Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Special Education and Teaching (21)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (10)
- Curriculum and Instruction (9)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (8)
- Disability and Equity in Education (7)
-
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (5)
- Elementary Education (5)
- Educational Leadership (4)
- Higher Education (4)
- Educational Methods (3)
- Educational Psychology (3)
- Secondary Education (3)
- Arts and Humanities (2)
- Community College Leadership (2)
- Early Childhood Education (2)
- Elementary Education and Teaching (2)
- Other Education (2)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (2)
- Accessibility (1)
- Adult and Continuing Education (1)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (1)
- Business (1)
- Community College Education Administration (1)
- Counseling Psychology (1)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (1)
- Dance (1)
- Educational Technology (1)
- Elementary and Middle and Secondary Education Administration (1)
- English Language and Literature (1)
- Institution
-
- Concordia University St. Paul (4)
- Seton Hall University (4)
- Walden University (4)
- Old Dominion University (3)
- University of Central Florida (3)
-
- Utah State University (3)
- Abilene Christian University (2)
- East Tennessee State University (2)
- Lesley University (2)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (2)
- Bethel University (1)
- Brigham Young University (1)
- California State University, San Bernardino (1)
- Central Washington University (1)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (1)
- Clemson University (1)
- Dominican University of California (1)
- Georgia State University (1)
- Governors State University (1)
- Merrimack College (1)
- National Louis University (1)
- Nova Southeastern University (1)
- St. John's University (1)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (1)
- University of Mississippi (1)
- University of Missouri, St. Louis (1)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (1)
- University of New Mexico (1)
- University of New Orleans (1)
- University of North Dakota (1)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (6)
- Theses and Dissertations (5)
- Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) (4)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (4)
- CUP Ed.D. Dissertations (3)
-
- Dissertations (3)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (2)
- Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations (2)
- Educational Studies Dissertations (2)
- Honors Theses (2)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (2)
- All Capstone Projects (1)
- All Dissertations (1)
- All Electronic Theses and Dissertations (1)
- All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023 (1)
- All Master's Theses (1)
- Communication Sciences and Disorders Dissertations (1)
- Dissertations, Masters Theses, Capstones, and Culminating Projects (1)
- Doctorate in Education (1)
- Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations (1)
- Honors Program Contracts (1)
- Masters of Education in Teaching and Learning (1)
- Student Work (1)
- Teacher Education, Educational Leadership & Policy ETDs (1)
- Theses and Dissertations in Urban Services - Urban Education (1)
- University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 50
Full-Text Articles in Education
With Great Power: Using Comics To Facilitate Discussion Of Systemic Oppression In Higher Education Literature Classes, Keri Crist-Wagner
With Great Power: Using Comics To Facilitate Discussion Of Systemic Oppression In Higher Education Literature Classes, Keri Crist-Wagner
All Dissertations
Undergraduate student participation in general education classes constitutes a point of struggle for many educators, especially when it comes to lessons centered around systems of oppression like racism, sexism, or heterosexism. Using both constructivism and counter storytelling as theoretical frameworks, this multi-method phenomenological case study explored the experiences of undergraduate honors students in a semester long general education literature class. The purpose of this study was to 1) explore how comics can be used as a pedagogical tool in higher education classrooms to facilitate discussion of systems of oppression, 2) assess the ways in which students interacted with comics, and …
Educator Preparedness To Leverage Assistive Technologies In The Classroom, Sean Masterman
Educator Preparedness To Leverage Assistive Technologies In The Classroom, Sean Masterman
Doctorate in Education
The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is driving a compelling need for pedagogical change, yet there is disjuncture between the capacity of emerging technologies to address this need and their actual use in the American classroom. These technologies can enable personalization to meet each student’s individualized learning needs. Educator preparedness is the first step toward embracing and integrating the broad capabilities of emerging technologies to help build the future workforce. This qualitative, phenomenological case study assessed the preparedness of middle school general educators in two Minnesota school districts to leverage assistive technologies (ATs) to improve student learning from the perspective of …
Teacher Preparedness For Integrating Dyslexia Interventions In The General Education Classroom, Eleanor Perkins
Teacher Preparedness For Integrating Dyslexia Interventions In The General Education Classroom, Eleanor Perkins
Honors Theses
