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Articles 1 - 30 of 30
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Experimental Investigation Of Injectivity In Unconsolidated Formations, Callie Pritchett
Experimental Investigation Of Injectivity In Unconsolidated Formations, Callie Pritchett
Honors Theses
No abstract provided.
Electrochemical Reduction Of Co2 On Supported Cu2o Catalysts, Joel Niño Galvez Bugayong
Electrochemical Reduction Of Co2 On Supported Cu2o Catalysts, Joel Niño Galvez Bugayong
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
We have examined Cu-based catalyst materials that enable the conversion of CO2 to useful products such as fuels and chemical feedstocks by electrochemical reduction. In particular, we compared the electrocatalytic activity of supported Cu2O particles prepared using electrodeposition and wet chemical methods. The particles had cubic structure, ranging in size from 40 nm to 900 nm and consisting of low index planes. We observed significantly different product distribution on these catalysts compared to polycrystalline Cu, specifically for methane and ethylene formation. While Cu particles showed higher faradaic efficiency for methane formation compared to ethylene formation, we observed that Cu2O particles …
Rare Earth/Transition Metal Oxides For Syngas Cleanup, Rui Li
Rare Earth/Transition Metal Oxides For Syngas Cleanup, Rui Li
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Syngas from gasification of biomass or biomass and coal is a potential source of renewable energy. However, byproducts such as H2S and tars must be removed before further utilization or processing of syngas. Rare earth oxides (REOs, e.g., Ce/LaOx (1.7< x <2)) mixed with transition metals (e.g., Mn, Fe) were synthesized by various methods, and in some cases supported on a thermally stable alumina. Both desulfurization and tar reforming experiments were conducted at high temperatures under similar conditions with synthetic effluents in order to achieve better heat integration and higher yield to desired products CO and H2. The sulfur capacities at temperatures from 900-1025 K with air regeneration were measured for repeat cycles until a stable, reversible capacity was obtained. The oxidized and sulfided (reduced) sorbents were characterized by XRD, XANES, XAFS, TPR and BET. Density functional theory calculations were used to aid in interpreting characterization data and in explaining the enhanced S adsorption capacities. The results showed that mixed REOs, such as Ce/Tb, and Ce/La synthesized by a templated sol-gel approach do not have high sulfur capacities. The presence of either CO2 or H2O inhibits the adsorption of H2S. However, addition of Mn to REOs effectively increased the sulfur capacity, and Mn-REO sorbents are regenerable even in the presence of air, although there is some sulfate formation. The formation of elemental sulfur during regeneration could be related to the oxygen vacancies promoted by doping Mn into the ceria lattice. DFT calculations suggested doping Mn into CeO2 decreased the vacancy formation energies and lowered the H2S adsorption energy. In contrast, for MnO-doped REOs supported on ã-Al2O3, although their surface areas remained high after multi-cycle usage, the probable formation of MnAl2O4 as observed by XANES reduces the sulfur capacities. Reforming experiments were carried out using synthetic syngas mixtures with C10H8 as a tar model compound, both with and without H2S. The results showed that CO2 and H2O inhibit the reforming activities to some extent. Fe- or Mn-doped supported REOs are promising tar cleanup catalysts. They exhibited higher sulfur tolerance, less coking, and less methanation than typical Ni-based high temperature reforming catalysts. This behavior is in part attributed to enhanced generation of oxygen vacancies in the doped REOs.
