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Full-Text Articles in Engineering
The Lateral Torsional Buckling Strength Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Beams, G. J. Van Den Berg, P. J. Bredenkamp
The Lateral Torsional Buckling Strength Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Beams, G. J. Van Den Berg, P. J. Bredenkamp
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The findings of an investigation of the lateral torsional buckling strength of cold-formed stainless steel beams are reported in this study. The sections under consideration are cold-formed lipped channel sections spot-welded back to back to form doubly-symmetric lipped I-beams. The beams were fabricated from a modified AISI Type 409 stainless steel, designated Type 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel. The purpose of this study is to compare the experimental lateral torsional buckling strengths of doubly-symmetric beams to the theoretical predictions proposed by the ASCE Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members. It was concluded in this investigation that an …
Tests Of Thin-Walled Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes, Martin D. O'Shea, Russell Q. Bridge
Tests Of Thin-Walled Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes, Martin D. O'Shea, Russell Q. Bridge
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Concrete filled tubes are likely to be economical with the use of very high strength concretes and thin-walled steel tubes. The strength of the steel tube is affected by local buckling effects which may also influence the confinement to the concrete infill. Very high strength concretes exhibit rapid unloading in the post-ultimate region. The strength of the composite column is not a simple superposition of strengths of the individual steel and concrete components. This paper describes the initial tests of an experimental program to determine the effects of local buckling on concrete filled tubes. Tubes with a diameter to wall …
Comparison Of A Non-Linear Purlin Model With Tests, Catherine J. Rousch, Gregory J. Hancock
Comparison Of A Non-Linear Purlin Model With Tests, Catherine J. Rousch, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A non-linear elastic analysis has been developed for determining the lateral deflections of, and stresses in, the unconnected flanges of simply-supported and continuous channel and Z-section purlins screw-fastened to sheeting and subject to either wind uplift or gravity loading. The analysis incorporates a model, based on a combination of those developed by Pekoz and Soroushian, and Thomasson, which depicts the unconnected purlin flange as a beam-column. The restraint against lateral deflection is provided primarily by the sheeting, and is represented by a linear extensional spring of stiffness k located at the level of the unconnected purlin flange. To verify the …
Behavior Of Connections Between Shs Columns & W-Section Beams, Uk Sun Kim, Jong Suk Lee, Young Bong Kwon
Behavior Of Connections Between Shs Columns & W-Section Beams, Uk Sun Kim, Jong Suk Lee, Young Bong Kwon
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Connections between SHS (Square Hollow Section) columns and W-section beams are generally fabricated by welding with or without endplates in the factory. These welded connections possess some finite degree of rotational stiffness which falls between fully rigid and ideally pinned joints. The influence of partially restrained connections on structural response not only changes the moment distribution but also increases frame drift. In this paper, a series of connection tests joining SHS column and W-section beam were executed and the test results compared with theoretical values. A method to utilize nonlinear moment-rotation relations of beam-to-column connections in steel framed structures is …
Reference Section Method For Local Web Buckling, T. K. Sooi, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz
Reference Section Method For Local Web Buckling, T. K. Sooi, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The present AISI effective width approach for determining flexural section capacities of sections with slender webs requires an iterative approach. A simplified method, called the Reference Section Method or RSM, which eliminates the need for iteration is presented and discussed. The reference section is defined as one that is similar to the actual section except for the web height. This simplified method is based on the premise that the flexural capacity of a section with slender webs is proportional to that of a reference section with compact web. The ratio of the web height of the actual section to that …
Buckling Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Members By Spline Finite Strip Analysis, Joachim Lindner, Y. L. Guo
Buckling Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Members By Spline Finite Strip Analysis, Joachim Lindner, Y. L. Guo
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Local,distortional and overall buckling (including overall flexural buckling and overall flexural-torsional buckling) behaviour of cold-formed thin-walled columns is presented which is based on an inelastic spline finite strip analysis. The columns are loaded centrally at the ends. The increment of yield stresses in the corner area due to cold-forming work, together with a more real stress-strain curve of material, that exhibits continuous strain hardening for the stress above the proportional limit of material, are involved in the analysis. The cold-formed section is divided into two different types of strips, one is a flat plate strip on the central part of …
Core Loaded Thin-Walled Sleeved Column System, S. Hariharan, K. Mahadevan, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman
Core Loaded Thin-Walled Sleeved Column System, S. Hariharan, K. Mahadevan, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In conventional columns, the load carrying capacity is governed by the yield strength of the material and its buckling strength. The yield strength of the compression member is governed by the mechanical property of the material and its area of cross section while its elastic buckling strength depends on the least flexural stiffness (EI) ofthe cross section and its effective unsupported length. The elastic flexural buckling strength of a compression member is given by the well known Euler equation. In practice the strength of conventional compression members is less than bot.h the yield strength and Euler buckling strength due to …
An Innovative Cold-Formed Floor System, John R. Hillman, Thomas M. Murray
An Innovative Cold-Formed Floor System, John R. Hillman, Thomas M. Murray
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Optimizing the use of building materials has always been one of the primary goals of engineers. It is a constant challenge to seek innovative methods to build lighter weight structures. Sometimes this is achieved through the development of new building materials, other times it can be accomplished by creating entirely new types of structural systems. Often lightweight structures can be more asthetically pleasing because of their stream-lined appearance. However, in general the motivating factor in building lightweight structures is to reduce the overall cost. One portion of a structure which offers tremendous potential for weight reduction is the floor system. …
Perforated Webs Subjected To End-One-Flange Loading, Roger A. Laboube, James E. Langan, Wei-Wen Yu
Perforated Webs Subjected To End-One-Flange Loading, Roger A. Laboube, James E. Langan, Wei-Wen Yu
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A study of structural behavior was conducted and a design equation was developed that accounts for the degradation in web crippling capacity caused by web openings for unreinforced single web cold-formed steel flexural members subjected to the End-One-Flange (EOF) loading condition. The research findings enable the current EOF design provisions for sections without web openings to be modified by a reduction factor equation to obtain the web crippling capacity for sections with web openings. The modified capacity is considered for the web crippling capacity in the absence of bending moment for the same cross section and load bearing length.
