter Niewiarowski, Ila Badge, Alyssa Stark, Eva Paoloni
The Role Of Surface Chemistry In Adhesion And Wetting Of Gecko Toe Pads, Ali Dhinojwala, Peter Niewiarowski, Ila Badge, Alyssa Stark, Eva Paoloni
Dr. Peter H. Niewiarowski
An array of micron-sized setal hairs offers geckos a unique ability to walk on vertical surfaces using van der Waals interactions. Although many studies have focused on the role of surface morphology of the hairs, very little is known about the role of surface chemistry on wetting and adhesion. We expect that both surface chemistry and morphology are important, not only to achieve optimum dry adhesion but also for increased efficiency in self-cleaning of water and adhesion under wet conditions. Here, we used a plasma-based vapor deposition process to coat the hairy patterns on gecko toe pad sheds with polar …
Monte Carlo Simulation Of Tri-Functional Branching And Tetra-Functional Crosslinking In Emulsion Polymerization Of Butadiene, Esmaiel Jabbari
Monte Carlo Simulation Of Tri-Functional Branching And Tetra-Functional Crosslinking In Emulsion Polymerization Of Butadiene, Esmaiel Jabbari
Esmaiel Jabbari
No abstract provided.
Synthesis Of Acrylic Acid Hydrogel By Y-Irradiation Cross-Linking Of Polyacrylic Acid In Aqueous Solution, Esmaiel Jabbari, Samyra Nozari
Synthesis Of Acrylic Acid Hydrogel By Y-Irradiation Cross-Linking Of Polyacrylic Acid In Aqueous Solution, Esmaiel Jabbari, Samyra Nozari
Esmaiel Jabbari
No abstract provided.
Measurement Of Adhesion And Interfacial Thickness Of Polymer-Polymer Interfaces With Electron Microscopy, Esmaiel Jabbari, Nikolaos Peppas
Measurement Of Adhesion And Interfacial Thickness Of Polymer-Polymer Interfaces With Electron Microscopy, Esmaiel Jabbari, Nikolaos Peppas
Esmaiel Jabbari
No abstract provided.
Swelling Behavior And Cell Viability Of Dehydrothermally Crosslinked Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogel Grafted With N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone Or Acrylic Acid Using Γ-Radiation, Esmaiel Jabbari, Saeed Karbasi
Swelling Behavior And Cell Viability Of Dehydrothermally Crosslinked Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogel Grafted With N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone Or Acrylic Acid Using Γ-Radiation, Esmaiel Jabbari, Saeed Karbasi
Esmaiel Jabbari
No abstract provided.
Characterization Of Microcapsules Prepared By Interfacial Polycondensation Of Methylene Bis(Phenyl Isocyanate) With Hexamethylene Diamine, Esmaiel Jabbari
Characterization Of Microcapsules Prepared By Interfacial Polycondensation Of Methylene Bis(Phenyl Isocyanate) With Hexamethylene Diamine, Esmaiel Jabbari
Esmaiel Jabbari
No abstract provided.
A Model For Interdiffusion At Interfaces Of Polymers With Dissimilar Physical Properties, Esmaiel Jabbari, Nikolaos Peppas
A Model For Interdiffusion At Interfaces Of Polymers With Dissimilar Physical Properties, Esmaiel Jabbari, Nikolaos Peppas
Esmaiel Jabbari
No abstract provided.
Effect Of Surface Polarity On Wettability And Friction Coefficient Of Silicone Rubber/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hydrogel Composite, Saeid Kheirandish, Esmaiel Jabbari
Effect Of Surface Polarity On Wettability And Friction Coefficient Of Silicone Rubber/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hydrogel Composite, Saeid Kheirandish, Esmaiel Jabbari
Esmaiel Jabbari
No abstract provided.
Swelling Behavior Of Acrylic Acid Hydrogels Prepared By Γ-Radiation Crosslinking Of Polyacrylic Acid In Aqueous Solution, Esmaiel Jabbari, Samyra Nozari
Swelling Behavior Of Acrylic Acid Hydrogels Prepared By Γ-Radiation Crosslinking Of Polyacrylic Acid In Aqueous Solution, Esmaiel Jabbari, Samyra Nozari
Esmaiel Jabbari
No abstract provided.
