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Full-Text Articles in Education
Perceptions Of Task Interdependence And Functional Leadership In Schools, Kerry Barnett, John Mccormick
Perceptions Of Task Interdependence And Functional Leadership In Schools, Kerry Barnett, John Mccormick
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The context of the research was senior leadership teams in schools in Australia. The study investigated relationships between task interdependence, psychological collectivism, self-efficacy for teamwork, and team member perceptions of leadership functions. A cross-sectional and correlational research design was employed. Fifty-seven senior leadership teams composed of principals and senior teachers within two Catholic education systems in New South Wales, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from an online survey completed by senior leadership team members and analyzed using multilevel data analysis strategies. The findings suggest the extent of functional leadership was positively related to perceived task interdependence.
Sequential Processing In Young And Older Adults In The Equiprobable Auditory Go/Nogo Task, Robert J. Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Adele E. Cave
Sequential Processing In Young And Older Adults In The Equiprobable Auditory Go/Nogo Task, Robert J. Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Adele E. Cave
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Objective: We recently proposed a sequential processing schema for the equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task, based on a principal components analysis (PCA) of event-related potentials (ERPs) from a university student sample. Here we sought to replicate the schema, and use it to explore processing in well-functioning older adults. Methods: We compared behavioural responding and ERPs of 20 independent-living older adults (Mage = 68.2 years) to data from a sex- and handedness-matched group of university students (Mage = 20.4 years). ERPs had substantial latency differences between the groups, and hence were subjected to separate group temporal PCAs. Results: Component latencies …
Improving Physical Task Performance With Counterfactual And Prefactual Thinking, Cecilia Hammell, Amy Yc Chan
Improving Physical Task Performance With Counterfactual And Prefactual Thinking, Cecilia Hammell, Amy Yc Chan
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Counterfactual thinking (reflecting on ªwhat might have beenº) has been shown to enhance future performance by translating information about past mistakes into plans for future action. Prefactual thinking (imagining ªwhat might be if. . .º) may serve a greater preparative function than counterfactual thinking as it is future-orientated and focuses on more controllable features, thus providing a practical script to prime future behaviour. However, whether or not this difference in hypothetical thought content may translate into a difference in actual task performance has been largely unexamined. In Experiment 1 (n = 42), participants performed trials of a computer-simulated physical task, …
Cognitive Load, Cues, And Task Selection In Learning Probability Calculus, Jimmie Leppink, Steven F. Raaijmakers, Fred Paas, Tamara Van Gog, Anique De Bruin, Jeroen Van Merrienboer
Cognitive Load, Cues, And Task Selection In Learning Probability Calculus, Jimmie Leppink, Steven F. Raaijmakers, Fred Paas, Tamara Van Gog, Anique De Bruin, Jeroen Van Merrienboer
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the 8th Cognitive Load Theory Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, June 15th - 17th, 2015.
Performance And Erp Components In The Equiprobable Go/No-Go Task: Inhibition In Children, Robert J. Barry, Frances M. De Blasio
Performance And Erp Components In The Equiprobable Go/No-Go Task: Inhibition In Children, Robert J. Barry, Frances M. De Blasio
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The equiprobable go/no-go task lacks the dominant go imperative found in the usual go/no-go task, and hence we previously regarded it as involving little inhibition. However, children have relative difficulty with this task, and demonstrate large frontal no-go N2s. We investigated whether this child N2 plays an inhibitory role, using performance measures to illuminate the link between N2 and inhibition. Forty children aged 8 to 13 were presented with four stimulus blocks each containing 75 go and 75 no-go tone stimuli in random order. A temporal PCA with unrestricted varimax rotation quantified the mean go and no-go ERP component amplitudes. …
Change Magnitude Does Not Guide Attention In An Object Change Detection Task, Simone Favelle, Stephen Palmisano
Change Magnitude Does Not Guide Attention In An Object Change Detection Task, Simone Favelle, Stephen Palmisano
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Investigations of change detection consistently reveal an effect of change magnitude: changes involving more object parts are detected more easily than those involving fewer parts. Whether large changes improve detection by providing stronger preattentive signals to the change location is subject to debate. We report a cued object change detection experiment that tested this hypothesis while controlling for stimulus familiarity, semantic knowledge, and change type (addition versus deletion). We found strong magnitude effects regardless of whether trials were validly or invalidly cued. The size of the cueing effects, which were exhibited for all the change magnitudes examined, did not decrease …