A Design Procedure For Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
A Design Procedure For Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper is third in a series of three papers describing the research sponsored by the American Iron and Steel Institute. Physical test results described in the first paper combined with the finite element solution parametric studies described in the second paper were used in this paper to develop improved design procedures for edge stiffened elements.
Experiments On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
Experiments On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A series of tests were conducted on lipped channel flexural members to study the behavior of edge stiffened elements. The details and the results of these tests as well as tests by others are discussed in this paper. All the test results are compared with those predicted by the AISI Specification.
Finite Element Studies On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
Finite Element Studies On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper is second in a series of three papers describing the research sponsored by the American Iron and Steel Institute. Physical test results described in the first paper combined with the finite element solution parametric studies described in this paper were used in the third paper to develop improved design procedures for edge stiffened elements.
Local Buckling Of Stiffened And Unstiffened Elements Under Nonuniform Compression, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman, P. Jayabalan
Local Buckling Of Stiffened And Unstiffened Elements Under Nonuniform Compression, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman, P. Jayabalan
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Thin plates subjected to linearly varying inplane compression in one direction may undergo local buckling before failure. An analytical procedure is presented for evaluating the local buckling strength based on which equations for the local buckling stress of unstiffened and stiffened elements are presented.
Strength Of Stiffened Plates With Openings, Mahen Mahendran, N. E. Shanmugam, J. Y. Richard Liew
Strength Of Stiffened Plates With Openings, Mahen Mahendran, N. E. Shanmugam, J. Y. Richard Liew
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The load-deflection and ultimate strength behaviour of longitudinally stiffened plates with openings was studied using a second-order elastic post-buckling analysis and a rigid-plastic analysis. The ultimate strength was predicted from the intersection point of elastic and rigid-plastic curves and the Perry strut formula. Comparison with experimental results shows that satisfactory prediction of ultimate strength can be obtained by this simple method. Effects of the size of opening, the initial geometrical imperfections and the plate slenderness ratio on the strength of perforated stiffened plates were also studied.
The Compressional Behaviour Of Perforated Elements, J. Rhodes, Falk D. Schneider
The Compressional Behaviour Of Perforated Elements, J. Rhodes, Falk D. Schneider
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The behaviour of stub columns with a series of different perforation patterns is examined on the basis of tests. The tests concentrate on plain channel cross sections with perforation layouts systematically varied to examine the effects of perforation position, dimensions and number on the section performance. The application of existing cold formed steel design codes to perforated members is examined on the basis of comparison with the tests, and various modifications to the design codes are considered to take perforations into account These are described and the comparison with test results is illustrated.
Fatigue Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Sections, Dimos Polyzois, Glenn Morris, S. K. Hassan
Fatigue Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Sections, Dimos Polyzois, Glenn Morris, S. K. Hassan
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In the expected life span of a transmission tower, the members are subjected to a large number of alternating wind applications. Fatigue behaviour due to repeated loading must therefore be considered in design. This paper presents the fatigue-test results for 52 cold-formed steel members. The results obtained can be used to establish additional guidelines for fatigue design of cold-formed steel sections.
Light-Gauge Engineering In Today's Marketplace - The Challenges, Gene Farach, Robert C. Grupe Jr.
Light-Gauge Engineering In Today's Marketplace - The Challenges, Gene Farach, Robert C. Grupe Jr.
