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Articles 1 - 30 of 71
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Multidimensional Modeling Of Solid Propellant Burning Rates And Aluminum Agglomeration And One-Dimensional Modeling Of Rdx/Gap And Ap/Htpb, Matthew Wilder Tanner
Multidimensional Modeling Of Solid Propellant Burning Rates And Aluminum Agglomeration And One-Dimensional Modeling Of Rdx/Gap And Ap/Htpb, Matthew Wilder Tanner
Theses and Dissertations
This document details original numerical studies performed by the author pertaining to solid propellant combustion. Detailed kinetic mechanisms have been utilized to model the combustion of the pseudo-propellants RDX/GAP and AP/HTPB. A particle packing model and a diffusion flame model have been utilized to develop a burning rate and an aluminum agglomeration model. The numerical model for RDX/GAP combustion utilizes a "universal" gas-phase kinetic mechanism previously applied to combustion models of several monopropellants and pseudo-propellants. The kinetic mechanism consists of 83 species and 530 reactions. Numerical results using this mechanism provide excellent agreement with RDX and GAP burning rate data, …
Flexography Printing Of Silver Based Conductive Inks On Packaging Substrates, Ramesh Chandra Kattumenu
Flexography Printing Of Silver Based Conductive Inks On Packaging Substrates, Ramesh Chandra Kattumenu
Dissertations
Printing technologies for the production of flexible electronics have gained much interest due to its potential as a means to reduce the complexity and costs of present technology. High volume printing techniques like flexography are of great importance in order to produce rolls of flexible electronics printed directly on paper substrates. The proposed research will be focused on RFID components being in-line printed using flexography printing as the manufacturing platform. The properties of substrates and inks and printing process parameters are evaluated to study their effect on printed traces and RFID antenna. It was found in the study that properties …
Gene Expression Analysis Of Immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Ryan Michael Summers
Gene Expression Analysis Of Immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Ryan Michael Summers
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023
Immobilization is an effective method to increase ethanol production, as proven by previous research. Results almost exclusively demonstrate an increase in ethanol production by and decrease in reproduction rate of immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Recently, research has been conducted to determine the cause of this change. The extreme variance in results due to lack of technology makes it difficult to determine the cellular changes induced by immobilization. With the advent of new technology, specifically gene expression analysis, the RNA content of cells can be easily and rapidly analyzed.
S. cerevisiae cells were immobilized in 3% (w/v) calcium alginate beads and …
Optimum Non Hydrocarbon Gas Injection Development Process And Ultimate Recovery Maximization., Abdulla A.F. Abed
Optimum Non Hydrocarbon Gas Injection Development Process And Ultimate Recovery Maximization., Abdulla A.F. Abed
Theses
A multi layered heterogeneous reservoir was selected for this study. The integrated reservoir characterization model and the pertinent transformed reservoir simulation history matched model were quality assured and quality checked.
The development scheme was identified and selected where the pattern and completion of the wells were defined to fit the heterogeneity of the reservoir characterization model. Lateral and maximum block contact holes were investigated.
