Engineering Commons^™

Semi-Annual Program Progress Performance Report For University Transportation Center Pppr#10, Florida Solar Energy Center, Richard Raustad

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) supports the U.S. Department of Transportation's strategic goal of planning for near-term integration of alternative fuel vehicles as a means to build a sustainable transportation system. The project objectives are to evaluate technologies, standards, planning and policies to ensure seamless integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into a complex transportation network and electricity grid. The EVTC bridges the gap between deployment of electric vehicles and the traditional transportation system.

Policies That Impact The Acceleration Of Electric Vehicle Adoption, Florida Solar Energy Center

FSEC Energy Research Center®

To better understand the influence of policy initiatives that relate to electric vehicles (EVs) have on accelerated deployment, this project focused on a number of successful public and private initiatives and policies designed to encourage the adoption of EVs and related infrastructure. References to databases that keep pace with this rapidly evolving and transformative industry are included, and best practices for design of laws and incentives are provided.

Intermodel Comparison Between Switch 2.0 And Ge Maps: Evaluating A New Tool For Integrated Modeling Of Electric Vehicles And High-Renewable Power Systems, Florida Solar Energy Center, Matthias Fripp

FSEC Energy Research Center®

This report presents an inter-model comparison between the Switch and GE Energy Consulting, (GE) Multi Area Production Simulation (MAPS) power system models. This work was conducted as part of the project on the "Effect of Electric Vehicles on Power System Expansion and Operation" under a sub award to the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa (UH), from the Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) at the Florida Solar Energy Center, University of Central Florida. The EVTC is a University Transportation Center funded by the Research and Innovative Technology Administration of the US Department of Transportation. The EVTC is …

Semi-Annual Program Progress Performance Report For University Transportation Systems Pppr#9, Florida Solar Energy Center, Richard Raustad

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) supports the U.S. Department of Transportation's strategic goal of planning for near-term integration of alternative fuel vehicles as a means to build a sustainable transportation system. The project objectives are to evaluate technologies, standards, planning and policies to ensure seamless integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into a complex transportation network and electricity grid. The EVTC bridges the gap between deployment of electric vehicles and the traditional transportation system.

Battery Technologies For Mass Deployment Of Electric Vehicles, Florida Solar Energy Center, R. Paul Brooker

FSEC Energy Research Center®

Electric vehicle (EV) batteries have significantly improved since their inception. However, lifetime of these batteries is still strongly dependent on the usage profiles. This report describes aspects of EV battery utilization, and their impact on battery lifetime. Additionally, this report will describe potential future uses of EV batteries, particularly in vehicle-to-grid applications.

Electric Vehicle And Wireless Charging Laboratory, Florida Solar Energy Center, Richard Raustad

FSEC Energy Research Center®

Wireless charging tests of electric vehicles (EV) have been conducted at the EVTC Wireless Laboratory located at the Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL. These tests were performed to document testing protocols, evaluate standards and evaluate operational related wireless charging characteristics. The presented results give the charging efficiency of a Plugless wireless charger of 3.3 kW rated input power operating at 20 kHz resonant frequency. The results show a maximum charging efficiency of 94% at about 19 cm (7.5 in) of vertical separation. The electric and magnetic fields emanating from the transmitter were measured with and without the unit installed …

Electric Vehicle Grid Experiments And Analysis, Florida Solar Energy Center, Richard Raustad

FSEC Energy Research Center®

This project developed a low cost building energy management system (EMS) and conducted vehicle-to-grid (V2G) experiments on a commercial office building. The V2G effort included the installation and operation of a Princeton Power System CA-30 bi-directional power system. These experiments targeted the reduction of utility peak electrical demand for a commercial office building. In each case, total building peak demand was managed through a computer algorithm to limit the charging rate of electric vehicles or used the vehicle's on-board traction battery as a storage device to minimize peak electrical loads.