This thesis features a review of the body of literature surrounding teacher knowledge dyslexia and its interventions. Several studies show teachers (both preservice and inservice) do not have a strong understanding of neither the learning disability nor effective interventions for dyslexia. Students with dyslexia benefit from explicit and systematic teaching. The following lesson plans demonstrate how to lead both large- and small-groups using dyslexia-centered strategies as a general education teacher. The ten-day unit and accompanying intervention plans are designed to specifically accommodate the needs of students with dyslexia, though even students without dyslexia are known to benefit from systematic and …
Teachers Of General Education: Perceptions And Experiences Teaching Inclusion In U.S. Schools, Ann C. Sander
Teachers Of General Education: Perceptions And Experiences Teaching Inclusion In U.S. Schools, Ann C. Sander
Teacher Education, Educational Leadership & Policy ETDs
This phenomenological qualitative study explored the perceptions and experiences of a group of U.S. public schools, kindergarten through fifth grade teachers, certified in general education with experience teaching inclusion--a federally mandated practice requiring schools to educate students both with and without disabilities in the same classroom. Much of the literature surrounding inclusion focuses on the perceived benefits of the program and children with disabilities' legal rights. The literature has a limited number of references describing the perceptions and experiences of teachers who are required to provide the educational services necessary for inclusion in the classroom.
In this study, 35 participants …
Perspectives Of Students With Asd And Their Parents: What Does It Truly Mean To Be Included?, Keara M. Browne
Perspectives Of Students With Asd And Their Parents: What Does It Truly Mean To Be Included?, Keara M. Browne
Theses and Dissertations
Though there are a number of practices identified by researchers and other professionals as inclusive, the question remains about whether the students themselves truly feel included. There has been limited research surrounding specific experiences in inclusive classrooms that students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) perceive to be facilitators and barriers to being included in general education and co-teaching settings. The purpose of this study was to inform educational policies and school practices surrounding the inclusion of students with ASD in general education and co-teaching settings by analyzing the perceptions of students with ASD and their parents to determine what it …
An Examination Of The Working Relationships Between General Education Teachers, Special Education Teachers, And Paraprofessionals In General Education Settings, Rita Page Hosay
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to provide an examination of the relationships between general education teachers, special education teachers, and paraprofessionals and the influences of these relationships on students with disabilities. This study was conducted through the process of semi-structured interviews with general education teachers, special education teachers, and paraprofessionals working in two Tennessee school districts. The researcher found that communication practices, training, perspectives, time, role expectations, development of partnerships, and the creation of supportive environments affect the development of working relationships among special education teachers, paraprofessionals, and general education teachers. The researcher found that these relationships influence the …
Increasing Independence In Students With Disabilities Through The Use Of Visual Activity Schedules Within The General Education Classroom, Natalie Stevens
Increasing Independence In Students With Disabilities Through The Use Of Visual Activity Schedules Within The General Education Classroom, Natalie Stevens
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023
Individuals with disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often require more prompts and specialized instruction than their peers in the school setting. These individuals often benefit from using Visual Activity Schedules (VAS) to learn to complete routines and increase independence while decreasing the needs for adult help and prompts. This study uses VAS plus prompting to increase independence in three children with ASD within the general education elementary classroom. During the study, VAS were introduced and paired with specific prompts aimed to help students become more independent at completing a given routine throughout their school day. Results from the …
Effects Of Professional Development Delivered In A Blended Format On General Education Elementary Teachers' Knowledge Of The Response To Intervention Process, Laura Jensen
All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023
Research within the last decade suggests that in-service general education elementary teachers’ understanding of and skills in administering Response to Intervention (RtI) practices are limited. A review of literature revealed a shortage of professional publications investigating the effects of RtI training for these teachers on their knowledge and skills. This project examined the effects of professional development delivered in a blended format on elementary general education teachers’ knowledge of the response to intervention process. Participants included female general education teachers with a current teaching assignment in grades one or two with a range of teaching experience from preschool through sixth …
A Study Of The Association Of Teacher Efficacy And Students' Achievement In A North Texas School District, Ruth E. Schackmann