The development processes studied were mainly hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and rich hydrocarbon gas. The Water Alternating Gas/ Simultaneous Water Alternating Gas (WAG/SWAG) processes were also assured. In addition to the main gas and WAG/SWAG …
Mechanistic Investigation Of Ash Deposition In Pulverized-Coal And Biomass Combustion, Shrinivas Sadashiv Lokare
Mechanistic Investigation Of Ash Deposition In Pulverized-Coal And Biomass Combustion, Shrinivas Sadashiv Lokare
Theses and Dissertations
This investigation details the effects of fuel constituents on ash deposition through systematic experimental and theoretical analyses of fundamental particle experiments and a suite of fuels with widely varying inorganic contents and compositions. The experiments were carried out in the Multifuel Flow Reactor (MFR) at Brigham Young University. Fuels included several biomass fuels (straw, sawdust and mixtures of straw-sawdust with other additives such as Al(OH)3, CaCO3, etc.) and four commercially-used coals (Illinois#6, Powder River Basin – Caballo and Cordero, Blind Canyon, and Lignite – Beulah Zap). The data from the series of experiments quantitatively illustrate the effects of fuel properties, …
Novel Polypropylene Based Microporous Membranes Via Spherulitic Deformation, Kuan-Yin Lin
Novel Polypropylene Based Microporous Membranes Via Spherulitic Deformation, Kuan-Yin Lin
Dissertations
A novel method for creating a microporous polypropylene membrane via spherulitic deformation is described. The microporous structure was generated by the combination of intra-spherulitic and inter-spherulitic deformations. Polypropylene was selected due to its unique cross-hatched lamellar morphology facilitating inter-spherulitic deformation. A precursor film with a spherulitic structure was made under low-stress melt processing condition. A tangential lamellae-rich spherulite was created and identified with a positive birefringence sign. A sequential annealing process improved the crystalline structure, and in particular the thickness of the tangential lamellae. The annealing process proved to be critical for initiating the inter-spherulitic deformation. The post-extrusion process conditions …
Degradation Of Polylactic Acid In The Presence Of Microsize And Nanosize Fillers, Quyuan Zhou
Degradation Of Polylactic Acid In The Presence Of Microsize And Nanosize Fillers, Quyuan Zhou
Dissertations
Polylactide (PLA)-cationic (montmorillonite, MMT) and anionic (hydrotalcite, HT) clay micro- or nanocomposites based on semicrystalline and amorphous polymers and unmodified and organomodified as well as calcined or non-calcined clays at 5wt% concentration are produced by melt mixing. Depending on the clay type, presence of organomodifiers and calcination, micro- or nanocomposites are produced, as confirmed by XRD and SEM analysis.
Unfilled polymers and their composites are subjected to isothermal degradation in air at 180°C and 200°C. Degradation rate constants are calculated from novel equations incorporating IV. Results show that the thermal degradation rate constants of the amorphous PLA and its composites …
Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of Sonication On The Precipitation Of Grieseofluvin By Impinging Jets, Ankit H. Patel
Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of Sonication On The Precipitation Of Grieseofluvin By Impinging Jets, Ankit H. Patel
Theses
Almost 80% of drugs on the market are manufactured as solid dosage forms, such as tablets. Drug bioavailability increases as the particle size decreases and the surface area per unit volume of drug increases. Therefore, there is a keen interest by the pharmaceutical industry to develop techniques that can be used to manufacture particles of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in the nano/micro particle range. Impinging jets is one of the most promising techniques to do so.
In this work, a submerged impinging jet system coupled with an ultrasonic probe (sonicator) was used to precipitate Griseofulvin, a common, poorly water-soluble antifungal …
Precipitation Of Ultrafine Particles Using Liquid Antisolvent With Concentric Ultrasonic Nozzle And Subcritical Co2, Satya Chaitanya Kunchala
Precipitation Of Ultrafine Particles Using Liquid Antisolvent With Concentric Ultrasonic Nozzle And Subcritical Co2, Satya Chaitanya Kunchala
Theses
Nanotechnology has become more relevant in the pharmaceutical industry. Almost 40% of the drugs developed by pharmaceutical industries are poorly soluble in water which limits the bioavailability of these drugs in body fluids. Hence, it is necessary to reduce the particle size, which increases the interfacial surface area. This work focuses on micronization of class ii drug Griseofulvin which is poorly water soluble. Two processes namely, liquid antisolvent precipitation using ultrasonic nozzle and other process using subcritical CO2 have been used to produce ultrafine particles of this drug.
