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Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Evaluation Of Biofield Energy Treatment On Physical And Thermal Characteristics Of Selenium Powder, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Dahryn Trivedi, Alice Branton, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana Nov 2015

Evaluation Of Biofield Energy Treatment On Physical And Thermal Characteristics Of Selenium Powder, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Dahryn Trivedi, Alice Branton, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element, and its deficiency in the humans leads to increase the risk of various diseases, such as cancer and heart diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical and thermal properties of the selenium powder. The selenium powder was divided into two parts denoted as control and treated. The Control part was remained as untreated and treated part received Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Both control and treated selenium samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis - differential …


Analysis Of Genetic Diversity Using Simple Sequence Repeat (Ssr) Markers And Growth Regulator Response In Biofield Treated Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.), Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Mayank Gangwar, Snehasis Jana Nov 2015

Analysis Of Genetic Diversity Using Simple Sequence Repeat (Ssr) Markers And Growth Regulator Response In Biofield Treated Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.), Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Mayank Gangwar, Snehasis Jana

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Cotton is the most important crop for the production of fiber that plays a key role in economic and social affairs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on cotton seeds regarding its growth, germination of seedling, glutathione (GSH) concentration, indole acetic acid (IAA) content and DNA fingerprinting using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for polymorphism analysis. The seeds of cotton cv. Stoneville-2 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was obtained from DNA Land Marks Inc., Canada and divided into two groups. One group was remained as untreated, while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi …


Four Wave Mixing Nonlinearity Effect In Wdm Radio Over Fiber System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Surbhi Jain, Brintha Therese A.2 Brintha Therese A. Mar 2015

Four Wave Mixing Nonlinearity Effect In Wdm Radio Over Fiber System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Surbhi Jain, Brintha Therese A.2 Brintha Therese A.

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The optical networks are fast and error free but due to some nonlinearity effects, its performance degrades. The performance of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in radio over fiber (RoF) systems is found to be strongly influenced by nonlinearity characteristics inside the fiber. In this paper, we have studied the effect of four wave mixing (FWM) as one of the influential factors in the WDM for RoF using Optisystem Software.


Hot Standby Router Protocol For A Private University In Malaysia, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Ala Mohamed Ali Mohamed, Joseph Ng Poh Soon, Wong See Wan, Phan Koo Yuen, Lim Ean Heng Mar 2015

Hot Standby Router Protocol For A Private University In Malaysia, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Ala Mohamed Ali Mohamed, Joseph Ng Poh Soon, Wong See Wan, Phan Koo Yuen, Lim Ean Heng

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

In the digitized university environment most of the works and activities done by a network-based process which will be adapted to monitor all the activities to be processed and stored in such datacenter, from that particular point, how to maintain connectivity and to prevent the system from any vulnerability? Is there any techniques or protocols that enhance and guarantee stability? If the primary gateway becomes inaccessible, it might lead to a connectivity issues and that might be very disturbing especially inside a university campus that uses digitalized system to perform their operations, and other education purpose.


Novel Informatic Platform For The Standard Unification Of Donors, Offspring And Patients Records: Institutional Registry Requirements In The Reproductive Biomedicine Regulations Compliance., Salvo Reina, Mauro Costa, Mauro Giacomini Jan 2015

Novel Informatic Platform For The Standard Unification Of Donors, Offspring And Patients Records: Institutional Registry Requirements In The Reproductive Biomedicine Regulations Compliance., Salvo Reina, Mauro Costa, Mauro Giacomini

Salvo Reina

The Donor ART (DART), recently promulgated by italian institution, has posed several incumbent questions to the Artificial Reproductive Techniques (ART) world. Besides the critical social and ethical aspects, a crucial issue is the engagement of a centralised “Donors-offspring Registry” which introduces new stringent criteria up on the treatments of the sensitive data of donors, newborns and patients. Such registry will have to comply with applicable italian laws (Legge 40/04, Dlg.191/07 and Dlg.16/10, the so called “Patto per la Salute 2014-2016) and the european Tissue Directive (2006/17/CE, Ed. 2004). Moreover, recent Guide Lines were introduced by the italian Conferenza Stato Regioni …


Dynamic Channel Allocation Technique For Distributed Multi-Radio Multichannel Multi-Path Routing Protocol In Wireless Mesh Networks, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Shreenidhi. P.L, Ranganath H R, Puttamadappa C, Basavaraju T G Dec 2014

Dynamic Channel Allocation Technique For Distributed Multi-Radio Multichannel Multi-Path Routing Protocol In Wireless Mesh Networks, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Shreenidhi. P.L, Ranganath H R, Puttamadappa C, Basavaraju T G