A Study Of The Association Of Teacher Efficacy And Students' Achievement In A North Texas School District, Ruth E. Schackmann
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The field of education places great importance on measurable student achievement and the role of teaching competencies for maximizing success. Whereas much focus has been given to professional development and improving teachers’ skills, this quantitative study examined whether teachers' self-efficacy and judgment about their skills and capabilities were significantly associated with improving student achievement in third grade reading. This dissertation involved a study of teacher self-efficacy using a sample group of third grade English/Language Arts teachers from one Texas urban school district. Targeted teachers were invited to complete a valid and reliable teacher efficacy survey, the Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy …
Using College Student Learning Experiences And Outcomes To Guide Teaching Modifications In A General Education Choreography Course: An Action Research Study, Kristy Kuhn Donnelly
Using College Student Learning Experiences And Outcomes To Guide Teaching Modifications In A General Education Choreography Course: An Action Research Study, Kristy Kuhn Donnelly
Educational Studies Dissertations
The purpose of this action research study was to gain an understanding of the learning experiences and outcomes of 12 undergraduates enrolled in Creative Dance, a general education choreography course, in Fall 2019 and the teaching strategies and practices that guided their learning. Research questions that guided this study were: what does student work reveal about their learning and the teaching strategies that guide their learning? and what curricula and teaching changes will more effectively facilitate student learning processes and stronger outcomes? Qualitative data included standard instructional materials created for and utilized in the course and students’ choreographic and written …
A Quantitative Perspective On The Impact Of The General Education Students’ Academic Achievement And Membership In An Inclusion Class At The High School Level Using New York State Regents Exam Scores, Michelle Kwon-Pineda
Theses and Dissertations
With the increased diversity in our world, the needs of our students are also just as diverse. “Currently, more than half of the K-12 students with special needs are being placed in general education classrooms, demonstrating that the inclusion movement is alive and well in our nation’s public schools” (U.S. Dept. of Ed. 2010). There is a lack of focus on the general education students who also participate in these inclusive settings.
The purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent a high school general education student’s participation in an inclusion class impacts their educational needs using the …
General Education Curriculum And Students With Disabilities In Inclusive, Personalized Learning Classrooms, Kelly Sharpe Stalcup
General Education Curriculum And Students With Disabilities In Inclusive, Personalized Learning Classrooms, Kelly Sharpe Stalcup
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Findings from previous studies indicate that general educators are rarely proficient in providing students with disabilities (SWD) opportunities to access the general education curriculum. This may be due to a lack of personalized learning instructional strategies in classrooms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perspectives of general educators in inclusive, personalized learning environments on planning and using personalized learning instructional strategies to provide SWD access to the general education curriculum. Concepts in Bloom’s mastery learning theory—flexible pacing, differentiation and feedback—framed the study. A qualitative descriptive case study was used to investigate the research questions. Data were collected …
Promoting Self-Management Skills Among Students With Disabilities Within The General Education Classroom, Elisabeth A. Pagel
Promoting Self-Management Skills Among Students With Disabilities Within The General Education Classroom, Elisabeth A. Pagel
All Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this action research project was to determine how educators can promote self-management skills among students with disabilities in the general education classroom. Previous studies were used to summarize the current state of social-emotional learning in the American public-school system and to identify strategies that promote self-management skills in special education classrooms. The Delphi method was used to distinguish which of these strategies would promote self-management skills for students with disabilities in the general education classroom. Panelists (N = 18) generated and ranked strategies in three questionnaires, and they created consensus on the top 10 strategies with the …
Community College Faculty And Administrators' Perceptions Of Civic Engagement In General Education, Eric Thomas Vanover
Community College Faculty And Administrators' Perceptions Of Civic Engagement In General Education, Eric Thomas Vanover
Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations
The President’s Commission on Higher Education (1947) firmly established civic engagement as a principle function of higher education. The report emphasized college-level learning as a democratic function by producing informed, active citizens essential to the future of American democracy. Chickering (2008) argued the United States faced a critical lack of engaged citizenship and in A Crucible Moment (2012), this concern was declared an outright emergency. In recent years many colleges and universities have re-embraced civic engagement as an important component of general education. Although the establishment of community colleges was a direct result of the Truman Commission’s report, the literature …