In liquid antisolvent precipitation, a combination of ultrasound, polymer and surfactant …
Kinetics Of Preferential Adsorption And Equilibrium Properties Of Interfacial Layers Formed From Polymer Chains That Tether By Multiple Ends, Jose Alonzo Calderon
Kinetics Of Preferential Adsorption And Equilibrium Properties Of Interfacial Layers Formed From Polymer Chains That Tether By Multiple Ends, Jose Alonzo Calderon
All Dissertations
Due to their ability to straddle phase boundaries, polymer brushes represent a model system for studies of polymer-modified surfaces. The research presented in this dissertation focuses on understanding a special type of polymer brushes formed at the solid-fluid interface by self-assembly of block copolymer chains that have the ability to tether by multiple ends, thus creating loops on the surface. Specifically, I study the self-assembly of a series of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-polystyrene-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PVP-b-PS-b-PVP) triblock copolymers and PVP-b-PS star block copolymers adsorbed from the selective solvent toluene onto silicon and mica surfaces. The triblock and star copolymers have different molecular weights and PS/PVP …
Extraction Of Proteins By Winsor Iii Microemulsion Systems, Javier Alejandro Gomez Del Rio
Extraction Of Proteins By Winsor Iii Microemulsion Systems, Javier Alejandro Gomez Del Rio
Doctoral Dissertations
Purification of proteins by microemulsion was improved through use of a 3-phase (“Winsor-III”) microemulsion system instead of the traditionally employed 2-phase (“Winsor-II”) water-in-oil microemulsion system. As a consequence, two of the main problems of the traditional method were improved: the low and slow rate of recovery of proteins encapsulated by the microemulsions and the low protein solubilization capacity of the microemulsions.
Microemulsion systems employed a mixture of surfactants, two pH-degradable “cyclic ketal” alkyl ethoxylates (O-[(2-tridecyl, 2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methoxy]–O’- methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)n , where n, the average degree of polymerization for the ethoxylate group, equaled 3.0 or 5.45, CK3 and CK7, …
Energy Production From Poultry Waste: Development And Application Of An Economic Model To Compare Various Concepts, Ricky Everette Dickens
Energy Production From Poultry Waste: Development And Application Of An Economic Model To Compare Various Concepts, Ricky Everette Dickens
Masters Theses
The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a profitable way to recover energy from the poultry waste produced by Seaboard Farms in Chattanooga Tennessee. This study dovetails with an earlier study conducted by the SMARTPARKTMproject, where SMARTPARKTMengineers determined there could be large energy savings through the placement of heat exchangers, and the sharing of hot and cold utilities between companies in that same industrial park. They suggested construction of a Centrally Managed Energy Recovery Facility (CMERFTM) which would incorporate the heat exchangers to match heat streams between the two plants, …
Experimental Studies Of Electron Transfer Between Wild Type And Mutagenic Cyanobacterial Cytochrome C553 And Photosystem I, Mehrsa Raeiszadeh
Experimental Studies Of Electron Transfer Between Wild Type And Mutagenic Cyanobacterial Cytochrome C553 And Photosystem I, Mehrsa Raeiszadeh
Masters Theses
A mutant form of the protein complex cytochrome c553 (cyt c553) has been constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in Thermosynechococcus elongatus (T. elongates) to elucidate the binding and electron transfer properties between cyt c553 and photosystem I (PSI). The electron-transfer between wild type T. elongatus cyt c553 and a mutant form of cyt c553 and T. elongatus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) PSI, has been studied as a function of cyt c553 concentration, ionic strength, pH and the detergents used to stabilize the protein. The effects of each of these …
An Investigation Into The Effects Of Salt Concentration On Surfactant Adsorption Using A Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Shannon Joanne Ray
An Investigation Into The Effects Of Salt Concentration On Surfactant Adsorption Using A Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Shannon Joanne Ray
Masters Theses
Surfactant adsorption from aqueous electrolyte solutions onto metal surfaces was characterized through the use of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). The need for a better understanding of the surfactant adsorption process became apparent in previous studies by Morton et al., who used estimated and extrapolated properties in a thermodynamically-based model of oil removal from metal surfaces. These modeling efforts overlap existing data on surfactant adsorption data and require an estimation of surfactant adsorption phenomena, especially the transition between monolayer adsorption and multi-layer adsorption, which corresponds to the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Thus, the purpose of this study was to gain …
The Development Of A Computational Model Of Thrombosis In Hemodialysis Catheters, Daniel J. Lattin