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have gained main attraction in providing flexible network services and support to the end users. There are many efforts seen to design robust routing protocol for WMNs and solutions are proposed to standardized channel allocation techniques. There are various approaches dedicated to maximize the network though put and minimize network interface. Existing multi radio multi channel routing protocols utilize only single channel situation and static channel allocation degrades the performance of the WMNs. The challenge is to allocate channel without link interference and to improve end-to-end throughput efficiency in multipath routing for WMNs. In this paper, …


Perspectives For Titanium-Derived Fillers Usage On Denture Base Composite Construction, Nidal Elshereksi Jul 2014

Perspectives For Titanium-Derived Fillers Usage On Denture Base Composite Construction, Nidal Elshereksi

Nidal Elshereksi

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is an extensively used material in dentistry because of its aesthetics, processability, and reparability. However, PMMA is still far from being ideal in fulfilling the mechanical requirements of prosthesis. PMMA-based denture base polymers exhibit low fracture resistance and radiopacity behavior. Efforts to improve the mechanical and radiopacity properties of denture base materials through inclusion of silica-based fillers are ongoing. Although silane-treated siliceous fillers are commonly used, they are not sufficiently strong.They also exhibit cracks, which either cut through the glass fillers or propagate around the filler particles. This defect occurs when the dental composites are placed in …


My Cv (2014), Hossein Gholizadeh Apr 2014

My Cv (2014), Hossein Gholizadeh

Hossein Gholizadeh

No abstract provided.


Correlation Between Energy Distribution Profile And Lev El Of Consciousness, D. K. Chaturvedi Dr. Jan 2014

Correlation Between Energy Distribution Profile And Lev El Of Consciousness, D. K. Chaturvedi Dr.

D. K. Chaturvedi Dr.

The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the energy levels corresponding to the different focal points (Chakras or centers) of the body, which is related with consciousness. In this experiment, the energy level is measured at four different centers, namely, the navel center, the heart center, the throat center and the eye center of the Human beings. The measurements have been taken using Energy Measurement System (EMS) developed at Department of Electrical Engineering, Dayalbagh Education Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India, which works on the principle of tissue resistance of body. The probe was placed at different centers and subsequent …


Thermal Characterisation Of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Filled With Barium Titanate As Denture Base Material, Nidal Elshereksi Jan 2014

Thermal Characterisation Of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Filled With Barium Titanate As Denture Base Material, Nidal Elshereksi

Nidal Elshereksi

No abstract provided.


Enhanced Transmission Of Higher Order Plasmon Modes With Random Au Nanoparticles In Periodic Hole Arrays, Fang-Tzu Chuang Jan 2013

Enhanced Transmission Of Higher Order Plasmon Modes With Random Au Nanoparticles In Periodic Hole Arrays, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

The enhanced transmission of higher order plasmon modes with random gold nanoparticles embedded in periodic hole arrays using asymmetric pair aperture as a unit is investigated in the midinfrared regime. Different thicknesses of gold film were deposited inside holes and then annealed to form randomly sized and distributed nanoparticles. The holes deposited with thin gold film exhibit significantly enhanced transmission in higher order modes after thermal annealing. The enormous local electric field around the nanoparticles enhances the scattering effect that contributes to the enhanced infrared transmission. This unique design, which integrates localized and propagating surface plasmons, provides an easy way …


Binomial Theorem, Adeshina I. Adekunle Mr Jan 2013

Binomial Theorem, Adeshina I. Adekunle Mr

Adeshina I. Adekunle MR

No abstract provided.


An Assessment Of The Effects Of Desertification In Yobe State, Nigeria, Jibril Musa Phd Dec 2012

An Assessment Of The Effects Of Desertification In Yobe State, Nigeria, Jibril Musa Phd

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental and socio-economic problems of our time. Desertification describes circumstances of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions resulting from the climatic variation and human activities. The fundamental goal of this thesis was to assess the effects of desertification in Yobe State, Nigeria. The present threat of desertification in the sahel has reached an alarming stage where crops cultivation and animal rearing/grazing are no more productive, soil has lost its nutrient/fertility, various infrastructure had given way because of windstorm from the neighbouring Niger Republic and sand dunes had taken over. The …


Using Remote Sensing Data To Improve Rice Production In Kutigi, Niger State, Nigeria, Jibril Musa Phd, M B. Yunusa Dec 2012

Using Remote Sensing Data To Improve Rice Production In Kutigi, Niger State, Nigeria, Jibril Musa Phd, M B. Yunusa

