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Articles 1 - 30 of 51
Full-Text Articles in Education
Emergence Of Professional Identities Of Novice Emirati Teachers, Lilly Tennant, Patricia Stringer, Julie Riddlebarger, Martina Dickson, Keith Kennetz
Emergence Of Professional Identities Of Novice Emirati Teachers, Lilly Tennant, Patricia Stringer, Julie Riddlebarger, Martina Dickson, Keith Kennetz
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This article explores the emergence of Emirati novice teachers’ professional identity from a socio-cultural viewpoint where influences on identity are sourced internally through beliefs, attitudes, values and dispositions and externally through factors such as roles and responsibilities. Empirical data collected through individual and group interviews and analysed using content analysis, highlights both challenges and emergence of professional identity from point of graduation through to the end of the first year of teaching. The results show that influences on professional identity relate to challenges of raising learner outcomes in relation to delivery of the curriculum, managing the self in multiple contexts, …
A Matrix Of Feedback For Learning, Cam Brooks, Annemaree Carroll, Robyn M. Gillies, John Hattie
A Matrix Of Feedback For Learning, Cam Brooks, Annemaree Carroll, Robyn M. Gillies, John Hattie
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
The present study used an established model of feedback (Hattie & Timperley, 2007) as a framework to explore which types and levels of feedback are most common in the upper primary classroom. Results demonstrate that feedback was predominantly directed toward the task level and that feed forward, information about the next steps for learning, was the least occurring feedback type in the classroom. Based upon research and findings, the authors propose a conceptual matrix of feedback that bridges research to practice with the aim of feedback being a driver to promote improvement.
Teacher Education, Teachers’ Work, And Justice In Education: Third Space And Mediation Epistemology, Fátima Pereira
Teacher Education, Teachers’ Work, And Justice In Education: Third Space And Mediation Epistemology, Fátima Pereira
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
A theoretical essay, based on the results of research projects on teacher education, teachers’ work, and justice in education developed by the author, is presented. It reflects on teacher education and the epistemology of teachers’ work, and proposes a mediational and a narrative perspective towards a third space in Teacher education. An alternative mediation epistemological approach to justice in education and the epistemology of teachers’ work is presented, aiming towards an understanding of the ways in which teachers’ education has the possibility of making a difference in the construction of a more just public school.
Experiential Teacher Education – Preparing Preservice Teachers To Teach English Grammar Through An Experiential Learning Project, Jackie F. K. Lee
Experiential Teacher Education – Preparing Preservice Teachers To Teach English Grammar Through An Experiential Learning Project, Jackie F. K. Lee
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
The paper explores and describes the kinds of learning attained by a group of Hong Kong preservice teachers who worked collaboratively to develop online grammar teaching resources for school teachers worldwide. Based on the quantitative and qualitative data collected during the ongoing collaboration, lesson tryouts, and post-project evaluation, the project results reflect the value of experiential learning in preservice teacher education. The themes that detail the student teachers’ experiences include textbook evaluation, professional knowledge, core competencies of teachers, and understanding of English language teaching outside the Hong Kong context.