Instructional Strategies For English Language Learners In Elementary Classrooms, Jiji P. Olds
Instructional Strategies For English Language Learners In Elementary Classrooms, Jiji P. Olds
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
In an Eastern U.S. school district, little is understood about how elementary general education teachers apply instructional strategies for English Language Learners (ELLs) in the classroom and which strategies they perceive support academic achievement. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore elementary general education teachers' reported application of ELL instructional strategies and their perceptions of how those strategies support ELL academic achievement. The study's conceptual framework consisted of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which infers that learning is a social process guided by interactions with one's environment, people, and culture. Also framing this study was Krashan's second language acquisition …
Functional Behavior Assessments Through The Lenses Of A General Education Clinical Teacher, Marissa Clark
Functional Behavior Assessments Through The Lenses Of A General Education Clinical Teacher, Marissa Clark
Masters of Education in Teaching and Learning
The purpose of this study was to look at the experience of a clinical teacher implementing a Functional Behavior Assessment, and what impact the assessment had on decreasing student behavior. Three student participants were selected based on the frequency of disruptive behavior in the classroom. Direct observation was taken over four days in order to develop hypotheses about the function of behavior. Interventions connected to the function were created and implemented over the course of the next four weeks, as behavior continued to be observed. For two students, the intervention consisted of a self-monitoring checklist and for the third student …
Stronger Together: A Case For Team Teaching In The Elementary School Setting, Jenna Christine Degan
Stronger Together: A Case For Team Teaching In The Elementary School Setting, Jenna Christine Degan
Dissertations, Masters Theses, Capstones, and Culminating Projects
The focus of this study was to determine the impact of team teaching on teacher efficacy, burnout, and student engagement in an elementary school setting. Few if any studies have examined the relationship between team teaching and feelings of efficacy and burnout with elementary school teachers. The purpose of this study was to determine if team teaching was a viable and workable approach for teachers in the elementary school settings to develop teacher efficacy, avoid burnout, and increase student engagement. This study utilized a qualitative methodology to collect data from three participants who were team teaching at the same elementary …
Inclusion Or Special Education Resource: Teacher Perceptions Of Placement Decisions On Academic Growth, Casey Story
Inclusion Or Special Education Resource: Teacher Perceptions Of Placement Decisions On Academic Growth, Casey Story
CUP Ed.D. Dissertations
This qualitative study explored the thoughts and perceptions of 16 teachers and their experiences working with special education students. The programming options most often offered by school districts are general education inclusion or a separate resource setting, yet there is a limited amount of research showing actual academic progress to guide decision making. The following question was central to the research: Based on teacher perceptions, do students with special needs show the most academic success in general education inclusion classes or special education resource classes? Data analysis led to the identification of the following six themes: behavior interfering with teaching, …
Educators' Attitudes Towards Implementation Of Inclusive Education, Kimberly Evans Holmes
Educators' Attitudes Towards Implementation Of Inclusive Education, Kimberly Evans Holmes
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to understand educators’ attitudes toward implementation of inclusive education. The survey study investigated the collaborative efforts, responsibility, accommodations, and training these educators are working towards teaching students in an inclusive environment. This study adopted a descriptive survey design, where 59 educators completed the online survey regarding their attitudes towards implementation of inclusive education. The opinions regarding necessary accommodations for students with IEPs were extremely supportive; whereby 98% of educators feel that they are willing to make necessary accommodations for students. Overwhelmingly, the educators disagree that they are not provided with sufficient training opportunities in …
Teacher Perspective On Differentiation For Gifted Students In The General Education Classroom, Karen Arnold Kilgore
Teacher Perspective On Differentiation For Gifted Students In The General Education Classroom, Karen Arnold Kilgore
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Gifted middle school students may not always be provided with a differentiated curriculum that ensures their academic progression in inclusive educational settings. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine teachers' perspectives on differentiation for gifted students in the general education classroom. The conceptual framework for the study was anchored by the theories of Gardner, who recognized that students learn in different ways, and Vygotsky, who determined that students learn best at their level of learning or zone of proximal development. The research questions focused on teachers' perspectives about teaching the gifted students in the general classroom environment …