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Light-gauge has tremendous potential in the construction industry. It is a material which affords more carrying capacity per less weight. Thus less material needs to be used which leads to a reduction in labor and subsequent reduction in cost, light-gauge is a durable, recyclable product, environmentally friendly in keeping with today's concern for the world around us. It is resistant to insects such as termites, mold mildew, rotting, drying out, warping and non combustible. However the reality remains that if research and development is not undertaken soon, the window of current demand may be short lived. We must accept that …
Pallet Racking Using Cold-Reduced Steel, J. S. Cowen, J. Michael Davies
Pallet Racking Using Cold-Reduced Steel, J. S. Cowen, J. Michael Davies
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Codes of practice for the design of cold-formed sections have generally included a requirement for the coil material to possess a specified amount of ductility prior to forming. The scientific basis for such ductility requirements is shrouded in historical mystery but code drafting committees have been reluctant to remove these requirements in the absence of good reason. However, very low ductility steels have been used for the manufacture of cold-formed steel components for many years by the two leading UK manufacturers of storage racks without this lack of ductility giving rise to any problems during either manufacture or service. This …
Residual Stresses In Cold Formed Steel Sections, G. Roy, Dimos Polyzois, M. A. Mohamedien
Residual Stresses In Cold Formed Steel Sections, G. Roy, Dimos Polyzois, M. A. Mohamedien
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Initial or residual stresses are considered one of the major factors that affect the design of the cold-formed steel sections, since they could reach 50% of the yield stress of the material. As part of a comprehensive experimental program on the use of cold-formed steel sections in transmission towers, an investigation on the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections was undertaken. The study involved 83 tests using two nondestructive methods, and two destructive methods, to determine the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses. The paper summarizes the results from this investigation and outlines a number of …
Seismic Response Of Single-Storey Steel Buildings, R. Tremblay, S. F. Stiemer
Seismic Response Of Single-Storey Steel Buildings, R. Tremblay, S. F. Stiemer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Nonlinear time step dynamic analyses have been performed on 24 rectangular single-storey steel framed buildings including a metal roof deck diaphragm and steel bracing bays along their exterior walls. The structures were designed according to current Canadian codes and were subjected to site specific ensembles of historical earthquake accelerograms. The analyses indicated that larger in-plane deformations and bending moments developed in the diaphragm compared to the values expected from the equivalent lateral force procedure commonly used in design. The distribution of the shear forces in the diaphragm was also found to deviate significantly from the linear distribution assumed in design. …
Study On The Load-Bearing Capacity Of Cold-Formed Sigma Purlins, Markku Laine, Pentti Makelainen
Study On The Load-Bearing Capacity Of Cold-Formed Sigma Purlins, Markku Laine, Pentti Makelainen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Experimental investigations conducted on the structural behaviour and ultimate load carrying capacity of cold-formed sigma purlins are reported. Three different purlin systems, i.e. the double spanning, the sleeved and the overlap system, were investigated. In addition to the full- scale tests on 2-span purlin - sheeting system with screw fastening and with continuous, sleeved and overlapped central supports, tests on single span purlins were also conducted for finding out bending moment and shear capacity values at the central support of a multiple span sigma purlin. Analytical considerations for modelling the cross-sectional behaviour of the sigma purlin itself and the local …
The Analysis Of Restrained Purlins Using Generalised Beam Theory, C. Jiang, Philip Leach, J. Michael Davies
The Analysis Of Restrained Purlins Using Generalised Beam Theory, C. Jiang, Philip Leach, J. Michael Davies
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A paper presented at the Eleventh Speciality Conference in 1992(1) introduced the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) and illustrated its use. It was used in ftrst-order analyses t0 calculate the stress distribution in a cross section takeing account of cross section distortion, and in second-order bifurcation problems to calculate the critical buckling load of a free cross section subject to axial load. Subsequent papers(2,3) have given more detailed information on the basis of GBT and used its second-order facilities to investigate the buckling of sections under both uniform and non-uniform bending moment. This paper extends the use of GBT to consider …
Bending And Shear Behavior Of Web Elements With Openings, Roger A. Laboube, Ming-Yang Shan, Wei-Wen Yu
Bending And Shear Behavior Of Web Elements With Openings, Roger A. Laboube, Ming-Yang Shan, Wei-Wen Yu
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel C-sections are frequently used as wall studs and floor joists in both commercial and residential construction. To facilitate installation of ancillary systems such as electrical wiring and plumbing, the C-section is manufactured with a web opening. Although the opening offers construction advantages, it may degrade the structural integrity of the member. To quantify the degrading effect of a web opening, a study has been conducted at the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR). The UMR study included the loading conditions of bending, shear, web crippling and the combinations thereof. This paper summarizes the results of an experimental study of the …