Early Career Teachers’ Intentions To Leave The Profession: The Complex Relationships Among Preservice Education, Early Career Support, And Job Satisfaction, Nick Kelly, Marcela Cespedes, Marc Clarà, Patrick A. Danaher
Early Career Teachers’ Intentions To Leave The Profession: The Complex Relationships Among Preservice Education, Early Career Support, And Job Satisfaction, Nick Kelly, Marcela Cespedes, Marc Clarà, Patrick A. Danaher
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This paper investigates the complex factors that lead to early career teachers (ECTs) deciding to leave the profession. It extends prior studies to show the associations that different elements of preservice education (PSE), early career support, and on-the-job satisfaction have with the intention to leave the profession. The study uses data from 2,144 Australian ECTs to explore these relationships. Results highlight the importance of teachers’ collegial relationships with their peers, and replicate prior findings showing the significance of mentoring and induction programs. Results show that elements of job satisfaction are strongly associated with intention to leave the profession, leading to …
The Benefits And Challenges Of Embedding Work Integrated Learning: A Case Study In A University Education Degree Program, Maria Doolan, Ben Piggott, Sian Chapman, Paul Rycroft
The Benefits And Challenges Of Embedding Work Integrated Learning: A Case Study In A University Education Degree Program, Maria Doolan, Ben Piggott, Sian Chapman, Paul Rycroft
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
Embedded Work Integrated Learning (EWIL) is a specific model of Work Integrated Learning (WIL); students work with industry in small blocks of time at regular intervals throughout semester focussing on reflective learning in authentic work environments. This study highlights benefits and challenges experienced when incorporating EWIL into a university education degree. Data was collected through survey and interview; students and graduates were surveyed and industry partners were interviewed. Reflections from university staff involved in the degree were also included. Results demonstrate EWIL is an effective pedagogical strategy in terms of providing authentic, real world learning experiences and enhancing students’ employability …
Does A “Science, Technology And Social Change” Course Improve Scientific Habits Of Mind And Attitudes Towards Socioscientific Issues?, Muammer Çalik, Faik Özgür Karataş
Does A “Science, Technology And Social Change” Course Improve Scientific Habits Of Mind And Attitudes Towards Socioscientific Issues?, Muammer Çalik, Faik Özgür Karataş
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
The study aimed at exploring whether a “Science-Technology-Social Change” course improved pre-service social studies teachers’ (PST) scientific habits of mind and attitudes towards socio-scientific issues. Within a pre- and post-course experimental design, the study was conducted with 135 second-year PST (68 males and 67 females) from two classes at Department of Social Studies Teacher Education in a large-size university, Turkey. Two different Likert type scales, Scientific Habits of Mind Scale and Attitudes towards Socioscientific Issues Scale, were employed to collect data before and after the course. The data were imported to SPSS 15TM for descriptive and inferential statistics in …
How Teachers Find Meaning In Their Work And Effects On Their Pedagogical Practice, Kristina Turner, Monica Thielking
How Teachers Find Meaning In Their Work And Effects On Their Pedagogical Practice, Kristina Turner, Monica Thielking
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This study addresses a gap in current literature by applying a qualitative phenomenological approach to understand how teachers with a calling orientation perceive meaning in their work. A calling orientation has been defined by Wrzesniewski, et al. (1997) as a commitment to one’s work as it contributes to the greater good and makes the world a better place. Individuals’ perception of participation in meaningful work has been closely linked to subjective wellbeing. The current study revealed that teachers’ reported that they found meaning in their work through having an impact on their students’ lives and through positive relationships with students …
A Multilevel Analysis Of The Impact Of Teachers’ Beliefs And Mathematical Knowledge For Teaching On Students’ Mathematics Achievement, Adem Ekmekci, Danya M. Corkin, Weihua Fan
A Multilevel Analysis Of The Impact Of Teachers’ Beliefs And Mathematical Knowledge For Teaching On Students’ Mathematics Achievement, Adem Ekmekci, Danya M. Corkin, Weihua Fan
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
: Teachers’ content knowledge and beliefs about teaching and learning are among the key factors for effective teaching and, in turn, for student achievement-related outcomes. This study explores the extent to which K-8 math teachers’—who teach in high-poverty urban schools—professional background, motivational beliefs, and mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) have an impact on students’ math achievement. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) results indicated that although students’ prior mathematics achievement was the most determining factor of their subsequent math achievement, teachers’ MKT and holding a bachelor’s degree in mathematics had significant positive effects on students’ math achievement. Results provide support for professional …
The Development Of Preservice Teachers’ Self-Efficacy For Classroom And Behavior Management Across Multiple Field Experiences, Maria B. Sciuchetti, Nina Yssel
The Development Of Preservice Teachers’ Self-Efficacy For Classroom And Behavior Management Across Multiple Field Experiences, Maria B. Sciuchetti, Nina Yssel
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
Classroom and behaviour management difficulties are consistently reported among the top reasons given by both novice and experienced teachers for leaving the profession. In order to successfully prepare and retain teachers, it is imperative that we understand the factors related to issues of classroom and behaviour management that may influence their decision to remain in the field. This study explored the development of preservice special education teachers’ self-efficacy for classroom and behaviour management as they progressed through a four-semester professional development sequence. Findings indicated that although self-efficacy levels were variable across semesters, statistically significant changes in group self-efficacy levels were …
Insights From Senior-Secondary Physical Education Students On Teacher-Related Factors They Perceive To Influence Academic Achievement, Rachael J. Whittle, Amanda Telford, Amanda C. Benson
Insights From Senior-Secondary Physical Education Students On Teacher-Related Factors They Perceive To Influence Academic Achievement, Rachael J. Whittle, Amanda Telford, Amanda C. Benson
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This research aimed to explore student perceptions of teacher-related factors that may influence academic achievement in the context of Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Physical Education. This qualitative study involved 23 VCE Physical Education students from three government and one independent secondary school in Victoria, Australia. Focus groups utilising a semi-structured interview schedule explored student perceptions of teacher-related factors on academic achievement. The importance of teachers having a good ‘attitude’, a broad repertoire of teaching strategies, making real-world connections, developing positive student-teacher relationships and facilitating access to themselves outside of scheduled class time were perceived by students as important influences.