Academic Interventions In Secondary Schools: Examining Teachers' Perceptions Of Implementing A Multi-Tiered System Of Support, Shannon Mortrud
Academic Interventions In Secondary Schools: Examining Teachers' Perceptions Of Implementing A Multi-Tiered System Of Support, Shannon Mortrud
Theses and Dissertations
According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2015) only 34% of eighth grade students in the U.S. scored at or above proficient in reading and only 33% were at or above proficient in math. Reading comprehension is essential for the acquisition of knowledge in all coursework and those students who have reading deficits may experience increased academic failure. Deficits in math skills may also increase core academic failure for secondary students expected to complete rigorous courses in algebra and beyond. In a review of the literature, Blount (2012) deduced that academic failure is one of the main predictive risk …
Experiential Perspectives Of Teachers In An Inclusive Classroom, Evelyn Ifeoma Nwadinobi
Experiential Perspectives Of Teachers In An Inclusive Classroom, Evelyn Ifeoma Nwadinobi
CUP Ed.D. Dissertations
Inclusive educational settings have become the norm as schools aim to educate disabled students in environments least restrictive to their development (U.S. Department of Education, 2004). This study was conducted in order to assess teacher perceptions of inclusion academically, socially, and behaviorally for general and special education students. Informed by Sociocultural theory (Vygotsky, 1978), and Integrated Threat Theory (Bustillos & Silvan-Ferrero, 2013), this research aimed to give voice to those most instrumental in implementing inclusion successfully and effectively. Utilizing open-ended interviews and qualitative analyses coded by Excel and NVivo software, the study discovered that teacher participants perceived the main benefit …
The Effectiveness Of General And Special Education Collaboration In Middle Schools, Kerri L. Olore
The Effectiveness Of General And Special Education Collaboration In Middle Schools, Kerri L. Olore
Educational Studies Dissertations
With the recent mandates involving students with disabilities, there has been ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of inclusive programs in today’s public schools. Recent research has demonstrated that teacher collaboration is an essential component to the success of inclusive education programs (Hernandez, 2013). There is an abundance of research done on the topic of teacher collaboration, but little has examined the effectiveness of general and special education teachers working together. The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to examine the degree to which general and special educators value collaboration with one another, the ways in which they collaborate, and …
The Peripheral Factors Of Inclusive Education And Teacher Self-Efficacy, Debra L. Harper
The Peripheral Factors Of Inclusive Education And Teacher Self-Efficacy, Debra L. Harper
CUP Ed.D. Dissertations
Existing literature has indicated that self-reported challenges of general-education (GenEd) teachers often involve the experiences and views of these educators surrounding the peripheral factors of inclusive education (Caskey, 2008; Fuchs, 2010). Bandura (2012) asserted that most sources of hindrance to shaping the dynamics between self-efficacy (SE) and subsequent action are not knowledge-based, but rather, originate from such peripheral factors. The purpose of this current study was to explore the perceptions of GenEd high-school teachers in terms of how the peripheral factors of inclusive education shape their SE with regard to effective instruction within the inclusive classroom. A qualitative case study …
The Effects Of Inclusion And Positive Reinforcement Within The Classroom, Danielle Morin
The Effects Of Inclusion And Positive Reinforcement Within The Classroom, Danielle Morin
Honors Program Contracts
The concepts of inclusion and positive reinforcement in classrooms has been prevalent within many schools for a number of years, both practices slowly becoming more universal as research is released. Separate, these practices have significant positive effects on students, and when they are treated as a duo inclusion and positive reinforcement have tangible results on both students with and without disabilities. Several studies and interviews were conducted in pursuit of the significance of each practice, with one study in particular linking the two to provide for a successful, positive general education classroom environment. The research found indicates that both practices …
General Education Teachers’ Attitudes About Inclusion, Larry D. Monje
General Education Teachers’ Attitudes About Inclusion, Larry D. Monje
Dissertations
This study uses Q Methodology and semi-structured interviews to examine general education teachers’ attitudes, beliefs and perceptions about inclusion of students with disabilities in their general education classrooms. As reported in the 38th Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Act, 2016, 94.8% of students with disabilities are being educated in general education classrooms for some part of the school day (U.S. Department of Education, 2016). For this reason, it is important to understand general education teachers’ attitudes, beliefs and perceptions about the inclusion of students with disabilities.