Physico-Chemical Properties Of Green Leaf Volatiles, Harsha Satyanarayana Vempati
Physico-Chemical Properties Of Green Leaf Volatiles, Harsha Satyanarayana Vempati
LSU Master's Theses
Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) is a class of vegetation emissions whose release is greatly enhanced in the event of thermal or mechanical stress. These oxygenated hydrocarbons that have been identified as a potential source of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA) via aqueous oxidation. The physico-chemical properties of GLVs are vital to understanding their fate and transport in the atmosphere, but few experimental data are available. We studied the aqueous solubility, 1-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, and Henry’s Constant (KH) of five GLVs at 25&176;C: methyl jasmonate, methyl salicylate, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and cis-3-hexenyl acetate. Henry’s constant was additionally measured at 30&176;C & 35&176;C, and …
Numerical Investigation Of Cryopreserved Zebrafish Sperm Cell Activation In Microchannels, Thomas Foster Scherr
Numerical Investigation Of Cryopreserved Zebrafish Sperm Cell Activation In Microchannels, Thomas Foster Scherr
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This aim of this research project is to probe the activation process of zebrafish spermatozoa. Zebrafish are a model species for biological engineering applications, and the cryopreservation of their reproductive cells allows for inexpensive cataloging and maintenance of valuable biological material. Evaluation of cryopreservation protocols for aquatic sperm cells is typically accomplished by motility analysis after subjecting cells to a cryopreservation treatment. In zebrafish sperm cells, motility is initiated when cells come into contact with a hypo-osmotic environment. Subsequent activation analysis is currently done manually and brings with it an inherent difficulty and error. This process is slow and not …
Poroelastic Inhomogeneities: Applications In Reservoir Geomechanics, Houman Bedayat
Poroelastic Inhomogeneities: Applications In Reservoir Geomechanics, Houman Bedayat
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The scarce amount of conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs and increase of fuel consumption in the world have made production from unconventional hydrocarbon resources inevitable. Because of the low permeability of unconventional formations, fractures are the main paths for the fluid to flow. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the size, orientation, and permeability of the fracture systems are essential for reservoir engineers. Permeability of the fractures is function of their volume and opening, and stress and fluid pore pressure distribution in the formation. Since reservoir pressure may change over the production life of the reservoir, studying stress redistribution and mechanical behavior of the …
Effects Of Different Preparation Methods On Structure And Catalytic Behavior Of Iron-Based Catalyst Via Fischer Trospch Synthesis Of Biomass-Derived Syngas, Khietlethanh Mai
Effects Of Different Preparation Methods On Structure And Catalytic Behavior Of Iron-Based Catalyst Via Fischer Trospch Synthesis Of Biomass-Derived Syngas, Khietlethanh Mai
LSU Master's Theses
Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for producing liquid fuels via synthetic gas (syngas) and Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS). Syngas produced from biomass has low H2/CO ratio (~0.7/1) and high concentration of CO2. In order to produce liquid hydrocarbons from this syngas, a catalyst must be used to increase the H2/CO ratio to 2 or higher. This catalyst must also have reasonable reverse water-gas-shift (R-WGS) activity in a CO2 rich environment. In this study, two 100Fe/4Cu/4K/6Zn were prepared using coprecipitation (Cat_C) and impregnation (Cat_I) methods. The effects of these preparation methods on the catalyst structure and FTS performance in biomass …
Investigation Of Dimensionality-Dependent Foam Rheological Properties By Using Mechanistic Foam Model, Woochan Lee
Investigation Of Dimensionality-Dependent Foam Rheological Properties By Using Mechanistic Foam Model, Woochan Lee
LSU Master's Theses
A numerous laboratory and field tests revealed that foam can effectively control gas mobility, improve sweep efficiency, and increase oil production, if correctly designed. It is believed that there is a significant gap between small laboratory-scale experiments and large field-scale tests because of two main reasons: (i) typical laboratory flow tests are conducted in linear systems, while field-scale foam EOR processes are performed in radial (or spherical partly) systems in general; and (ii) through the complicated in-situ lamella creation and coalescence mechanisms and non-Newtonian behavior, foam rheology is thought to depend on geometry and dimensionality and, as a result, it …
Applications Of Cfd Simulations On Studying The Multiphase Flow In Microfluidic Devices, Yuehao Li
Applications Of Cfd Simulations On Studying The Multiphase Flow In Microfluidic Devices, Yuehao Li