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

This research work looked in the used of Remote Sensing to improve Agricultural production in Kutigi, Niger State. The aim of the study is to use remote sensing to improve rice farming activities in Kutigi, Niger State. It is very important to identify such methods to improve Agricultural production because experts are always interested in new researches and findings to better the standard of living in any environment. In view of this, Remotely-sensed data could be used or employed to elevate most of these agricultural problems in Kutigi through the following objectives: Using Landsat imagery to assess the present landuse …


Effect Of Paired Apertures In A Periodic Hole Array On Higher Order Plasmon Modes, Fang-Tzu Chuang Nov 2012

Effect Of Paired Apertures In A Periodic Hole Array On Higher Order Plasmon Modes, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

We demonstrate that the transmission of higherorder surface plasmon modes in the mid-infrared range can be enhanced through rectangular hole array on the basis of paired apertures. Experiments prove that enhanced high-order transmission can be generated by either identical shapes or combinations of different hole shapes in pairs. The structure factor is adopted to explain the observed intensity of enhanced transmission. Numerical simulations of the enhanced secondorder mode verify a significant field enhancement in a unit cell of pairs. It is clarified that the separation between the paired apertures and the paired resonance is the key to determine certain higher-order …


Variations In Climatic Parameters And Food Crop Yields: Implications On Food Security In Benue State, Nigeria., Emmanuel Adamgbe, Fanan Ujoh Oct 2012

Variations In Climatic Parameters And Food Crop Yields: Implications On Food Security In Benue State, Nigeria., Emmanuel Adamgbe, Fanan Ujoh

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

Agricultural production in Nigeria like in other developing countries is highly vulnerable to variations in climatic parameters which may have inverse or direct effect on the performance of food crops. This paper examines the patterns and trends of the variations in the climatic parameters and the implications of such variations on efficient yield rates of some food crops in Benue State using data on climatic variables (rainfall, temperature, sunshine) and the yield of some crops per hectare for 25 years (1986-2010). Data on the climatic variables were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, AirForce Base, Makurdi while the data on …


Two Infrared Emission Modes With Different Wavelengths And Orthogonal Polarization In A Waveguide Thermal Emitter, Fang-Tzu Chuang Oct 2012

Two Infrared Emission Modes With Different Wavelengths And Orthogonal Polarization In A Waveguide Thermal Emitter, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

This study investigates a Au/SiO2/Au waveguide thermal emitter incorporating a metallic grating embedded in the SiO2 layer. The metal grating acts as a beam splitter, dividing the device into two waveguide structures determined by the polarization of the waveguide modes. The thermal radiation spectrum exhibits two peaks with orthogonal polarization. The emitted wavelengths of the two waveguide modes can be adjusted by controlling the thickness of the SiO2 layers on both sides of the metallic grating during the fabrication process. The emission peaks have ratios of the full width at half maximum to the peak wavelength of 0.057 and 0.05 …


Preventing Occupational Ailments And Disorders Associated With Cassava Mash Dewatering Techniques, Oladele Peter Kolawole Dr. Jul 2012

Preventing Occupational Ailments And Disorders Associated With Cassava Mash Dewatering Techniques, Oladele Peter Kolawole Dr.

Oladele Peter Kolawole Ph.D

Methods in use to reduce the cyanide level in cassava were found to be dangerous to the processors. To reduce occupational hazards, cassava processors sometimes wear protective coverings such as hand gloves, overall, mouth/nose hood, eye goggles which are not comfortable. Each of the steps in cassava processing stages exposes workers to various occupationally related ailments and disorders of ergonomic origin. The operators of dewatering tools are at the risks of suffering from different ailments.The traditional processors still depend on the old technique and resources. Workers are often exposed to cyanide and many are scared of the toxic effect of …


Nanoprojection Lithography Using Self-Assembled Interference Modules For Manufacturing Plasmonic Gratings, Fang-Tzu Chuang Jun 2012

Nanoprojection Lithography Using Self-Assembled Interference Modules For Manufacturing Plasmonic Gratings, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

Abstract—A new nanoprojection lithography (NPL) is proposed to manufacture plasmonic nanogratings. Here, low-cost self-assembly elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane wavy structures are used as the interference modules, with their periods and amplitudes largely controlled by the applied mechanical strain in the synthesis process. Well defined plasmonic grating couplers with desired feature sizes and wavelengths of operation were obtained. This NPL may enable large-area and flash manufacturing of plasmonic nanogratings with tunable array periods.