Electric Vehicle Interaction At The Electrical Circuit Level, Florida Solar Energy Center, Shawyun Sariri

FSEC Energy Research Center®

A large growth in energy demand has increased renewable energy penetration into existing power grid infrastructures, as well as spurring increased research into demand response programs. But before implementing an efficient demand response program, it is first necessary to understand the power usage behaviors of a consumer. This paper presents a real-time data acquisition system for the collection and storage of power data that will allow the study of demand response in an urban area, which can be applied to the efficient use of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). Demand response programs are an ideal alternative to costly energy storage …

Socio-Economic Implications Of Large-Scale Electric Vehicle Systems, Florida Solar Energy Center, Omer Tatari

FSEC Energy Research Center®

Transportation is a complex, technology-intensive socio-technical system, which needs to be tackled in an integrated manner. Also, transportation as a sector is a significant component of any national economy, and has far-reaching implications both with regard to socio-economic and environmental well-being of the society and within the context of sustainability science. For this reason, sustainable transportation is not only an important field of research within the academia but also an indispensable constituent of a sustainable economy. Therefore, investigating the path to sustainable transportation requires a holistic approach, encompassing the three dimensions of sustainability, i.e. environment, society, and economy. There are …

Techno-Economic Analyses Of Large-Scale Electric Vehicle Systems, Florida Solar Energy Center, Zhihua Qu

FSEC Energy Research Center®

This project developed the process, methodology and algorithms for computer models to evaluate the techno-economic implications of a large-scale electrified transportation sector. The model factors include developing and interacting with a network of electric vehicles and the electric grid, the infrastructure for electric vehicle charging, integrating the transportation and power systems into the urban setting, studying the impact of distributed energy storage and determining the economic impact of increased renewable energy and EVs on the electricity grid and its stability. The modeling related project results are presented in five journal articles and two conference papers. In this final report, the …

Optimal Charging Scheduler For Electric Vehicles On The Florida Turnpike, Florida Solar Energy Center, Zhihua Qu

FSEC Energy Research Center®

This project developed a methodology to simulate and analyze roadway traffic patterns and expected penetration and timing of electric vehicles (EVs) with application directed toward the requirements for electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) siting and purchasing/leasing at turnpike plazas. The project also developed a wireless-communication-based driver-assistance application that would optimize the location and timing of charging for individual drivers as well as efficiency of the overall charging network. The first steps of the project were to develop the systematic methodology for analyzing expected penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and their impacts on the overall transportation infrastructure. An analytical model consisting …

Transportation Planning For Electric Vehicles And Associated Infrastructure, Florida Solar Energy Center, David Block

FSEC Energy Research Center®

Planning is the key to successful adoption and deployment of any new technology, and it is particularly important when that advancement involves a paradigm shift such as electrified transportation. At its core, electric transportation is largely a technology deployment. The vehicles and supporting infrastructure are unique to this mode of transportation; requiring new and specific planning and policies to support their deployment. This EVTC project brings together these planning elements and their role in the future U.S. transportation network. The project results are presented in five planning related subject areas: (1) Identification of 14 of the 22 EVTC program topics …

Prediction Of Electric Vehicle Penetration, Florida Solar Energy Center, David Block

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The object of this report is to present the current market status of plug-in-electric vehicles (PEVs) and to predict their future penetration within the world and U.S. markets. The sales values for 2016 show a strong year of PEV sales both in the world and the U.S. China leads in yearly sales at 316,800 (a 53% increase for 2016 from 2015) followed by Western Europe at 209,300 vehicles sold. The U.S. is third at 159,600. These three regions comprise 91% of the global sales market. The world total of PEV sales for 2016 is estimated to be 756,000 up from …

Electric Vehicle Battery Durability And Reliability Under Electric Utility Grid Operations, Florida Solar Energy Center, Matthieu Dubarry

FSEC Energy Research Center®

Battery degradation is extremely important to EV technologies and is a function of several factors, such as electrode chemistries, operating temperatures, and usage profiles (i.e. vehicle-only vs. vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications). The goal of this research was to assess such impact. Laboratory testing of commercial "18650" Li-ion cells was conducted in Hawaii Natural Energy Institute's Battery Testing Laboratory. The battery test plan used two separate experiments: a cycling experiment to assess the impact of both V2G and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) charging strategies and a calendar aging experiment to assess the impact of temperature and State of Charge (SOC). The results have shown …