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Microfluidics has been extensively investigated as a unique platform to synthesize nanoparticles with desired properties, e.g., size and morphology. Compared to the conventional batch reactors, wet-chemical synthesis using continuous flow microfluidics provides better control over addition of reagents, heat and mass transfer, and reproducibility. Recently, millifluidics has emerged as an alternative since it offers similar control as microfluidics. With its dimensions scaled up to millimeter size, millifluidics saves fabrication efforts and potentially paves the way for industrial applications. Good designs and manipulations of microfluidic and millifluidic devices rely on solid understanding of fluid dynamics. Fluid flow plays an important role …
Effect Of Process Mixing On The Size Distribution And Mean Diameter Of The Thiol-Triacrylate Microcapsules, Rubaiyet Abedin
Effect Of Process Mixing On The Size Distribution And Mean Diameter Of The Thiol-Triacrylate Microcapsules, Rubaiyet Abedin
LSU Master's Theses
An important limitation in the development of the microparticles is the difficulty to develop a precise size distribution. Microparticles have a wide spread applicability in different fields including medical, pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetics, pesticide, printing industry, etc. The large and growing impact of microencapsulation in different fields of technology has made this process important. Microparticle size is a primary determinant of control release mechanism and the reaction kinetics and also impacts the allowable routes of administration, The main objective of this research work is to evaluate the effect of the process mixing on the size and size distribution of the trithiol-triacrylate …
Advanced And Novel Modeling Techniques For Simulation, Optimization And Monitoring Chemical Engineering Tasks With Refinery And Petrochemical Unit Applications, Gregory M. Robertson
Advanced And Novel Modeling Techniques For Simulation, Optimization And Monitoring Chemical Engineering Tasks With Refinery And Petrochemical Unit Applications, Gregory M. Robertson
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Engineers predict, optimize, and monitor processes to improve safety and profitability. Models automate these tasks and determine precise solutions. This research studies and applies advanced and novel modeling techniques to automate and aid engineering decision-making. Advancements in computational ability have improved modeling software’s ability to mimic industrial problems. Simulations are increasingly used to explore new operating regimes and design new processes. In this work, we present a methodology for creating structured mathematical models, useful tips to simplify models, and a novel repair method to improve convergence by populating quality initial conditions for the simulation’s solver. A crude oil refinery application …
Image-Based Pore-Scale Modeling Of Inertial Flow In Porous Media And Propped Fractures, Yijie Shen
Image-Based Pore-Scale Modeling Of Inertial Flow In Porous Media And Propped Fractures, Yijie Shen
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Non-Darcy flow is often observed near wellbores and in hydraulic fractures where relatively high velocities occur. Quantifying additional pressure drop caused by non-Darcy flow and fundamentally understanding the pore-scale inertial flow is important to oil and gas production in hydraulic fractures. Image-based pore-scale modeling is a powerful approach to obtain macroscopic transport properties of porous media, which are traditionally obtained from experiments and understand the relationship between fluid dynamics with complex pore geometries. In image-based modeling, flow simulations are conducted based on pore structures of real porous media from X-ray computed tomographic images. Rigorous pore-scale finite element modeling using unstructured …
Continuous Reservoir Modeling Updating By Integrating Experimental Data Using An Ensemble Kalman Filter, Ting Sun
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The continuous researvoir model updating is widely used to calibrate reservoir simulation models to production data, but many challenges remain. First, few real field data are available to test the new history matching method, and most of the data sets are synthetic cases. Second, computational cost may be high when using non-Gaussian priors or nonlinear models. Third, with large complex models, the simulation runs and history matching method require huge memory allocations. This dissertation achieves a continuous reservoir model updating workflow with a meter-scale , two-phase flow experiment. Both production and seismic data are collected in the experiment. Because the …
Investigating Different Coding Environments For Simplified Reservoir Characterization Models, Atheer Mohammad Al Attar
Investigating Different Coding Environments For Simplified Reservoir Characterization Models, Atheer Mohammad Al Attar
LSU Master's Theses