Flexural Capacity Of Continuous Span Standing Seam Panels: Gravity Load, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz
Flexural Capacity Of Continuous Span Standing Seam Panels: Gravity Load, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The standing seam panel is one of the most practical and economical roofing systems developed in recent years. Construction of the roof system requires that the panel legs be overlapped and crimped. Under gravity load, the crimped outstanding leg of the connected panels may be subject to distortional buckling. A design method was previously suggested for estimating the distortional buckling strength of the outstanding leg of a single simply supported standing seam panel. In this paper, an approximate method is present for estimating the capacity of a system of interconnected continuous span standing seam panels. Experimental results for three full-scale …
Multiple Stiffened Deck Profiles, M. Sommerstein, R. P. Papazian, R. M. Schuster
Multiple Stiffened Deck Profiles, M. Sommerstein, R. P. Papazian, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
CAN/CSA-S136-M89 and the AISI Specification on Cold Formed Steel Design use different methods to determine the effective width of multiple stiffened compressive elements when no local buckling in the sub-elements occurs. Both methods replace the multiple stiffened element with a flat plate element centered at the neutral axis of the multiple stiffened element. The methods differ in assigning an equivalent thickness to the straight line element. The AISI method provides sufficient thickness to match the moment of inertia of the multiple stiffened element, while the S136 method makes use of orthotropic plate theory, however, dealing only with the elastic buckling …
Ultimate Behaviour Of Trapezoidal Steel Sheets In Bending, Raffaele Landolfo, Fredrico M. Mazzolani
Ultimate Behaviour Of Trapezoidal Steel Sheets In Bending, Raffaele Landolfo, Fredrico M. Mazzolani
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A systematic analysis of existing trapezoidal steel sheets commonly used in the market is performed in order to compare their carrying capacity at the light of their ultimate behaviour. The complete investigation has been developed both from theoretical and experimental points of view. In this paper, the description of the experimental techniques, the numerical simulation of the obtained results as well as the exploitation of these data in order to check the codified design rules are reported.
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Shs Beam-Columns, Raef M. Sully, Gregory J. Hancock
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Shs Beam-Columns, Raef M. Sully, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes a test programme conducted into the behaviour of cold-formed, compact square hollow section beam columns. The tests were conducted in a purpose built test rig capable of applying load and moment in a constant ratio. The test specimens were pin-ended specimens loaded, with varying load/moment ratios, at two different ratios of end moment. The results of the tests were simulated using a finite element programme. This finite element programme was used to find maximum second order elastic moments, for the section tested, at varying ratios of end moment. The results of this numerical investigation are compared with …
Cold-Formed Steel Sections For Transmission Towers, David Odaisky, Dimos Polyzios, Glenn Morris
Cold-Formed Steel Sections For Transmission Towers, David Odaisky, Dimos Polyzios, Glenn Morris
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Hydro-electric transmission towers are traditionally built using hot-rolled angles. However cold formed angles are becoming more popular as replacements for hot-rolled angles, especially in the smaller angle sizes. In addition to conventional 90° angles, a wide range of shapes can be produced, in sizes to suit individual project requirements. In particular, cold-forming can be used to provide stiffening lips to prevent local buckling of thin wide elements, to optimize shapes so that longer unbraced lengths can be used, and to create shapes such as 60° angles for triangular towers. A research project was carried out at the University of Manitoba …
Elastoplastic Large Deflection Analysis Of Cold-Formed Members Using Spline Finite Strip Method, Shi-Lin Chen, Shao-Fu Li, Shan-Feng Fang
Elastoplastic Large Deflection Analysis Of Cold-Formed Members Using Spline Finite Strip Method, Shi-Lin Chen, Shao-Fu Li, Shan-Feng Fang
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The elastoplastic large deflection behaviour of cold-formed members is analysed by a nonlinear spline finite strip method. The method is developed using the principle of virtual work, based on the total Lagrangian description. It is used to deal with problems of geometric and material nonlinearity. The displacement function of a strip is expressed as the product of transverse interpolation polynomials and longitudinal B3-splines. The effect of arbitrary initial imperfections is taken into consideration. The influence of cold-bending residual stress on the local and overall behaviour of cold-formed lipped angle columns is investigated especially. The numeric examples show that the method …
Stub Column Study Using Welded, Cold-Reduced Steel, L. Randy Daudet, K. H. Klippstein
Stub Column Study Using Welded, Cold-Reduced Steel, L. Randy Daudet, K. H. Klippstein
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The primary goal of the subject study was to investigate the behavior and load capacity of stub columns using cold-reduced, low-ductility steel versus un-reduced, normal-ductility steel. Specimens that were cold-reduced were also welded transversely across the entire stud cross section. Therefore, this study also yielded data with regard to the axial performance of welded studs. In addition, since stub columns were punched and un-punched, further conclusions can be drawn about the effect of a weld located at a web perforation. A total of 133 stub column tests were performed at the Dietrich Material Testing Laboratory in Hammond, Indiana, between December …