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Full-Text Articles in Education

Examining The Impact Of Sustained Trauma-Informed Care Training With Educators Who Service Students With Exceptionalities And Challenging Behaviors, Miyokia D. Carter Apr 2024

Examining The Impact Of Sustained Trauma-Informed Care Training With Educators Who Service Students With Exceptionalities And Challenging Behaviors, Miyokia D. Carter

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The number of trauma-exposed children is on the rise, and it poses a significant public health issue. Trauma-exposed children especially those with exceptionalities and behavioral problems require support across various aspects of their lives, including their school environment. One way to properly support students is adopting a trauma-informed approach as it diminishes presumptions regarding misbehaviors, increases understanding, genuinely helps students with traumatic symptoms, and restores relationships in the classroom. However, the transition to new approaches such as this can affect the perceptions and attitudes of those encouraged to implement the framework. This qualitative case study aimed to comprehend how staff …


Fear Of Failure In High School Band Sight Reading: Effects On Student And Teacher Experiences, Andrew D. Lightner Apr 2024

Fear Of Failure In High School Band Sight Reading: Effects On Student And Teacher Experiences, Andrew D. Lightner

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Students' fear of failure among social, cultural, experiential, and internal pressures influence sight-reading abilities in the high school band classroom. Investigating the error culture in band sight-reading skills can affect the learning and teaching methods found in current practice, emphasizing the need to understand the experiences of both students and teachers. Band teachers may refine their teaching and learning methods to address student fears while enhancing sight- reading skills implied throughout the study. Although copious research exists on high school sight-reading methodology and rehearsal strategies to help music educators provide an all- encompassing musical experience, students may need help applying …


The Symptoms Of Music Performance Anxiety Unique To College Music Majors Attending Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Kevin D. Durham Apr 2024

The Symptoms Of Music Performance Anxiety Unique To College Music Majors Attending Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Kevin D. Durham

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Themes related to music performance anxiety (MPA) have recently received much attention in the academic media. Numerous specialists offer a variety of divergent remedies to treat this condition, concentrating on conventional college music majors. Still, there are few substantial studies investigating the hypothesis that MPA may be affected by ethnic origins. Academics currently have no dedicated resources for this information. Using proper research, time-tested philosophies, and pertinent case studies, the researcher investigates perceptions of MPA affecting college music majors attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in this project. The symptoms of MPA are becoming increasingly familiar to music majors …


The Inclusive Music Classroom For Elementary Students With Emotional And Behavioral Disorders, Benjamin Bartow Harrison Apr 2024

The Inclusive Music Classroom For Elementary Students With Emotional And Behavioral Disorders, Benjamin Bartow Harrison

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Even though considerable research has been conducted regarding the inclusion of self-contained students in regular education settings, little research has been conducted specifically on elementary, self-contained students with EBDs in music classes. Given the fact that there are increasing numbers of students with EBDs, suggestions for empirically supported techniques specific to this demographic, as well as evaluation of unique challenges with educating this population, will prove beneficial to the overall classroom environment. Considering the negative impact of emotional outbursts on mainstream students, deciding when it is appropriate to exclude self-contained students from the inclusive classroom is crucial. Identifying proper utilization …


Alignment Of Multi-Tiered Support Systems Following A School-Based Suicide Risk Assessment: Exploring The Lived Experiences Of School-Based Mental Health Professionals, Lorraine Z. May Apr 2024

Alignment Of Multi-Tiered Support Systems Following A School-Based Suicide Risk Assessment: Exploring The Lived Experiences Of School-Based Mental Health Professionals, Lorraine Z. May

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of school-based mental health professionals (SBMHP) alignment of multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) with completed suicide risk assessments (SRA). This qualitative, phenomenological study investigated the experiences of SBMHP with school-based SRA and MTSS. The experiences of SBMHP regarding aligning MTSS with completed SRA prior to this study were unknown. The social ecological model (SEM) provided the framework as it outlines the multiple systems that SBMHP should consider when aligning interventions within a MTSS when working with students, while Joiner’s interpersonal theory of suicide (ITS) provided the grounding for suicidal behavior. …


Understanding Persistence Factors For Non-Traditional Black Female Doctoral Graduates: A Qualitative Approach, Aree E. Robinson Apr 2024

Understanding Persistence Factors For Non-Traditional Black Female Doctoral Graduates: A Qualitative Approach, Aree E. Robinson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of non-traditional Black female graduates of doctoral programs in central Tennessee. For the purposes of this research, non-traditional Black female graduates was generally defined as Black females who pursued and completed a doctoral degree at forty-plus years of age and identified with any of the following statuses: 1) parenting dependent children, 2) primary caretaker for elderly parent(s), and/or 3) full-time employee. The Central Research Question was: What are the experiences of non-traditional Black female graduates of doctoral programs in Tennessee? Schlossberg’s transition theory and Erickson’s psychosocial development theory …