Reservoir characterization is one of the most important tasks that determines the recovery plan for a specific reservoir. This process incorporates a significant amount of data acquisition and processing to finally develop an acceptable model that matches the production history and can forecast the future production behavior. The model also should be able to adapt to changes along the way: adding or removing producers or injectors, changing the injection pattern, recompletions and converting wells are all examples of possible changes that are common in the oil and gas industry. Usually these changes are modeled by running field-scale simulations and providing …
Catalytic Active Site, Mechanistic And Kinetic Studies Of Dry (Co2) Reforming Of Methane Over Lanthanum Zirconate (La2zr2o7) Pyrochlores, Devendra Pakhare
Catalytic Active Site, Mechanistic And Kinetic Studies Of Dry (Co2) Reforming Of Methane Over Lanthanum Zirconate (La2zr2o7) Pyrochlores, Devendra Pakhare
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Dry (CO2) reforming of CH4 (DRM) produces commercially important synthesis gas (H2 and CO) with H2/CO ≤ 1, which can be used for synthesis of higher alkanes and oxygenates. DRM is highly endothermic and requires temperatures as high as 800°C-1000°C to attain high equilibrium conversions. A major problem associated with DRM is catalyst deactivation due to carbon deposition. Thus it is imperative that the catalyst used for DRM must resist deactivation due to sintering and carbon deposition. DRM is well studied in the literature over various catalysts, however, there is no literature, except the Ashcroft (1993) article, for DRM over …
An Experimental Investigation Of The Effects Of N-Decane On The Supercritical Pyrolysis Of Toluene, Catherine A. Grubb
An Experimental Investigation Of The Effects Of N-Decane On The Supercritical Pyrolysis Of Toluene, Catherine A. Grubb
LSU Master's Theses
Future and current high-speed jet aircraft will require their fuels to act as the primary coolants as well as propellants. Fuels will be exposed to severe temperatures and pressures in hypersonic aircraft, up to 700°C and 130 atm, respectively, conditions that are supercritical for most pure hydrocarbons. Under supercritical conditions, hydrocarbon fuels undergo pyrolytic reactions, which may lead to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), known precursors to carbonaceous solid deposits. Such deposits may clog fuel lines and injection nozzles, hindering safe engine performance. Hence, it is important to understand the reactions that lead to the formation of PAH. …
Quantifying Phase Configuration Inside An Intact Core Based On Wettability Using X-Ray Computed Tomography, Dinara Dussenova
Quantifying Phase Configuration Inside An Intact Core Based On Wettability Using X-Ray Computed Tomography, Dinara Dussenova
LSU Master's Theses
The ability to evaluate rock and fluid properties on the order of a few microns opens new areas in reservoir engineering and reservoir simulation. Multiple studies have been done on the application of x-ray computed tomography (microCT) for the pore-scale evaluation of fluid interfaces and rock-fluid interaction. A majority of the fluid flow governing interactions occur at the pore scale level and is usually overseen on large reservoir scales. Hence, it is important to carefully investigate such interactions. Multi-fluid-phase distribution and interaction of two immiscible fluids such as oil and water is one of the most important and constantly investigated …
Multiscale Estimation Of Inertial Effects For Frac-Pack Completed Gas Reservoirs, Sultan Anbar
Multiscale Estimation Of Inertial Effects For Frac-Pack Completed Gas Reservoirs, Sultan Anbar
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Accurate estimation of production from frac-pack completed gas wells requires reliable estimation of flow properties from reservoir rocks and proppants. This study is composed of three parts: core-scale, pore-scale and reservoir-scale analyses of this problem. In the core-scale analysis, simultaneous estimation of permeability, non-Darcy, and Klinkenberg coefficients of reservoir rock is conducted from steady-state and pulse-decay experiments. Confidence intervals of the estimated parameters are determined from the Bootstrap method. The duration of pulse-decay experiments has a large impact on confidence intervals; therefore, correlations are developed to estimate the experimental duration for both 1-tank and 2-tank set-ups from the core properties …
Effect Of Forced Flow Oscillation On Churn And Annular Flow In Vertical Wellbores, Catalina Posada
Effect Of Forced Flow Oscillation On Churn And Annular Flow In Vertical Wellbores, Catalina Posada
LSU Master's Theses
Producing oil and gas from marginal hydrocarbon reservoirs and mature fields present particular challenges. One of the challenges for these types of fields is flow instability. Pipeline risers and artificial gas-lift systems experience instabilities, which cause significant reductions in production among others operational drawbacks. Different types of instabilities (static and dynamic) have been identified affecting those systems. However, there is still a lack of systematic investigations associated with the understanding of dynamic instabilities (periodic oscillations) and their impact in production systems. A systematic investigation of the effects of periodic forced oscillations on gas-liquid flows in a 42 m (140-ft) long, …