If A Safety Aid Is Present, There Must Be Danger: The Paradoxical Effects Of Hand Sanitizer During A Contamination Exposure Task, Shannon M. Blakey, Brett J. Deacon
If A Safety Aid Is Present, There Must Be Danger: The Paradoxical Effects Of Hand Sanitizer During A Contamination Exposure Task, Shannon M. Blakey, Brett J. Deacon
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Perceptions of danger often arise in the context of feared threat cues, but individuals also rely on other heuristics that lead them to infer danger in ambiguous situations. For example, individuals may interpret their own anxiety or safety-seeking behaviors as indicators of threat. Another potential source of danger information is the mere availability of safety aids in the environment. Although assumed to be helpful, safety aids might paradoxically elicit, rather than alleviate, anxiety. The present study was designed to assess the degree to which concern-relevant safety aids exacerbate distress. Participants (N = 71) completed several self-report measures and engaged in …
Caffeine Effects On Sequential Processing In The Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Adele E. Cave
Caffeine Effects On Sequential Processing In The Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Adele E. Cave
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the 17th World Congress of Psychophysiology (IOP2014) of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (IOP) Hiroshima, Japan, September 23rd to 27th, 2014
Stimulus-To-Matching-Stimulus Interval Influences N1, P2, And P3b In An Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task, Genevieve Z. Steiner, Robert Barry, Craig J. Gonsalvez
Stimulus-To-Matching-Stimulus Interval Influences N1, P2, And P3b In An Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task, Genevieve Z. Steiner, Robert Barry, Craig J. Gonsalvez
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Previous research has shown that as the stimulus-to-matching-stimulus interval (including the target-to-target interval, TTI, and nontarget-to-nontarget interval, NNI) increases, the amplitude of the P300 ERP component increases systematically. Here, we extended previous P300 research and explored TTI and NNI effects on the various ERP components elicited in an auditory equiprobable Go/NoGo task. We also examined whether a similar mechanism was underpinning interval effects in early ERP components (e.g., N1). Thirty participants completed a specially-designed variable-ISI equiprobable task whilst their EEG activity was recorded. Component amplitudes were extracted using temporal PCA with unrestricted Varimax rotation. As expected, N1, P2, and P3b …
Steady State Visually Evoked Potential (Ssvep) Phase Change As An Index Of Spatial Working Memory Task Performance: The Influence Of Nootropic Supplementation, David A. Camfield, Andrew Scholey, Richard B. Silberstein, Andrew Pipingas, Con Stough
Steady State Visually Evoked Potential (Ssvep) Phase Change As An Index Of Spatial Working Memory Task Performance: The Influence Of Nootropic Supplementation, David A. Camfield, Andrew Scholey, Richard B. Silberstein, Andrew Pipingas, Con Stough
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the 17th World Congress of Psychophysiology (IOP2014) of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (IOP) Hiroshima, Japan, September 23rd to 27th, 2014
Preferred Eeg Brain States At Stimulus Onset In A Fixed Interstimulus Interval Equiprobable Auditory Go/Nogo Task: A Definitive Study, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Vilfredo De Pascalis, Diana Karamacoska
Preferred Eeg Brain States At Stimulus Onset In A Fixed Interstimulus Interval Equiprobable Auditory Go/Nogo Task: A Definitive Study, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Vilfredo De Pascalis, Diana Karamacoska
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This study examined the occurrence of preferred EEG phase states at stimulus onset in an equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task with a fixed interstimulus interval, and their effects on the resultant event-related potentials (ERPs). We used a sliding short-time FFT decomposition of the EEG at Cz for each trial to assess prestimulus EEG activity in the delta, theta, alpha and beta bands. We determined the phase of each 2. Hz narrow-band contributing to these four broad bands at 125. ms before each stimulus onset, and for the first time, avoided contamination from poststimulus EEG activity. This phase value was extrapolated 125. …
Erp Components And Performance In The Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task: Inhibition In Children, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio
Erp Components And Performance In The Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task: Inhibition In Children, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the 17th World Congress of Psychophysiology (IOP2014) of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (IOP) Hiroshima, Japan, September 23rd to 27th, 2014
Mapping The Effects Of Prestimulus Eeg Band Amplitude In An Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task, Frances M. De Blasio, Robert Barry
Mapping The Effects Of Prestimulus Eeg Band Amplitude In An Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task, Frances M. De Blasio, Robert Barry