Model-Based Approach To Account For The Variation Of Primary Voc Emissions Over Time In The Identification Of Indoor Voc Sources, Kwanghoon Han Jun 2012

Model-Based Approach To Account For The Variation Of Primary Voc Emissions Over Time In The Identification Of Indoor Voc Sources, Kwanghoon Han

Kwanghoon Han

The study objectives were to improve the understanding of the long-term variation of VOC emission chromatograms of building materials and to develop a method to account for this variation in the identification of individual sources of VOC emissions. This is of importance for the application of the source identification method since materials age over time in real indoor environments. The method is based on the mixed air sample measurements containing pollutants from multiple aged materials and the emission signatures of individual new materials determined by PTR-MS. Three emission decay source models were employed and evaluated for their ability to track …


Dynamics Of Land Use/Land Cover Changes And Its Implication On Food Security In Anyigba, North Central, Nigeria, Tokula E. Arome, Sunday P. Ejaro (Phd) May 2012

Dynamics Of Land Use/Land Cover Changes And Its Implication On Food Security In Anyigba, North Central, Nigeria, Tokula E. Arome, Sunday P. Ejaro (Phd)

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

This study assessed land use/land cover changes and its effect on Agricultural land in Anyigba. The objectives were to identify and delineate different land use / land cover categories, assess the rate of change that occurred and examine the impact of land use/land cover change on food security using satellite remote sensing data collected at three different years (1987 Land sat TM, 2001 Land Sat TM and 2011 Land Sat ETM). The study utilized GIS software such as Idrisi Andes academic and ArcGIS 9.3. The study area covers approximately 31.8km2, and four major land use/cover classes were utilized (built up, …


Socio-Economic Effects Of Demolishing Squatter Settlements And Illegal Structures In Abuja Metropolis, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, Ishaku Iy Mallo Phd, Victor G. Obasanya Jan 2012

Socio-Economic Effects Of Demolishing Squatter Settlements And Illegal Structures In Abuja Metropolis, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, Ishaku Iy Mallo Phd, Victor G. Obasanya

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

Abuja the Federal Capital Territory and study area is located between latitudes 8o25’ and 9o25’ North of the Equator and longitudes 6o45’ and 7o45’ East of the Greenwich Meridian. The study was carried out in Abuja Phase 1, and it is aimed at highlighting various socioeconomic effects of demolition of illegal structures and informal or squatter settlements on the people within the study area. Data was collected through reconnaissance survey, personal interviews with respondents, and a well laid out questionnaire. The results indicate that the demolition exercise embarked upon by the authorities in the Federal Capital Territory was a response …


Rainfall Variability And Crop Zones Classification For The Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, Shaibu M. Hassan Phd Jan 2012

Rainfall Variability And Crop Zones Classification For The Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, Shaibu M. Hassan Phd

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

This study aims at analyzing agro-climatological parameters and establishing a link between some selected agro-climatological indices and sustainability of agricultural production in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Two sets of data, climatic and crop yield data were collected and subjected to various agro-climatological analyses. Agro-climatological analyses include the derivation of Onset, Cessation and Length of Rainy Season (LRS), Seasonality Index, Drought Index and Precipitation Periodicity Index. The statistical analyses include monthly and annual means, deviation from the mean, trend line. The result of moisture index in line with crops optimum moisture requirement was used to classify the Territory into agro-climatic …


Assessment Of Organic And Inorganic Phosphorus In Soils Derived From Cretaceous Sediments And Basement Complex Soils Of Guinea Savannah Of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria, Sunday I. Amhakhian, H H. Isitekhale, Charles I. Oyewole Aug 2011

Assessment Of Organic And Inorganic Phosphorus In Soils Derived From Cretaceous Sediments And Basement Complex Soils Of Guinea Savannah Of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria, Sunday I. Amhakhian, H H. Isitekhale, Charles I. Oyewole

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

A pot experiment was carried out using 20 surface soils (0-15cm depth) in 2008 to assess soil organic phosphorus and some fraction of inorganic phosphorus in other to know their availability in the soils of the studied area and also work have not been done in this areas in respect to organic and in-organic phosphorus. The experiment was conducted using 20 soils 10 from each geological formation (Cretaceous sediments and Basement complex soils), respectively. The mean organic phosphorus of 63.51 mgkg 1 soil was obtained for Cretaceous sediment soils and 158.54 mgkg 1 soil for the basement complex soils respectively. …


Development Of Functional Indices Of Facility Occurrence Towards The Distribution Of Social Services In Lagos Island Nigeria., Augustus O. Atubi Aug 2011