Effects Of Drill-Pipe Whirling Motion On Cuttings Transport Performance For Horizontal Drilling, Yasin Demiralp
Effects Of Drill-Pipe Whirling Motion On Cuttings Transport Performance For Horizontal Drilling, Yasin Demiralp
LSU Master's Theses
Dispersion, deposition, and suspension of particulate materials in the carrier fluid play a significant role in the oil industry. Increasing the cuttings transport performance in deviated wells is difficult due to the rolling/sliding transport, and cuttings settling on the low side of the annulus. Insufficient cuttings transport may lead to some crucial problems such as pipe sticking, increasing in torque and drag, material damage and bed cementing quality. Increasing flow rates and improving mud properties may not be applicable for a proper hole cleaning because of the hydraulic and mechanical limitations. In such cases, additional pressure may be generated, and …
Analysis Of Microseismic Events Associated With Hydraulic Fracture Propagation, Chennu Fan
Analysis Of Microseismic Events Associated With Hydraulic Fracture Propagation, Chennu Fan
LSU Master's Theses
Previous practice to determine the source mechanism of microseismic events associated with hydraulic fracture typically includes only far-field terms in moment tensor inversion. The intermediate-field terms and near-field term are normally ignored because of increased complexity in the calculation. Source-receiver distances in hydraulic fracturing are usually 1000 ft and the effects of near and intermediate-field terms are still unknown. We perform a study to improve the precision of the source mechanism by including the intermediate-field term in moment tensor inversion. We find that the intermediate-field term contributes 1/3 of the signal amplitude when the source-receiver distance is 1000 ft. The …
Experimental Assessment Of Cement Integrity Under Thermal Cycle Loading Conditions In Geopressured Geothermal Reservoirs, Kolawole Saheed Bello
Experimental Assessment Of Cement Integrity Under Thermal Cycle Loading Conditions In Geopressured Geothermal Reservoirs, Kolawole Saheed Bello
LSU Master's Theses
The number of well integrity issues increase as wells are exposed to severe downhole conditions and have longer lifetimes. Techniques for heat extraction from geopressured geothermal reservoirs involve production of hot water and injection of cold water which expose downhole materials to harsh cyclic temperature variations. Heating and cooling make the cement expand and contract as a result of thermal expansion. This volumetric change can influence cement sheaths causing them to fail. Failure of annular cement sheaths can introduce well integrity issues and subsequently lead to sustained casing pressure. This study measures the effect of cyclic thermal loading of cement …
G-Box Model For The Fate Of Emerging Contaminants In Soil, Eileen Cranfield
G-Box Model For The Fate Of Emerging Contaminants In Soil, Eileen Cranfield
LSU Master's Theses
Pesticides applied to agriculture fields move and react into the soil system. The objective of this research was to develop a model that uses the natural soil processes (diffusion, advection, or reaction type processes in multiple phases) to track pesticides and other emerging contaminants (EMCONs) in the soil over space and time. The model separates the soil into a series of boxes with soil processes passing through and into the boxes. With a system of equations developed from these processes, the model produces a gradient concentration profile, hence the Gradient Box, or G-box Model. The model is first tested against …
Analysis Of Hydrodynamic Drag Forces Acting On Suspended Fine Particle In Porous Media, Seyed Amin Mirsaeidi Farahani
Analysis Of Hydrodynamic Drag Forces Acting On Suspended Fine Particle In Porous Media, Seyed Amin Mirsaeidi Farahani
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
An important class of flow and transport problems occurring in porous media involves the interactions between suspended fine particles and the moving fluid at Stokes limit. Historically, due to the complicated geometries of porous media, researchers have had to resort to simplifying assumptions to conceptualize the underlying physics. However, the advent of high performance computing, in recent decades, has made it possible to vigorously investigate this problem at the streamline scale level. In this work, the flow problem is solved by means of a finite-element model. The simulations results are used to compute the drag forces experienced by suspended fine …
Sinking Of Hydrocarbon Mixtures Due To Evaporative And/Or Dissolution Weathering On The Surface And Submerged In Water, Christopher Clayton Stevens
Sinking Of Hydrocarbon Mixtures Due To Evaporative And/Or Dissolution Weathering On The Surface And Submerged In Water, Christopher Clayton Stevens
LSU Master's Theses