A Phenomenological Study Exploring What Integrating Adolescent Identity Means To Christian Public-School Counselors, Todd Christopher Houchin Apr 2024

A Phenomenological Study Exploring What Integrating Adolescent Identity Means To Christian Public-School Counselors, Todd Christopher Houchin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Adolescence is a numinous stage of self-discovery fraught with challenges and obscurities that threaten a healthy trajectory. Religion and spirituality are proven coping resources and school counselors can provide identity and meaning-making resources to aid adolescent development. However, religion and spirituality are often avoided in the public-school setting. Exploring what integrating adolescent identity means to Christian public-school counselors is important toward clarifying roles and ensuring best practices. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore what integrating adolescent identity means to Christian public-school counselors. Guiding questions include how Christian school counselors navigate identity and meaning making issues with adolescents, …


A Phenomenology Of Spiritual And Religious Supports For Female Victims Of Intimate Partner Violence, Robin Downs Apr 2024

A Phenomenology Of Spiritual And Religious Supports For Female Victims Of Intimate Partner Violence, Robin Downs

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of Christian female victims of intimate partner violence as they engaged with their religious and spiritual supports through online interviews, journal entries, and focus groups. In this study, existential theory assisted in shaping an understanding of how victims of intimate partner violence interact with spiritual and religious supports to find meaning in their suffering and to identify what Christian women victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) describe as building their resilience and posttraumatic growth. Semi-structured interviews of 9 Christian women over 18 who experienced intimate partner violence were …


Identifying The Impact Of Specific Parenting Routines On Self-Reported Parenting Satisfaction, Chris Kretschman Apr 2024

Identifying The Impact Of Specific Parenting Routines On Self-Reported Parenting Satisfaction, Chris Kretschman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Parents face many challenges when raising a child, and how a parent handles these situations and their outcomes influence that parent’s perception of their success. This current research determined that there were not specific routines a parent engages in when interacting one-on-one with their child each day which positively correlate with reported parental satisfaction (Ha1). However, there are specific routines that a parent engages in when a family participates in activities together as a family unit that have a positive correlation with reported parental satisfaction (Ha2). A quantitative descriptive, variable-centered correlation design was utilized to understand the linear relationship between …


Recommendations For Improving The Recruitment Of High School Orchestra Students Using Basic Psychological Needs Theory, Ryan Michael Silvestri Apr 2024

Recommendations For Improving The Recruitment Of High School Orchestra Students Using Basic Psychological Needs Theory, Ryan Michael Silvestri

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Student recruitment and retention are paramount for music educators at the secondary level, where enrollment is often non-compulsory. It is difficult for directors to build and maintain successful programs without sufficient retention from middle to high school. Low enrollment can lead to the elimination of string teacher positions and put programs at risk. The academic and social demands on students today are great, and music educators must find creative ways to make their classes appealing to students while maintaining the rigor required for musical excellence. In recent years, researchers have used basic psychological needs theory, a subset of Self-Determination Theory, …


The Impact Of Covid-19 On Student Motivation In Secondary Instrumental Music, Martha Jane Robinson Apr 2024

The Impact Of Covid-19 On Student Motivation In Secondary Instrumental Music, Martha Jane Robinson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to provide strategies to improve student motivation in band and orchestra programs in Elkhart Community Schools. The problem for band and orchestra teachers was declining enrollment and student participation in outside music activities such as audition opportunities since the COVID-19 pandemic. The rationale for this study was to examine student motivation and provide educators with immediately applicable strategies to improve student participation in instrumental music programs. Educators must understand why students continued to struggle with returning to normalcy by seeking strategies as to how to reach and help these students. Early research following the …


The Interdisciplinary Music Degree: Music Education, Music Performance, And Music And Fine Arts Administration, Edwin R. Williams Apr 2024

The Interdisciplinary Music Degree: Music Education, Music Performance, And Music And Fine Arts Administration, Edwin R. Williams

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Despite numerous available careers and degrees in music education, music performance, and music administration, perspectives of many music educators and students desiring an interdisciplinary music degree program inclusive of music education, music performance, and music administration have yet to be expressed or examined publicly. The notion of 21st-century skills presents a demand for flexibility across most facets of K-12 and higher education. These skills necessitate fluency in problem-solving, critical thinking, and collaboration, thus, music education must move toward more flexible and rigorous preparatory music training programs to remain consistent with current trends. Most undergraduate and graduate degree programs in music …