Social Studies Teachers’ Opinions And Practices Regarding Teaching Controversial Issues, Zafer Kuş, Durdane Öztürk
Social Studies Teachers’ Opinions And Practices Regarding Teaching Controversial Issues, Zafer Kuş, Durdane Öztürk
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
In today’s globalised world, many issues have become controversial. These controversial issues affect society and the individuals who form them. It is inevitable that these topics are brought into social studies classrooms, because this learning area is profoundly related to society. Social studies teachers’ behaviours, attitudes, and professional knowledge are crucial in teaching controversial issues. The goal of this study was to investigate social studies teachers’ opinions and practices regarding teaching controversial issues in Turkey. The study utilised a mixed method in which both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The quantitative data for this study were collected from …
An Evaluation Of The Use Of An Online Demonstration School, Robert Whannell, Jane Lamb, Linley Cornish, Tim Bartlett-Taylor, Brenda Wolodko
An Evaluation Of The Use Of An Online Demonstration School, Robert Whannell, Jane Lamb, Linley Cornish, Tim Bartlett-Taylor, Brenda Wolodko
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
In 2016, a change was made to the approach taken for delivery of the first practicum placement experience for initial teacher education students at [the university]. Rather than the traditional 20-day in-school observation placement, an alternative 10-day online experience, called the Online Demonstration School (ODS), was developed. The ODS provided students with a fully online practicum experience involving viewing videos of a variety of classroom situations developed in conjunction with local schools. Subsequent reflection and collaboration with peers and academics allowed targeted aspects in the classroom situations to be examined in depth. This article summarises the literature supporting this change …
Australia’S Literacy And Numeracy Test For Initial Teacher Education Students: Trends In Numeracy For Low- And High-Achieving Students, Jennifer Hall, Simone Zmood
Australia’S Literacy And Numeracy Test For Initial Teacher Education Students: Trends In Numeracy For Low- And High-Achieving Students, Jennifer Hall, Simone Zmood
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
The numeracy capabilities of pre-service teachers are a recent focus in the Australian educational system. In this article, we discuss findings from an analysis of data from the Literacy and Numeracy Test for Initial Teacher Education Students (LANTITE), which is administered by the Australian Council for Educational Research. In our analysis, we considered numeracy test data from 20 students from one Australian university: those who achieved the 10 highest and the 10 lowest overall numeracy scores in 2016 at this university on their first attempt of the test. We found that these groups clearly have particular characteristics that were linked …
Exploring Intersections Of Work Intensity And Professional Learning: Female Teachers’ Responses To Research Engagement As Professional Learning, Jennifer Mitton-Kukner
Exploring Intersections Of Work Intensity And Professional Learning: Female Teachers’ Responses To Research Engagement As Professional Learning, Jennifer Mitton-Kukner
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
Much research has focused upon the promise of teacher research engagement as a form of professional learning. Yet, little scholarship has looked closely at how female teachers juggle research engagement alongside personal and professional responsibilities. This inquiry into the research experiences of two mid-career teachers provides an up-close look at the ways they attempted to sustain engagement over a three-year period. Attending closely to participants’ accounts of time use, as they engaged in research activities, sheds light upon the presence of socio-cultural expectations, in these instances, constraining their efforts and, arguably, impacting the depth of their professional learning.