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the 17th World Congress of Psychophysiology (IOP2014) of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (IOP) Hiroshima, Japan, September 23rd to 27th, 2014
Sequential Processing In The Equiprobable Auditory Go/Nogo Task: Children Vs. Adults, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Jay P. Borchard
Sequential Processing In The Equiprobable Auditory Go/Nogo Task: Children Vs. Adults, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Jay P. Borchard
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Objective To compare sequential processing in the unwarned auditory equiprobable Go/NoGo task in children and adults, in the context of a recently developed adult schema. Methods Adult and child samples completed an equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task while EEG was recorded from 19 channels. Go and NoGo ERPs were decomposed using unrestricted Varimax-rotated PCAs for the groups separately, and in combination. The separate adult and child components were compared using the Congruence Coefficient. Brain sources of each assessed component were examined using eLORETA. Results Corresponding adult/child components were tentatively identified: two N1 subcomponents (N1-1, PN) and P2, followed by N2, P3 …
Prestimulus Delta And Theta Determinants Of Erp Responses In The Go/Nogo Task, Frances M. De Blasio, Robert J. Barry
Prestimulus Delta And Theta Determinants Of Erp Responses In The Go/Nogo Task, Frances M. De Blasio, Robert J. Barry
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Ongoing low-frequency EEG activity has long been associated with ERP components and their cognitive processing interpretations, yet few studies have directly investigated the prestimulus low-frequency EEG-ERP relationships, particularly within the auditory domain. The present study assessed the delta (1-3 Hz) and theta (4-7 Hz) bands individually, and their prestimulus influence on five subsequent components (P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3) within an equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo paradigm. At the nine central sites, accepted trials were sorted according to their ascending vertex prestimulus spectral band amplitude, and ERPs were derived from the upper and lower sorted thirds. The within-subjects analyses included amplitudes …
Sequential Processing In The Equiprobable Auditory Go/Nogo Task: A Temporal Pca Study, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio
Sequential Processing In The Equiprobable Auditory Go/Nogo Task: A Temporal Pca Study, Robert Barry, Frances M. De Blasio
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The unwarned auditory equiprobable Go/NoGo task provides a convenient means to assess differential processing, although our interpretations remain limited by the lack of research regarding the range of elicited components and their functional significance. We examined sequential processing in this paradigm, presenting 24 participants with a total of 300 trials in two blocks. EEG was recorded from 19 channels, and the Go and NoGo event-related potentials were decomposed using temporal Principal Components Analysis. Of the 218 unrestricted Varimax-rotated factors, seven were identifiable as components based on their latency, polarity, and topography: early N1, Processing Negativity (PN), and P2 components were …
Event-Rate Effects In The Flanker Task: Erps And Task Performance In Children With And Without Ad/Hd, Stuart J. Johnstone, Daniel Galletta
Event-Rate Effects In The Flanker Task: Erps And Task Performance In Children With And Without Ad/Hd, Stuart J. Johnstone, Daniel Galletta
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Demanding tasks require a greater amount of effort, in which case individuals are required to alter their energetic-state to a level appropriate to perform the task. According to the Cognitive-Energetic Model (CEM), children with AD/HD are unable to effectively modulate their energetic state, leading to task underperformance. Using an Eriksen flanker task with varying event-rates, the current study compared the ability of typically-developing children and children with AD/HD to modulate their energetic state. In line with the CEM, it was predicted that children with AD/HD would underperform in the fast and slow event-rates. Results indicated that the groups did not …
Can Event-Related Potentials Serve As Neural Markers For Wins, Losses, And Near-Wins In A Gambling Task? A Principal Components Analysis, Lisa Lole, Craig J. Gonsalvez, Robert J. Barry, Frances M. De Blasio
Can Event-Related Potentials Serve As Neural Markers For Wins, Losses, And Near-Wins In A Gambling Task? A Principal Components Analysis, Lisa Lole, Craig J. Gonsalvez, Robert J. Barry, Frances M. De Blasio
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Originally, the feedback related negativity (FRN) event-related potential (ERP) component was considered to be a robust neural correlate of non-reward/punishment processing, with greater negative deflections observed following unfavourable outcomes. More recently, it has been suggested that this component is better conceptualised as a positive deflection following rewarding outcomes. The current study sought to elucidate the nature of the FRN, as well as another component associated with incentive-value processing, the P3b, through application of a spatiotemporal principal components analysis (PCA). Seventeen healthy controls played a computer electronic gaming machine (EGM) task and received feedback on credits won or lost on each …