The Relationship Between Participation In Chorus And The Acquisition Of Higher-Order Reasoning Skills Among Middle School Students, Jason M. Streun Apr 2024

The Relationship Between Participation In Chorus And The Acquisition Of Higher-Order Reasoning Skills Among Middle School Students, Jason M. Streun

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This predictive correlational study examined the relationship between participation in chorus and the acquisition of higher-order reasoning skills among middle school students. Although the education profession focuses on ways to engender higher-order reasoning skills in their students, today’s high-stakes climate so rigorously addresses STEM subjects that it tends to ostracize music from the discussion. Thus, the significance of this study lies partly in its endeavor to better understand the connection between linguistic development and reasoning, the positive influence that participation in choral music can potentially wield in the acquisition and improvement of linguistic skill, and, correspondingly, the attainment of higher-order …


Tales From The Classroom: A Qualitative Study Of Teacher Experiences With Covid-19, Stephen B. Thompson Apr 2024

Tales From The Classroom: A Qualitative Study Of Teacher Experiences With Covid-19, Stephen B. Thompson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study will be to discover insights into how the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown has caused residual effects on students’ academic, social, and emotional health two years removed from the pandemic. COVID-19 has impacted education from the lockdown that the leaders in the United States mandated. This lockdown removed students from school’s traditional routines, causing them to learn new ways to participate in their education. The method guiding this study is a qualitative phenomenology to focus on the lived experiences of teachers. Using a transcendental approach, the researcher will focus on the depiction of the …


First-Generation Doctoral Students, Impostorism, And Belonging: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Karen Sullivan Pore Apr 2024

First-Generation Doctoral Students, Impostorism, And Belonging: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Karen Sullivan Pore

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of first-generation doctoral students as they relate to their feelings of belonging, impostorism, and otherness. The study was guided by use of Tajfel social identity theory which provided insight to how an individual evaluates their identity within their environment and groups. The research design used was qualitative and the approach was transcendental phenomenological. The qualitative design allowed the first-generation doctoral students to share their experiences and behaviors during their doctoral journey. The participants were 10 self-identified as first-generation doctoral students who experienced impostor feelings during their doctoral journey. The data …


Causal Comparative Study Of Structured Literacy Knowledge Between Participants Of Dyslexia Intervention Training Programs, Rhonda Rene' Alm Apr 2024

Causal Comparative Study Of Structured Literacy Knowledge Between Participants Of Dyslexia Intervention Training Programs, Rhonda Rene' Alm

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study is to examine differences in structured literacy knowledge between dyslexia interventionists at the therapy level, the teaching or practitioner level and dyslexia interventionists with training with fewer requirements than the aforementioned. Reading scores across the United States continue to report high percentages of students who perform below proficiency levels despite the implementation of policies and procedures to mitigate this. Through using a multitiered system of services, students may qualify for dyslexia intervention provided by individuals specifically trained for such services. Although research studies have revealed a lack of structured literacy knowledge in preservice …


Simulation And Self-Efficacy In The Student Registered Nurse Anesthetist: A Quantitative, Causal-Comparative Study, Joseph Craig Kiesznowski Apr 2024

Simulation And Self-Efficacy In The Student Registered Nurse Anesthetist: A Quantitative, Causal-Comparative Study, Joseph Craig Kiesznowski

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, causal-comparative study was to determine if simulation training causes a significant increase in clinical self-efficacy in Student Registered Nurse Anesthetists. Simulation training in healthcare has been found to improve patient safety and has become a major tenet of nurse anesthetist education. Self-efficacy has been shown to correlate with improved clinical performance. This study builds on the research involving simulation training and clinical self-efficacy in the SRNA population. A convenience sample of SRNAs was taken from 49 different graduate nurse anesthesia programs across 13 different states. The Schwarzer and Jerusalem General Self-efficacy scale was used to …


The Relationship Between Leadership Styles Of A Principal And African-American Student Achievement In Elementary Reading, Joel James Abe Apr 2024

The Relationship Between Leadership Styles Of A Principal And African-American Student Achievement In Elementary Reading, Joel James Abe

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the self-assessed leadership style of a building principal and the achievement of elementary African-American students on a state level reading assessment. The results of this study could have an impact on principal training and preparation, impacting decisions made by central office personnel, as well as improving the performance of the identified group of students in reading. The relationship between a principal’s self-assessed style of leadership and the combined pass rate of third through fifth grade African-American students in their school on the end-of-year state assessments. Principal leadership …


Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Remote Learning Among Second-Choice Homeschoolers In West Virginia: A Transcendental Phenomenology, Debra Dingess Brennan Apr 2024

Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Remote Learning Among Second-Choice Homeschoolers In West Virginia: A Transcendental Phenomenology, Debra Dingess Brennan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of second-choice homeschoolers in West Virginia with forced remote learning and homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic. The label second-choice homeschoolers in this research refers to homeschooling families in West Virginia who have first-hand experience with remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s social cognitive theory, as it aligned with understanding parental homeschooling experiences by focusing on the impact of environmental events on human behavioral patterns. The central research question guiding this study was: What were the lived experiences of second-choice homeschoolers …


Understanding Faculty Perception Of Completely Asynchronous And Synchronous Online Education On Student Retention At Community Colleges In Western Pennsylvania: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of The Faculty Online Education Experience, Sally A. Mercer Apr 2024

Understanding Faculty Perception Of Completely Asynchronous And Synchronous Online Education On Student Retention At Community Colleges In Western Pennsylvania: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of The Faculty Online Education Experience, Sally A. Mercer

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand completely online education’s impact on student retention for faculty at community colleges in western Pennsylvania. The theory guiding this study was Michael G. Moore’s transactional distance theory, which centers on three components of online education—structure, communication, and student autonomy. The literature review revealed these factors, and their relevant sub-factors all influence faculty’s experience and knowledge of the factors that impact student retention. The central research question for this study was as follows: What are faculty’s perceptions of completely asynchronous and synchronous education at community colleges in western Pennsylvania? This study …


A Phenomenological Study Examining The Lived Experiences Of Middle School Students Who Have Demonstrated Challenges In Math And Their Expectations To Improve Their Performance, Steven Duane Fencl Apr 2024

A Phenomenological Study Examining The Lived Experiences Of Middle School Students Who Have Demonstrated Challenges In Math And Their Expectations To Improve Their Performance, Steven Duane Fencl

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of middle school students who have challenges in math and their expectations of opportunities provided to improve their performance at a middle school in the Spring Valley School District. The theory that guided this study was Vroom’s expectancy theory, which argues that the tendency of a person to act in a certain way depends on what the person expects to happen, that it will be favorable to the person, and that the person feels the result will provide a potential gain. The central research question was, “How do …


A Phenomenological Study Examining The Required Preparation Experiences Of Academic Advisors To Help Christian High School Students Develop The Highest Academic And Future Potential, Lizzie Toler Branch Apr 2024

A Phenomenological Study Examining The Required Preparation Experiences Of Academic Advisors To Help Christian High School Students Develop The Highest Academic And Future Potential, Lizzie Toler Branch

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore the required preparation experiences of Christian high school academic advisors needed to help their students develop their highest academic and future potential at private Christian high schools in the southeastern region of the United States. The conceptual framework guiding this study is O’Banion’s conceptual framework on academic advising as it relates to the preparation experiences of Christian High School Academic Advisors. The design is a qualitative transcendental phenomenological study that examined the lived experiences and the phenomena involved in Christian high school academic advising. The sample and setting included participants who …


A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Elementary Teachers In Inclusion Classrooms, Julie Elise Brown Apr 2024

A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Elementary Teachers In Inclusion Classrooms, Julie Elise Brown

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of elementary teachers in inclusion classrooms. The theory which guided this study was Bandura’s (2006) social cognitive theory as it related to the lived experiences of teacher preparedness for teaching in inclusion classrooms. Successful inclusion-setting outcomes were attributed to a teacher’s perception and attitude toward disabilities and their ability to teach them. This study was designed to answer the following central research question: What are the lived experiences of teachers regarding their preparation for teaching in elementary-level inclusion classrooms? Three sub-questions were used to understand the lived …


Retention Of Predominantly Nontraditional Students: A Phenomenological Study Of Distance Education Classes In A Local Community College, Corina Langford Apr 2024

Retention Of Predominantly Nontraditional Students: A Phenomenological Study Of Distance Education Classes In A Local Community College, Corina Langford

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand the impact of inclusion in retention for nontraditional students taking global learning classes (distance education) at XYZ Community College in the southeastern United States. It seeks to answer the central research question: How can social inclusion be used to retain nontraditional students at a local community college when taking online classes? The theory guiding this study was the social systems theory, which is concerned with inclusion and exclusion in social systems through communication. Social systems theory was utilized to understand how minority students are included or excluded at XYZ Community …


Cocurricular Activities As Contributors To The Development Of Intercultural Competence In Undergraduate Non-Nursing Allied Health Students: A Causal-Comparative Study, Tanya Lewis Apr 2024