Electric Vehicle Energy Impacts, Florida Solar Energy Center, Katherine Mckenzie

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The objective of this research project was to evaluate the impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation on reducing petroleum imports and greenhouse gas emissions to Hawaii. In 2015, the state of Hawaii mandated fossil fuel electric power displacement by imposing Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) that will reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2045. With small, remote and isolated island electricity grids, utilities in Hawaii face unprecedented technical and economic challenges to meet these goals with exceedingly high levels of intermittent wind and PV power generation. To meet these RPS goals, EVs become …

Electric Bus Systems - A Case Study And Optimization Study, Florida Solar Energy Center, Nan Qin

FSEC Energy Research Center®

Pure electric buses (EBs) offer an alternative fuel for the nation's transit bus systems. To evaluate EBs in a transit setting, this project investigated the five electric bus fleet of the StarMetro transit system of the city of Tallahassee, FL. For the study, the implementing strategy, route distances and timings, charging times, fuel economies, impact of chargers, and maintenance and operational characteristics were analyzed. The results were compared to a baseline five diesel bus fleet. The results showed that even with a four-fold improvement in fuel efficiency, the operational costs of electric buses were only 10% lower than that for …

Assessing The Sunguide® And Steward Databases, Florida Solar Energy Center, Richard Raustad

FSEC Energy Research Center®

This report is a final research report for Assessing the SunGuide® and STEWARD Databases project of the Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) at the University of Central Florida (UCF). The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center is a University Transportation Center funded by the Research and Innovative Technology Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The EVTC is a research and education center whose projects prepare the U.S. transportation system for the influx of electric vehicles into a sustainable transportation network and investigate the opportunity these vehicles present to enhance electric grid modernization efforts. The EVTC is led by UCF's Florida Solar …

Ev Workplace Charging Energy Use And Cost Case Study, Florida Solar Energy Center, Richard Raustad

FSEC Energy Research Center®

Efforts to increase the availability of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging stations have focused on expanding public charging stations, promoting charging at the workplace and using charging stations as a shopping incentive for retail stores. This report examines the costs and energy uses to provide the charging service. Rapidly charging a PEV requires expensive electric equipment and can lead to high operating costs due to electrical demand charges. This project presents results from a detailed case study for 5 PEV chargers where the charger electricity costs are a part of a facilities electric bill. Also presented are options for minimizing …

Semi-Annual Program Progress Performance Report For University Transportation Systems, Pppr#4, October 2015, Florida Solar Energy Center, David Block

FSEC Energy Research Center®

A summary of the major activities reported in the following pages is as follows. In the research area, the collection and analysis of data from the Nissan funded DC fast charger at FSEC (Project #3), the development of a student and faculty battery laboratory at Tuskegee University (Project #8), the opening of a new University of Hawaii battery test lab (Project #9), a computer model to optimize electrical costs for Tallahassee StarMetro buses (Project #14), and the installation and beginning of data collection from the FSEC wireless charging laboratory (Project #15). Detailed industry interactions for the period included Nissan, NovaCharge, …

Semi-Annual Program Progress Performance Report For The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center Pppr#3, Florida Solar Energy Center, David Block

FSEC Energy Research Center®

This document covers the program activities of the University of Central Florida's Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) for the 6 month period of October 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015. The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center supports the U.S. Department of Transportation's strategic goal of planning for near-term integration of alternative fuel vehicles as a means to build a sustainable transportation system. The project objectives are to evaluate technologies, standards and policies to ensure seamless integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into a complex transportation network and electricity grid. The EVTC will bridge the gap between deployment of electric vehicles and the …

Electric Vehicle Sales For 2014 And Future Projections, Florida Solar Energy Center, David Block

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The object of this research is to assess the current status and to predict the future penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) within the U.S. market. The prediction method is based on EV yearly sales giving the cumulative vehicles on the road for 2010 through 2014 and the growth rates for these five years. Using these growth values, the future ten year values are calculated. The EV sales results for 2014 in the U.S. show that 118,773 vehicles were sold as compared to 96,700 vehicles in 2013. This gives a one year sales growth rate of 23%. The total cumulative number …

Electric Vehicle Charging Technology Analysis And Standards, Florida Solar Energy Center, J. Doug Kettles