The Development Of A Computational Model Of Thrombosis In Hemodialysis Catheters, Daniel J. Lattin
Theses and Dissertations
Thromboembolism (TE) significantly limits the usefulness and safety of blood-contacting devices such as hemodialysis catheters. Computer simulation of TE can provide understanding of the process and can facilitate the design of more effective devices. Previous work conducted at BYU successfully modeled TE in a simple, two-dimensional flow cell design by adding quantitative TE code to a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package, Fluent. This two-dimensional model predicted thrombus initiation and growth and adjusted flow to accommodate thrombus geometries, but was limited by computational power and unsophisticated meshing techniques. To build upon this work, and take advantage of BYU's new supercomputing …
Effects Of Moisture On Combustion Of Live Wildland Forest Fuels, Brent M. Pickett
Effects Of Moisture On Combustion Of Live Wildland Forest Fuels, Brent M. Pickett
Theses and Dissertations
Current operational wildland fire models are based on numerous correlations from experiments performed on dry (dead) fuel beds. However, experience has shown distinct differences in burning behaviors between dry and moist (live) fuels. To better understand these fundamental differences, an experiment was designed to use a flat-flame burner to simulate a moving fire front which heated and ignited a stationary, individual fuel sample. Samples included various U.S. species from the California chaparral, the intermountain west, and the southeastern regions. Temperature, mass, and video images were recorded throughout each experimental run from which numerous data values were obtained such as time …
Microkinetic Model Of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis On Iron Catalysts, Uchenna Prince Paul
Microkinetic Model Of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis On Iron Catalysts, Uchenna Prince Paul
Theses and Dissertations
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), developed in the early 1900's, is defined as the catalytic conversion of H2 and CO to hydrocarbons and oxygenates with the production of H2O and CO2. Accurate microkinetic modeling can in principle provide insights into catalyst design and the role of promoters. This work focused on gaining an understanding of the chemistry of the kinetically relevant steps in FTS on Fe catalyst and developing a microkinetic model that describes FTS reaction kinetics. Stable Al2O3-supported/promoted (20% Fe, 1% K, 1% Pt) and unsupported Fe (99% Fe, 1% Al2O3) catalysts were prepared and characterized. Transient experiments including temperature programmed …
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Of Polymer Solutions During Thermal Decomposition Of Rigid Foams, Nathan H. King
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Of Polymer Solutions During Thermal Decomposition Of Rigid Foams, Nathan H. King
Theses and Dissertations
Removable Epoxy Foam (REF) and other rigid foams experience severe changes in structure and properties when exposed to high heat. As thermal energy breaks network bonds in the foam many species are formed, including large polymer-like network fragments and smaller solvent-like molecules. During this process a liquid phase may form. The vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) behavior of the polymer solutions formed during initial decomposition can be highly non-ideal. In this research VLE behavior of high-temperature polymer solutions was studied and a procedure was developed for predicting that behavior during decomposition of rigid foams. A high-temperature VLE facility was built and validated, …
A Simulation Of The Neural Action Potential Under The Influence Of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Modeled In The Neuromuscular Junction, Frank Jenkins
Doctoral Dissertations
The rise of terrorism has created an interest in better ways to detect when humans are exposed to neurotoxins, especially nerve gases developed for military use, most of which are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Many current methods of detection are based on mass spectrometry, a method that is cumbersome and not particularly robust when used as an early warning method. The detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors would benefit from a combined model of the processes occurring in the neuromuscular junction between the presynaptic action potential and the motor end-plate action potential that includes the kinetics of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft. …
Development And Evaluation Of A Sub-Grid Combustion Model For A Landscape Scale 3-D Wildland Fire Simulator, Michael M. Clark
Development And Evaluation Of A Sub-Grid Combustion Model For A Landscape Scale 3-D Wildland Fire Simulator, Michael M. Clark
Theses and Dissertations