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Of The Stability-Limited Growth Mechanism Of Peptide-Mediated Gold-Nanoparticle Synthesis, Jing Yu, Matthew Becker, Gustavo Carri
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Of The Stability-Limited Growth Mechanism Of Peptide-Mediated Gold-Nanoparticle Synthesis, Jing Yu, Matthew Becker, Gustavo Carri
Gustavo A. Carri
The bindingof a 12-residue peptide to a Au {111} surface and nanoparticles with different sizes result in various equilibrium structures and stabilities due to the surface morphology. The equilibrium structures are represented by the distance of peptide atoms to Au surface and the stabilities of peptide residues are represented by the average change of dihedral angles.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole Polymers As Organic Semiconductors, Yu Zhu
Diketopyrrolopyrrole Polymers As Organic Semiconductors, Yu Zhu
Yu Zhu
The present invention relates to polymers comprising a repeating unit of the formula (l) and their use as organic semiconductor in organic devices, especially a diode, an organic field effect transistor and/or a solar cell, or a device containing a diode and/or an organic field effect transistor, and/or a solar cell. The polymers according to the invention have excellent solubility in organic solvents and excellent film-forming properties. In addition, high efficiency of energy conversion, excellent field-effect mobility, good on/off current ratios and/or excellent stability can be observed, when the polymers according to the invention are used in semiconductor devices or …
Graphene-Based Thin Films In Heat Circuits And Methods , Yu Zhu
Graphene-Based Thin Films In Heat Circuits And Methods , Yu Zhu
Yu Zhu
In various embodiments, the present invention provides electrically conductive and radio frequency (RF) transparent films that include a graphene layer and a substrate associated with the graphene layer. In some embodiments, the graphene layer has a thickness of less than about 100 nm. In some embodiments, the graphene layer of the film is adhesively associated with the substrate. In more specific embodiments, the graphene layer includes graphene nanoribbons that are in a disordered network. Further embodiments of the present invention pertain to methods of making the aforementioned electrically conductive and RF transparent films. Such methods generally include associating a graphene …
Graphene Nanoribbon Composites And Methods Of Making The Same, Yu Zhu
Graphene Nanoribbon Composites And Methods Of Making The Same, Yu Zhu
Yu Zhu
In some embodiments, the present invention provides graphene nanoribbon composites that include a polymer matrix and graphene nanoribbons that are dispersed in the polymer matrix. In more specific embodiments, the polymer matrix of the composite is an epoxy matrix, and the graphene nanoribbons of the composite include functionalized graphene nanoribbons. In further embodiments, the composites of the present invention further comprise metals, such as tin, copper, gold, silver, aluminum and combinations thereof. Additional embodiments of the present invention pertain to methods of making the graphene nanoribbon composites of the present invention. In some embodiments, such methods include mixing graphene nanoribbons …
Electrospun Nanofibers For Potential Space-Based Applications, G. Zhang, W. Kataphinan, R. Teye-Mensah, P. Katta, L. Khatri, E. Evans, George Chase, R. Ramsier, Darrell Reneker
Electrospun Nanofibers For Potential Space-Based Applications, G. Zhang, W. Kataphinan, R. Teye-Mensah, P. Katta, L. Khatri, E. Evans, George Chase, R. Ramsier, Darrell Reneker
Darrell Hyson Reneker
SiO2 nanofibers have been produced by the electrospinning method by two different approaches: direct spinning of silica precursor-containing nanofibers and spinning of polymer nanofibers followed by sol–gel silica coating. After pyrolysis of the resulting materials, both methods yield silica nanofibers. We extend this work by coating the silica nanofibers with AlN films using a reactive magnetron sputtering technique. Substrate temperature, input gas composition and radio frequency (rf) power are the critical operating parameters for the formation of different crystal structures of the AlN shells. The AlN/SiO2 core-shell heterostructures demonstrate that electrospinning has the potential to produce low-mass, high-surface-area flexible nanofibers …