FSEC Energy Research Center®

This report accesses the technologies and standards associated with Electric Vehicles (EVs), Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE) and the related infrastructure. A review of infrastructure, highway and vehicle safety standards are included in the paper. The report also evaluates the barriers and challenges of deploying an expanded network of EV charging stations and makes recommendations to help standardize and expedite EVSE infrastructure deployment to support the accelerating growth of EVs. The study focuses on EVSE and the infrastructure for Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs); collectively known as Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs). The results are restricted to …

Scheduling And Cooperative Control Of Electric Vehicles' Charging At Highway Service Stations, Florida Solar Energy Center, Azwirman Gusrialdi

FSEC Energy Research Center®

This is a re-print version of a publication for the 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Los Angeles, California, USA, December 15-17, 2014Due to their limited ranges, electric vehicles (EVs)need to be periodically charged during their long-distance travels on a highway. Compared to the fossil-fuel powered vehicles, the charging of a single EV takes much more time(up to 30 mins versus 2 mins). As the number of EVs on highways increases, adequate charging infrastructure needs to be put in place. Nonetheless waiting times for EVs to get charged at service stations could still vary significantly unless an appropriate scheduling …

Second Semi-Annual Program Progress Performance Report For University Transportation Systems, Florida Solar Energy Center, David Block

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) supports the U.S. Department of Transportation's strategic goal of planning for near-term integration of alternative fuel vehicles as a means to build a sustainable transportation system. The project will evaluate technologies, standards and policies to ensure seamless integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into a complex transportation network and electricity grid. The EVTC will bridge the gap between deployment of electric vehicles and the traditional transportation system.

The EVTC's goals were described in detail in the previous Program Progress Performance Report. These goals have not changed significantly and this report provides updates to each of …

Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Cost Assessment, Florida Solar Energy Center, Richard Raustad

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) has developed a life cycle cost (LCC) model to include all reasonable costs associated with vehicle ownership over a 5, 10, 15, or 20-year period. The EVTC LCC model compares ownership costs of conventional vehicles to plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles. Internal combustion engines using gasoline, ethanol, or diesel are considered. The analysis includes costs for tires, insurance and maintenance, federal incentives, state tax, dealership fee, and financed interest payments. Traction battery replacement costs are difficult to ascertain yet are included to investigate their impact on overall life cycle costs. Economic factors used …

An Analysis Of Fuel Cell Vehicle Models By Major Automakers, Florida Solar Energy Center, Nan Qin

FSEC Energy Research Center®

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use hydrogen as fuel and exhaust only water. They provide driving ranges and fueling times comparable to gasoline vehicles. Despite the advantages, FCEVs have been in and out of spot light of the auto industry for the past several decades. The information on the development of fuel cell vehicles by major automakers is disparate. This report systematically examined the technical developments of FCEVs since the introduction of the first lab-based fuel cell vehicle in 1966. It included an overview of 117 FCEV models from 31 automakers. It should help the stakeholders to gain an insight …

Semi-Annual Program Progress Performance Report For University Transportation Systems, Florida Solar Energy Center, David Block

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center's (EVTC) vision is to transform the country's transportation network into a fully integrated "smart" electric vehicle deployment system coupled with a "smart" electric grid achieved with maximum efficiency and minimum time and disruption.

To accomplish the EVTC vision, the Center's goals are to serve as the focal point for the U.S. Department of Transportation's strategic goal of planning for near-term integration of alternative fuel vehicles as a means to build a sustainable transportation system. The project will evaluate technologies, standards and policies to ensure seamless integration of EVs into a complex electricity grid and transportation …

Electric Vehicle Sales And Future Projections, Florida Solar Energy Center, David Block

FSEC Energy Research Center®

The objective of this research is to evaluate historical vehicle sales as a basis to determine future projections of electric vehicles sales and cumulative values within the U.S. and by selected states. The results for the U.S. show that the cumulative sales of electric vehicles through 2013 is 167,600 vehicles with 96, 700 sold in 2013 or that 58% of total vehicles were sold in 2013. Depending upon the escalation rate selected, the 10 year future U.S. cumulative sales (2023) are predicted to be from 1.8 to 7.3 million vehicles. Future predictions were also done for the states of Florida, …