A mixture-fraction-based thermodynamic equilibrium approach for modeling gas-phase combustion was adapted and used in FIRETEC, a wildfire computational fluid dynamics model. The motivation behind this work was the desire to incorporate the features of complex chemistry calculations from the thermodynamic equilibrium model into FIRETEC without significantly increasing the computational burden of the program. In order to implement the mixture-fraction-based thermodynamic equilibrium approach, a sub-grid pocket model was developed to simulate the local mixture fraction of sub-grid flame sheets. Numerical simulations of wildfires were performed using FIRETEC with the new sub-grid, mixture-fraction-based pocket model to model gas-phase combustion. The thermodynamic equilibrium …
Modeling Of Electronic And Ionic Transport Resistances Within Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes, David E. Stephenson
Modeling Of Electronic And Ionic Transport Resistances Within Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes, David E. Stephenson
Theses and Dissertations
In this work, a mathematical model is reported and validated, which describes the performance of porous electrodes under low and high rates of discharge. This porous battery model can be used to provide researchers a better physical understanding relative to prior models of how cell morphology and materials affect performance due to improved accounting of how effective resistance change with morphology and materials. The increased understanding of cell resistances will enable improved design of cells for high-power applications, such as hybrid and plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles. It was found electronic and liquid-phase ionic transport resistances are strongly coupled to particle conductivity, …
Fuel Composition Analysis Of Endothermically Heated Jp-8 Fuel For Use In A Pulse Detonation Engine, Eric A. Nagley
Fuel Composition Analysis Of Endothermically Heated Jp-8 Fuel For Use In A Pulse Detonation Engine, Eric A. Nagley
Theses and Dissertations
Waste heat from a pulse detonation engine (PDE) was extracted via zeolite catalyst coated concentric tube-counter flow heat exchangers to produce supercritical pyrolytic conditions for JP-8 fuel. A sampling system and method were developed that enabled samples of reacted fuel to be extracted during steady state operation. Samples were taken over a range of heat exchanger exit temperatures from 820 K (1016° F) to 940 K (1232° F). Offline analysis of liquid and vapor fuel samples indicated fuel decomposition via typical pyrolytic reaction pathways. The liquid analysis showed conversion of parent fuel components with formation of unsaturates (aromatics and alkenes) …
Production Of Nanocrystalline Rdx By Ress : Development And Material Characterization, Victor Stepanov
Production Of Nanocrystalline Rdx By Ress : Development And Material Characterization, Victor Stepanov
Dissertations
The aim of the present work was to address the hazardous vulnerability of energetic materials to accidental initiation. An improved form of the explosive RDX with a significantly reduced sensitivity to stimuli including shock and impact was sought. The direction of this research was to investigate the effect of RDX crystal size reduction down to nano-scale dimensions on the sensitivity characteristics. Although size reduction of energetic crystals has been demonstrated often to result in a sensitivity reduction, the effect at the nano-scale particle size has not been investigated.
To generate nanocrystalline RDX a recrystallization process was developed based on rapid …
Removal And Recovery Of Fermentation-Produced Volatile Organic Compounds By A Novel Liquid Membrane-Based Pervaporation Technique, Atsawin Thongsukmak
Removal And Recovery Of Fermentation-Produced Volatile Organic Compounds By A Novel Liquid Membrane-Based Pervaporation Technique, Atsawin Thongsukmak
Dissertations
Pervaporation is an energy -- efficient alternative to distillation for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water especially solvents from their dilute solutions in a fermentation broth. Liquid membranes have high selectivities for removing solvents from aqueous solutions compared with polymeric membranes or ceramic membranes; however liquid membranes have stability problems due to various losses. The loss of liquid membrane (LM) to the feed solution leads to toxicity for the organisms in a fermentation broth. A new liquid membrane based pervaporation technique has been developed to achieve high selectivity, ensure stability and prevent contamination of the fermentation broth. Trioctylamine (TOA) …
Experimental Investigation Of The Fluid Velocity Distribution In Stirred Tank Reactors Equipped With Retreat-Blade Impellers Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry, Deepak Rajesh Madhrani
Experimental Investigation Of The Fluid Velocity Distribution In Stirred Tank Reactors Equipped With Retreat-Blade Impellers Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry, Deepak Rajesh Madhrani
Theses
Stirred tank reactors are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API's) and their intermediates. Typically, these vessels are glass-lined and are provided with a single retreat-blade glass-lined impeller and a single baffle. Despite their ubiquitous utilization in the pharmaceutical industry for at least the past 40 years, the mixing characteristics of these systems have not been studied to any great extent, making it difficult to predict mixing performance in any given operation.