Looking In The Heads Of Experienced Teachers – Do They Use The Wide Range Of Principles Of Effective Teaching When Analysing Lessons?, Wilfried Plöger, Matthias Krepf, Daniel Scholl, Andreas Seifert
Looking In The Heads Of Experienced Teachers – Do They Use The Wide Range Of Principles Of Effective Teaching When Analysing Lessons?, Wilfried Plöger, Matthias Krepf, Daniel Scholl, Andreas Seifert
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This study aimed to examine whether principles of effective teaching constitute essential criteria for a systematic and successful analysis of lessons. After watching a video of a complete lesson, the participants (each of nine experienced and pre-service teachers) were asked to analyse this lesson in terms of effectiveness for pupils’ learning in the form of an open dialogue. Their comments were analysed by means of a qualitative content analysis and revealed that the experienced teachers independently used the wide range of principles of effective teaching and differed significantly from the pre-service teachers in this regard. Particularly striking were the large …
Pre-Service Teachers’ Impact On Student Learning: Planning, Teaching, And Assessing During Professional Practice, Michael Cavanagh, Jennifer Barr, Robyn Moloney, Rod Lane, Iain Hay, Hye-Eun Chu
Pre-Service Teachers’ Impact On Student Learning: Planning, Teaching, And Assessing During Professional Practice, Michael Cavanagh, Jennifer Barr, Robyn Moloney, Rod Lane, Iain Hay, Hye-Eun Chu
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This paper reports a pilot study to investigate four pre-service teachers’ reports of their impact on student learning while they completed a four-week professional experience block. We used Hiebert, Morris, Berk, and Jansen’s (2007) framework for teacher preparation to analyse the how the participants planned, assessed and reflected on a lesson sequence. Data collected were the pre-service teachers’ learning diary entries completed during the four-week block and an online questionnaire and interview completed at the end of the teaching block. Results indicate that the pre-service teachers struggled to identify clear learning goals for students which adversely impacted their ability to …
Enacting The Australian Curriculum: Primary And Secondary Teachers’ Approaches To Integrating The Curriculum, Julianne Moss, Sally C. Godinho, Edlyn Chao
Enacting The Australian Curriculum: Primary And Secondary Teachers’ Approaches To Integrating The Curriculum, Julianne Moss, Sally C. Godinho, Edlyn Chao
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
Integrated approaches to curriculum planning and delivery are not a recent phenomenon. In the 1930s John Dewey advocated for a more cohesive conceptualisation of students’ learning. Yet, despite state and national endorsement of curriculum integration in Australia, it is generally considered an alternative curriculum design that has failed to gain traction in Australian schools. A qualitative case study, situated in two inner city government schools in the state of Victoria, explored the integrative approaches undertaken by primary and secondary teachers when planning and implementing their curriculum to account for their students’ needs, interests and the school and community context. …
Literature In The Australian English Curriculum: Victorian Primary School Teachers’ Practices, Challenges And Preparedness To Teach, Louise Paatsch, Kirsten Hutchison, Anne Cloonan
Literature In The Australian English Curriculum: Victorian Primary School Teachers’ Practices, Challenges And Preparedness To Teach, Louise Paatsch, Kirsten Hutchison, Anne Cloonan
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
The introduction of the Literature strand within the Australian Curriculum requires all teachers to engage students in print and digital literature that embrace the cross-curriculum priorities and support students to examine, evaluate, and discuss literary texts. However, such curriculum change assumes that primary school teachers who have often not studied literature as a specific method, have the confidence and content and pedagogical knowledge to plan and implement programs. This paper investigates teachers’ views of their level of confidence and preparedness to teach literature, and to explore teachers’ practices, challenges and enablers in teaching literature in both print and digital environments. …
Beating The Bamboozle: Literacy Pedagogy Design And The Technicality Of Sfl, Erika Matruglio
Beating The Bamboozle: Literacy Pedagogy Design And The Technicality Of Sfl, Erika Matruglio
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This paper explores the issue of metalanguage and writing instruction in the senior secondary curriculum. It reports on the use of a design based research collaboration between a very experienced teacher of Ancient History and a research team with the aim of improving literacy outcomes for a group of disadvantaged students. The case highlights some of the challenges implicated in this close work between educational linguistic theorists as language specialists and classroom practitioners as subject specialists. In particular, it raises the issue of how to provide already experienced teachers with a metalanguage to express their implicit knowledge about text more …