In this study there were 50 Q …
Teacher Knowledge And Use Of Universal Design For Learning, Katherine D. Mavrovic-Glaser
Teacher Knowledge And Use Of Universal Design For Learning, Katherine D. Mavrovic-Glaser
All Capstone Projects
Today's classrooms are composed with a wide variety of students. It is important for all teachers, both special and general education, to have the ability to teach a diverse group of students. In recent years, Universal Design for Learning {UDL) has gained a positive reputation as a scientifically validated teaching method that considers individuality. The purpose of this investigation is to assess teachers on their knowledge and use ofUDL. A small pool of licensed teachers in the Chicago metropolitan area were polled by means of an electronically disbursed, anonymous survey. The results show 55% of participants claim to be familiar …
A Case Study Of Collaboration Between General Education Teachers And Special Education Teachers In A Southern Rural High School, Oassie Jean Daniels
A Case Study Of Collaboration Between General Education Teachers And Special Education Teachers In A Southern Rural High School, Oassie Jean Daniels
Theses and Dissertations
This applied dissertation was framed around issues associated with the inclusion of students with disabilities in the general education classroom as these issues related to teacher collaboration. Specifically, the problem on which this study focused was that according to the principal at the research site, the general education teachers and special education teacher needed to collaborate more successfully in order to be more helpful to the students. The purpose of this case study was twofold. First, the researcher wished to determine how and to what extent collaboration practices occurred between general education teachers and special education teachers in a southern …
Literary Devices: Effects Of Classroom Management On Student Engagement With 1:1 Devices, Elizabeth Parker
Literary Devices: Effects Of Classroom Management On Student Engagement With 1:1 Devices, Elizabeth Parker
All Master's Theses
The study compares two different classroom management strategies in a 5th and 6th grade classroom using an iPad based intervention. The students participated in 10 sessions of a language and grammar intervention on the Moby Max program. During five of the sessions, the teacher actively monitored the classroom, walking around the room, and redirecting students as necessary. For the other five sessions, the teacher used data from the intervention and monitored and redirected students from her computer screen. The data collected included the number of corrections given to each student by the teacher, the number of minutes the program considered …
Teacher Perceived Barriers To Inclusive Instructional Delivery Approaches, Casey M. Wright
Teacher Perceived Barriers To Inclusive Instructional Delivery Approaches, Casey M. Wright
Honors Theses
The aim of this undergraduate thesis is to identify the perceived barriers to Inclusive Instructional Delivery Approaches (IIDA) through the perspective of general education teachers. For decades, students identified as having special educational needs have not been adequately served in the classroom. This study reveals the best practices used to include students with disabilities in the general education classroom and why they are not being employed as often as they should be. Through use of survey, the researcher allowed for the opportunity to answer (a) Which IIDAs are used most often? (b) How much time per week do teachers spend …