In this work, the velocity distribution inside the typical glass-lined vessel/impeller system was experimentally quantified using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), which is …
Characterizing And Modeling The Hydrodynamics Of Shallow Spouted Beds, Jiandong Zhou
Characterizing And Modeling The Hydrodynamics Of Shallow Spouted Beds, Jiandong Zhou
Doctoral Dissertations
The hydrodynamics of shallow, conical spouted beds of heavy particles were experimentally studied to determine how they differ from previous spouted bed reports in the literature. Key experimental measurements included minimum spouting velocity, time-average and time-varying (dynamic) pressure drop, time-average fountain height and time-average gas velocity profile in the bed. New correlations were developed for minimum spouting velocity, time-average pressure drop and fountain height based on the experimental data. The time-average gas velocity profile measurements confirmed that the beds in the present study exhibited gas flow features that were at least qualitatively similar to those previously reported for other experimental …
Value Prior To Processing Of Oriented Strand Board Flakes Through Hot Water Extraction, Clinton T. Sattler
Value Prior To Processing Of Oriented Strand Board Flakes Through Hot Water Extraction, Clinton T. Sattler
Masters Theses
Research has already shown that the extraction of a valuable hemicellulose-rich stream is a viable option for revenue generation in the pulp and paper industries. Applying the value prior to pulping concept to the composite panel industry is a natural extension. If a hemicellulose extraction is accomplished under the right conditions, a non-trivial amount of fine chemicals can be generated, while leaving the woody substrate structurally intact for production to traditional products, such as oriented strand board (OSB). According to literature, the removal of hemicellulose can increase the dimensional stability while decreasing the degradability of OSB panels. This research studied …
Determination Of Virgin Wood Remaining In A Cask After Maturation And Predictive Modeling For Spirit Specific Compounds, John Powers Wolff
Determination Of Virgin Wood Remaining In A Cask After Maturation And Predictive Modeling For Spirit Specific Compounds, John Powers Wolff
Masters Theses
The stipulations from the government of the United States require whisky distillers to use a new, charred oak barrel for maturation of the spirit. The amount of money spent on new oak accounts for almost 60% of the price for the finished spirit. Determining the amount of virgin wood, wood not affected by the maturation process, which remains in the stave, could reduce the costs for the production of certain spirits.
Thermal treatment to the wood before maturation creates some of the compounds attributing to the flavor and color of the spirit. Utilizing pressure, temperature, and humidity differences from season …
A Study Of Inhomogeneity Effects On Packed High Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns, Tyler House
A Study Of Inhomogeneity Effects On Packed High Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns, Tyler House
Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
The packing quality of a High Performance Liquid Chromatography column has significant impact on the resulting separations. In practice, problems in a packing occur through normal usage of a column. Resulting chromatograms from inhomogeneities exhibit varying problems such as extreme tailing and double peaks. Early detection of such problems is critical to fixing problems before their effect harms efficiency, but a fully developed theory of how inhomogeneities affect separations does not exist. The purpose of this work was to experimentally characterize HPLC column inhomogeneities and to begin preliminary simulations of HPLC columns with the computer simulation package STAR-CD. To do …
Optimization Of Production, Maintenance, Design And Reliability For Multipurpose Process Plants: An Analysis And Revision Of Models, Christopher L. Mcgann
Optimization Of Production, Maintenance, Design And Reliability For Multipurpose Process Plants: An Analysis And Revision Of Models, Christopher L. Mcgann
Renée Crown University Honors Thesis Projects - All
The successful design of multipurpose process plants, which are characterized by their flexibility, is accomplished by maximizing the availability of process units and therefore, the profitability of the process. Maximum availability is achieved through the optimization of the design and production scheduling of a process under constraints relating to equipment maintenance and failure. Mathematical models that incorporate the production scheduling, maintenance scheduling, process design and initial reliability aspects of a process can be optimized in order to maximize availability. These mathematical models are solved through the use of computers. Mathematical process models, presented in the literature and containing the aforementioned …