The Next Chapter In The Stem Education Narrative: Using Robotics To Support Programming And Coding., Susan Blackley, Jennifer Howell
The Next Chapter In The Stem Education Narrative: Using Robotics To Support Programming And Coding., Susan Blackley, Jennifer Howell
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
IIn this paper, we use our qualitative research notes and observations to portray a model for integrated STEM education and summarise primary school students’ typical and recurring ways in which they engaged with each new robot. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, to unpack key elements of the Australian Curriculum: Technologies in order to support teachers and pre- service teachers to implement these components, and second, to describe ways in which teachers can teach authentic integrated STEM education that also provides opportunities for students to develop and demonstrate 21st century competencies. Based on data collected from …
Collaborative Coteaching (Cct): Practitioner Learning Through Shared Praxis, Joanne Yoo, Keith Heggart, Nina Burridge
Collaborative Coteaching (Cct): Practitioner Learning Through Shared Praxis, Joanne Yoo, Keith Heggart, Nina Burridge
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This paper explores the benefits of coteaching a philosophy and ethics subject for final year Australian primary preservice education students. It depicts the learning experiences of two early career academics, who were the coresearchers and coauthors of this article. A third author acted as a critical friend who facilitated reflective discussion around their coteaching practices. The coteachers adopt the living theory methodology to investigate collaborative coteaching as an effective model of instruction in higher education through a case study of their own practice. The primary data sources include both coteachers’ weekly journals, an interview discussion with a critical friend, informal …
“Learning The Ropes”: Pre-Service Arts Teachers Navigating The Extracurricular Terrain, Christina C. Gray, Geoffrey M. Lowe
“Learning The Ropes”: Pre-Service Arts Teachers Navigating The Extracurricular Terrain, Christina C. Gray, Geoffrey M. Lowe
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
Arts teachers undertake a multitude of extracurricular activities. Yet, while these activities consume considerable time and require specific expertise, little attention is afforded to developing these skills and expertise during pre-service training. This article presents findings from a study into the value of a pre-service teacher production as a form of professional development, from both the technical and personal development perspectives. Thirty pre-service secondary Arts teachers participated in the production. Through focus-group interviews, participants indicated the benefits of building technical understanding as well as personal benefits of engaging in an ensemble experience. All spoke of the potential transferability of what …
Halliday’S View Of Child Language Learning: Has It Been Misinterpreted?, Anne Thwaite
Halliday’S View Of Child Language Learning: Has It Been Misinterpreted?, Anne Thwaite
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This paper gives a brief summary of Halliday’s theory of how children learn to talk, illustrating the development of children’s language from the microfunctions through the macrofunctions and into the metafunctions of adult language. The paper points to a possible source of the misinterpretation of Halliday’s theory in the work of Frank Smith (1983), which appears to have “trickled down” into some of the textbooks written for pre-service teachers in Australia. Links are made to teachers’ knowledge about language (KAL) and the current Australian Curriculum English (ACE). It is suggested that while any number of functions of the language of …
Online Initial Teacher Education In Australia: Affordances For Pedagogy, Practice And Outcomes, Jillian J. Downing, Janet E. Dyment, Cathy Stone
Online Initial Teacher Education In Australia: Affordances For Pedagogy, Practice And Outcomes, Jillian J. Downing, Janet E. Dyment, Cathy Stone
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This paper reports on interviews with 19 senior teacher educators from 18 universities across Australia who offer fully online courses in initial teacher education (ITE). Teacher educators provided insight into four focus areas related to online ITE: 1) institutional practices; 2) affordances; 3) challenges; and 4) research priorities. Analysis revealed teacher educators perceived that online ITE can not only match on campus delivery but is also able to respond to reform agendas in ITE, including attracting students with attributes and characteristics that are likely to see them succeed as teachers, enabling students to experience contemporary approaches to learning, building strong …