Cocurricular Activities As Contributors To The Development Of Intercultural Competence In Undergraduate Non-Nursing Allied Health Students: A Causal-Comparative Study, Tanya Lewis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative, causal-comparative study aimed to explore the difference between the intercultural development scores of physical therapy assistants, radiological technology, sonography, and surgical technology undergraduate health science students based on their participation in a diversity module. Interculturally competent allied health students transitioning into practice support a more diverse, culturally competent workforce of healthcare workers challenged to care for an increasingly diverse patient population. There is scant research in higher education literature on the intercultural development of undergraduate non-nursing health science students. There is a gap in the literature on whether higher education systems should develop a standardized curriculum that supports …


Identifying Faculty Development Strategies: A Phenomenological Study On Affective And Behavioral Dimensions Of Worldview Development In Biblical Higher Education, Zane Thomas Darland Apr 2024

Identifying Faculty Development Strategies: A Phenomenological Study On Affective And Behavioral Dimensions Of Worldview Development In Biblical Higher Education, Zane Thomas Darland

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutical phenomenological study is to identify effective faculty development strategies used by academic leaders in biblical higher education to enable their faculty members to foster affective and behavioral dimensions of worldview development in their students. The theories guiding this study are the channeling model of religious socialization and Nkana’s conversionism educational theory as they relate to worldview development in young adults. The hermeneutical phenomenological study focuses on the lived experiences of academic leaders in biblical higher education, exploring their perspectives and practices related to worldview development. The sample included 10 academic leaders from biblical higher education …


Understanding Their Journeys: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study On The Lived Experiences Of Noncredit Homeless Students, Maureen C. Rubalcaba Apr 2024

Understanding Their Journeys: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study On The Lived Experiences Of Noncredit Homeless Students, Maureen C. Rubalcaba

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of noncredit homeless students enrolled in a retention model program at a noncredit community college institution. The lived experiences of noncredit homeless students were generally defined as homeless adult learners enrolled in a noncredit community college institution participating in a retention model program. Retention was generally defined as keeping students enrolled each term or term to term. The research examined noncredit homeless students’ basic needs, barriers to retention, and motivation to stay enrolled. The theory guiding this study was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which provided a holistic …


Late To The Game: A Phenomenological Study Of The Educational Experiences Of Females With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Tammara Clevenger Apr 2024

Late To The Game: A Phenomenological Study Of The Educational Experiences Of Females With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Tammara Clevenger

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the K-12 educational experiences of females with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The theory guiding this study is Bandura’s social cognitive theory, as it states that people are the operators of their lives, and not passive entities within their environment. However, individuals with ASD often have difficulties with social communication, communication interaction, and restricted, repetitive behaviors, which impact their ability to regulate themselves in various environments. The study used transcendental phenomenology to understand the K-12 educational experiences of females with ASD. A total of 10 participants were used. The participants and their …


A Causal-Comparative Study Of The Difference In Student Academic Outcomes Among Elementary And Secondary Online Students Based On Parental Perceptions Of Virtual Learning, Elizabeth Gordon Mondoux Apr 2024

A Causal-Comparative Study Of The Difference In Student Academic Outcomes Among Elementary And Secondary Online Students Based On Parental Perceptions Of Virtual Learning, Elizabeth Gordon Mondoux

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental causal-comparative study was to determine if there is a difference in student academic outcomes among elementary and secondary students who participate in online learning whose parents have favorable perception ratings of virtual learning and those whose parents do not. Understanding the influence of environmental factors on a student’s academic achievement, including persons close to the student, provides a conceptual framework for the direct impact of parental satisfaction with educational experiences on student performance in the online learning environment. The Panorama Family-School Relationships Survey was used to measure overall parental perceptions of the online learning …


Recommendations For Solving The Problem Of Low Sixth-Grade Comprehension Proficiency Scores At Hermitage Middle School In Hermitage, Missouri, Shannon Beers Apr 2024

Recommendations For Solving The Problem Of Low Sixth-Grade Comprehension Proficiency Scores At Hermitage Middle School In Hermitage, Missouri, Shannon Beers

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations to solve the problem of sixth-grade below-proficient reading comprehension scores at Hermitage Middle School in Hermitage, Missouri. The problem was that 60% of the sixth-grade students at Hermitage Middle School could not comprehend grade-level text. The rationale for this research was that it is vital to ameliorate the reading comprehension scores of students since improvements may lead to greater grade-level and post-secondary readiness and an increase in school reputation, accreditation, and enrollment. The central research was, How can the problem of sixth-grade below-proficient reading comprehension be solved at Hermitage Middle School …