The appearance of on-bottom oil following surface and deep water spills has been well documented. A very likely, yet sparingly studied, cause of this phenomenon is the evaporation and/or dissolution of the light constituents of the mixture, leaving a heavy residual fraction that may sink. A binary mixture of a light, volatile/soluble and a heavy, nonvolatile/insoluble component was used in numerous laboratory experiments, with binary and multi-component mixtures, to confirm this event is possible. A binary-component model was developed based on the law of conservation of mass for “oil” spilled on the surface to predict sinking time requirements based on …
Experimental Assessment Of Expandable Casing Technology As A Solution For Microannular Gas Flow, Darko Kupresan
Experimental Assessment Of Expandable Casing Technology As A Solution For Microannular Gas Flow, Darko Kupresan
LSU Master's Theses
Microannular gas flow in the wellbore is known to be one of the major reasons for Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP). Low success rate (under 50%) of costly remedial cementing operations and increasing difficulty in sealing off problematic areas motivated the industry to look for more practical remediation solutions. Expandable casing technology is one of those new proposed techniques. A bench-scale physical model tested the potential of expandable casing technology for remediation of microannular gas migration. The composite samples with pipe-inside-pipe cemented annulus were designed to simulate a wellbore system including a pre-manufactured microannulus on the inner pipe/cement interface. Multi-rate flow-through …
Modeling Of Foam Flow In Porous Media For Subsurface Environmental Remediation, Seungjun Lee
Modeling Of Foam Flow In Porous Media For Subsurface Environmental Remediation, Seungjun Lee
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Among numerous foam applications in a wide range of disciplines, foam flow in porous media has been spotlighted for improved/enhanced oil recovery processes in petroleum-bearing geological formations and shallow subsurface in-situ NAPL (non-aqueous phase liquid) environmental remediation in contaminated soils and aquifers. In those applications, foams are known to reduce the mobility of gas phase by increasing effective gas viscosity and improve sweep efficiency by mitigating subsurface heterogeneity. This study investigates how surfactant/foam process works fundamentally for environmental remediation purpose by using MoC (Method of Characteristics) based foam modeling and simulation techniques. It consists of two main parts: Part 1, …
Nonlinear Data Driven Techniques For Process Monitoring, Michael C. Thomas
Nonlinear Data Driven Techniques For Process Monitoring, Michael C. Thomas
LSU Master's Theses
The goal of this research is to develop process monitoring technology capable of taking advantage of the large stores of data accumulating in modern chemical plants. There is demand for new techniques for the monitoring of non-linear topology and behavior, and this research presents a topological preservation method for process monitoring using Self Organizing Maps (SOM). The novel architecture presented adapts SOM to a full spectrum of process monitoring tasks including fault detection, fault identification, fault diagnosis, and soft sensing. The key innovation of the new technique is its use of multiple SOM (MSOM) in the data modeling process as …
Removal Of Sustained Casing Pressure By Gravity Displacement Of Annular Fluid, Efecan Demirci
Removal Of Sustained Casing Pressure By Gravity Displacement Of Annular Fluid, Efecan Demirci
LSU Master's Theses
Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP) is the undesirable casing head pressure of a well annulus that rebuilds when bled-down. As the conventional methods for SCP removal using rigs are expensive, there is a need for improvement. Annular intervention for replacing the fluid above the leaking cement with a heavier fluid to stop gas migration is a solution for SCP removal; however, previous attempts failed due to miscibility of injected fluids. Using hydrophobic heavy fluids for the purpose is a newly proposed technique to the technology. Potential of theoretically selected and produced immiscible heavy fluids are investigated in characterized annular fluids. A …
Design Of A Multi-Agent System For Process Monitoring And Supervision, Onur Dogu
Design Of A Multi-Agent System For Process Monitoring And Supervision, Onur Dogu
LSU Master's Theses
New process monitoring and control strategies are developing every day together with process automation strategies to satisfy the needs of diverse industries. New automation systems are being developed with more capabilities for safety and reliability issues. Fault detection and diagnosis, and process monitoring and supervision are some of the new and promising growth areas in process control. With the help of the development of powerful computer systems, the extensive amount of process data from all over the plant can be put to use in an efficient manner by storing and manipulation. With this development, data-driven process monitoring approaches had the …