Modelling Preservice Science Teachers’ Environment-Friendly Behaviours, Murat Berat Uçar, Erdal Canpolat
Modelling Preservice Science Teachers’ Environment-Friendly Behaviours, Murat Berat Uçar, Erdal Canpolat
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among the preservice science teachers’ proenvironmental behaviours, environmental identity, and ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes toward environment. A total of 576 (407 females and 169 males) preservice science teachers enrolling in five public universities’ education faculties in Eastern and South-eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey were administered a questionnaire regarding the variables. Convenience sampling method was chosen to constitute the sample of this study. In order to analyse the data collected, descriptive statistics and path analysis as inferential statistics were utilized. According to the results of the study, preservice science teachers …
Learning About Numeracy: The Impact Of A Compulsory Unit On Pre-Service Teachers' Understandings And Beliefs, Helen J. Forgasz, Jennifer Hall
Learning About Numeracy: The Impact Of A Compulsory Unit On Pre-Service Teachers' Understandings And Beliefs, Helen J. Forgasz, Jennifer Hall
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
: In 2015, a new Master of Teaching coursework unit, Numeracy for Learners and Teachers, was introduced at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. The drivers for the establishment of the unit were the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership numeracy standards for graduate teachers and the inclusion of numeracy as a general capability in the Australian Curriculum. In this article, we describe the content and organisation of the unit. An evaluation was conducted with students in each of the years 2015-2017. Data included pre- and post-unit surveys and interviews. Findings indicated that students had fairly good numeracy skills on …
Towards Implementation Of Evidence-Based Practices For Classroom Management In Australia: A Review Of Research, Lorna Hepburn, Wendi Beamish
Towards Implementation Of Evidence-Based Practices For Classroom Management In Australia: A Review Of Research, Lorna Hepburn, Wendi Beamish
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
The components of effective classroom management are well established; yet concerns regarding student disengagement and the underuse of evidence-based behaviour support practices in Australian schools remain. This paper reports the findings from a systematic literature review conducted to identify what is currently known about teacher implementation of evidence-based classroom management practices. The analysis indicates that teachers underuse many evidence-based practices but may over-report frequency of use. Australian research on teacher implementation of evidence-based practices for classroom management is lacking, and the impact of Schoolwide Positive Behaviour Support (SWPBS) implementation on teacher practice is unknown, despite the adoption of SWPBS in …
Teacher Adaptive Practices: A Key Factor In Teachers’ Implementation Of Assessment For Learning, Tony Loughland, Dennis Alonzo
Teacher Adaptive Practices: A Key Factor In Teachers’ Implementation Of Assessment For Learning, Tony Loughland, Dennis Alonzo
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
: The Assessment for Learning disposition has been long established in the literature as a desirable attribute for teachers. To use the biological metaphor of adaptation, assessment for learning has been argued to be a key base pair on the teacher genome. We argue that the selection of the correct genotype for teachers is not enough. What is needed is empirical confirmation that these genotypes are expressed in the appropriate phenotypes, or teacher practices. The data in this study were generated from interviews that explored the phenotype, or practices, of six teachers who self-selected for the favoured genotype using the …
Alternative Teacher Certification Students’ Motivations Of Teaching, Ebru Öztürk Akar
Alternative Teacher Certification Students’ Motivations Of Teaching, Ebru Öztürk Akar
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
The legal studies teaching methodology IRAC (issue, rule, application, conclusion) is widely used in universities by both law and business schools. This paper examines the effectiveness of IRAC from a teaching perspective and its usefulness for business students. Data is generated from an Australian university case study using teacher interviews and a student survey. The findings suggest that, because of its flexibility and logical structure, the practice of IRAC has become normalised. However it is only effective if teachers disseminate these features consistently in their teaching. Students in the study understood the usefulness of IRAC for classwork, but encountered application …