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Choices In Grammar Teaching And The Grammar Curriculum, Arshad Abd Samad, Hawanum Hussein
Choices In Grammar Teaching And The Grammar Curriculum, Arshad Abd Samad, Hawanum Hussein
Arshad Abd Samad
The communicative language teaching approach has had a significant impact on the teaching of grammar. In general, the communicative approach, and its objective of communicative competence, has led to a diminished role for grammar teaching. However, of late, numerous voices have advocated a more prominent role for grammar in achieving this objective. As a result, various broad approaches as well as specific techniques have been suggested in teaching grammar to English as a Second language students. Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman, for example, suggests that teachers use the challenge principle in order to identify the challenge a grammatical structure poses according to …
The Long-Term Effects On High School Seniors Of Learning To Read In Kindergarten, Ralph A. Hanson, Donna M. Farrell
The Long-Term Effects On High School Seniors Of Learning To Read In Kindergarten, Ralph A. Hanson, Donna M. Farrell
Donna M Farrell
This follow-up study assessed the educational history and current reading proficiencies of 3,959 high school seniors from 24 school districts in 10 U.S. states in 1986. The purpose was to examine the effects, if any, of receiving formal reading instruction in kindergarten. Over one-third of these students attended elementary schools that implemented a carefully developed beginning reading program in their kindergarten classes in 1973. Although the study included kindergarten students from all backgrounds, those from at-risk backgrounds were overrepresented. Three types of information were combined for each student to create a data base for this study: (a) the amount of …