Development Of Functional Indices Of Facility Occurrence Towards The Distribution Of Social Services In Lagos Island Nigeria., Augustus O. Atubi

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

Proper coordination of transport and public facilities provision is vital to any balanced regional development strategy. The central aim of this study, therefore, is to find out what the relationship is between access to the transport network and the provision of functional indices of facility occurrence towards the distribution of social services in Lagos Island, Nigeria. In particular it seeks to find out areas that have below or above average level of facility occurrences relative to the level of accessibility. However, a pair wise correlation matrix of the eleven (11) variables employed in the index construction was carried out. The …


Urban Climate And Challenges Of Tropical Cities, B E. Omogbai Jul 2011

Urban Climate And Challenges Of Tropical Cities, B E. Omogbai

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

This study examines the nature of urban climate, features and the challenges on the developing tropical cities in the 21st century. It argues that the use of principles of urban climate would help in providing comfortable living conditions and problem immune working environments for the inhabitants of tropical cities. The findings reveal that owing to poor environmental planning, inadequate geotechnical landscape surveys prior to the development of urban infrastructures, and non-adherence to the principles of urban climate, challenges of landscape degradation, excessive flooding of the built infrastructures, heat-island effects, and collapse of buildings have emerged. Suggested measures to avert these …


Detecting Changes In Landuse/Cover Of Umuahia, South-Eastern Nigeria Using Remote Sensing And Gis Techniques, Fanan Ujoh, Olarewaju Oluseyi Ifatimehin, Adams Ndalai Baba Jul 2011

Detecting Changes In Landuse/Cover Of Umuahia, South-Eastern Nigeria Using Remote Sensing And Gis Techniques, Fanan Ujoh, Olarewaju Oluseyi Ifatimehin, Adams Ndalai Baba

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

Since 1991 when it became the capital city of Abia State, Umuahia has undergone tremendous transformation in its land use and land cover due to rapid urbanization. The main materials employed for this study are a land use map (1991) and Landsat ETM+satellite image (2007) of the study area. These, combined with field survey/checks, were brought into a GIS environment using ILWIS 3.2 Academic image classification software to map the land use/land cover and to estimate the rate of urban expansion and loss of rural land at the peri-urban fringes of Umuahia between 1991 and 2007. The study revealed significant …


Gender Participation In The Management Of Tricycle Transport For Youth Empowerment And Sustainable Development In Kano State, Nigeria, Nuratu Muhammed Jun 2011

Gender Participation In The Management Of Tricycle Transport For Youth Empowerment And Sustainable Development In Kano State, Nigeria, Nuratu Muhammed

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

The research examined gender participation in the management of tricycle for youth empowerment and sustainable development in Kano state, Nigeria. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select samples of drivers(150), passengers (150) and owners/managers the female tricycle owners fell under this category and they numbered(65).All together a total of 365 samples were selected for the study. Data obtained from the primary data was analyzed using simple statistical techniques and chi square test to ascertain whether there was any significant differences in some of the variables tested. The results of the analysis revealed that the main difference was found in …


Self-Assembled Rippling Structure Based On Metal-Elastomer Composite For Tunable Plasmonics, Fang-Tzu Chuang Jun 2011

Self-Assembled Rippling Structure Based On Metal-Elastomer Composite For Tunable Plasmonics, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

We demonstrate that a periodic metallic wavy-structure can be easily fabricated on elastomeric polydymethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. The metallic wavy-structures are self-assembly formed by thermal evaporation of Ag on PDMS without any lithography processes. The size of the PDMS substrate with an aspect ratio (the ratio of length to width) higher than 2 are found to be necessary to self-assemble the one-dimensional metallic wavy-structure. The period of the wavy-structure is controllable by varing the thickness of the deposited silver film. The elastomeric- gratings can excite surface plasmon on Ag/air interfaces; the resonant wavelength can be tuned to a range of 3.5% …


Localized Shape Resonance On Silver Film Perforated By H-Shaped And More Complex Shaped Hole Arrays, Fang-Tzu Chuang Mar 2011

Localized Shape Resonance On Silver Film Perforated By H-Shaped And More Complex Shaped Hole Arrays, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

The experimental results of light transmission through periodic array of H-shaped hole and more complicated hole which is a combination of multiple U shape are demonstrated. The observations indicate that the localized shape resonance in the longest resonant length of unfolded U-shaped part of the hole always appears. However, localized modes resonant in smaller U-shaped length don't always appear. Localized mode with non-U-shaped resonant path cannot be seen in our sample. In addition, localized mode with different order and resonant path can be excited by different polarized light.