Prestimulus Alpha And Beta Determinants Of Erp Responses In The Go/Nogo Task, Frances M. De Blasio, Robert Barry
Prestimulus Alpha And Beta Determinants Of Erp Responses In The Go/Nogo Task, Frances M. De Blasio, Robert Barry
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The nature of the relationships between the level of immediately-prestimulus EEG activity and auditory ERP components remains unclear. Particularly, both inverse and direct relationships have been reported for the alpha band. Here we aim to clarify the pattern of prestimulus EEG contributions in alpha (8-13 Hz), and investigate those in beta (14-24 Hz), for five ERP components (P1, N1, P2, N2, P3) in an auditory equiprobable Go/NoGo paradigm. Separate FFTs were applied to the prestimulus Cz data of each accepted trial. The alpha and beta bands were independently assessed. The mean prestimulus spectral band amplitude was computed and used to …
N1, P2, And P3b Are Affected By The Matching-Stimulus-Interval In An Auditory Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task, Genevieve Steiner, Robert Barry, Craig J. Gonsalvez
N1, P2, And P3b Are Affected By The Matching-Stimulus-Interval In An Auditory Equiprobable Go/Nogo Task, Genevieve Steiner, Robert Barry, Craig J. Gonsalvez
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the 23rd Australasian Society for Psychophysiology Conference, 20-22 Nov 2013, Wollongong, Australia
Short-Term Training In The Go/Nogo Task: Behavioural And Neural Changes Depend On Task Demands, Nicholas Benikos, Stuart J. Johnstone, Steven J. Roodenrys
Short-Term Training In The Go/Nogo Task: Behavioural And Neural Changes Depend On Task Demands, Nicholas Benikos, Stuart J. Johnstone, Steven J. Roodenrys
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Neural activity underlying executive functions is subject to modulation as a result of increasing cognitive demands and practice. In the present study, we examined these modulatory effects by varying task difficulty, as manipulated by reaction time deadline (RTD), on inhibitory control during a single Go/Nogo training session (8 blocks; 70% Go). Sixty adults were randomly assigned to one of three task difficulty conditions: High (n = 20), Medium (n = 20) and Low (n = 20), with RTDs of 300, 500 or 1000 ms, respectively. Task performance, Event-related potentials (ERPs) and task-related arousal (indexed by skin conductance level) were examined …
Varying Task Difficulty In The Go/Nogo Task: The Effects Of Inhibitory Control, Arousal, And Perceived Effort On Erp Components, Nicholas Benikos, Stuart J. Johnstone, Steven J. Roodenrys
Varying Task Difficulty In The Go/Nogo Task: The Effects Of Inhibitory Control, Arousal, And Perceived Effort On Erp Components, Nicholas Benikos, Stuart J. Johnstone, Steven J. Roodenrys
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Similar to other executive functions, inhibitory control is thought to be a dynamic process that can be influenced by variations in task difficulty. However, little is known about how different task parameters alter inhibitory performance and processing as a task becomes more difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of varying task difficulty, via manipulation of reaction time deadline (RTD), on measures of inhibitory control, perceived effort, and task-related arousal (indexed by skin conductance level). Sixty adults completed a visual Go/Nogo task (70% Go) after being randomly assigned to one of three task difficulty conditions: High, …
Training Self-Assessment And Task-Selection Skills: A Cognitive Approach To Improving Self-Regulated Learning, Danny Kostons, Tamara Van Gog, Fred Paas
Training Self-Assessment And Task-Selection Skills: A Cognitive Approach To Improving Self-Regulated Learning, Danny Kostons, Tamara Van Gog, Fred Paas
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
For self-regulated learning to be effective, students need to be able to accurately assess their own performance on a learning task and use this assessment for the selection of a new learning task. Evidence suggests, however, that students have difficulties with accurate self-assessment and task selection, which may explain the poor learning outcomes often found with self-regulated learning. In experiment 1, the hypothesis was investigated and confirmed that observing a human model engaging in self-assessment, task selection, or both could be effective for secondary education students' (N=80) acquisition of self- assessment and task-selection skills. Experiment 2 investigated and confirmed the …
Conditional Recall And The Frequency Effect In The Serial Recall Task: An Examination Of Item-To-Item Associativity, Leonie M. Miller, Steven J. Roodenrys
Conditional Recall And The Frequency Effect In The Serial Recall Task: An Examination Of Item-To-Item Associativity, Leonie M. Miller, Steven J. Roodenrys
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The frequency effect in short-term serial recall is influenced by the composition of lists. In pure lists, a robust advantage in the recall of high-frequency (HF) words is observed, yet in alternating mixed lists, HF and low-frequency (LF) words are recalled equally well. It has been argued that the preexisting associations between all list items determine a single, global level of supportive activation that assists item recall. Preexisting associations between items are assumed to be a function of language co-occurrence; HF-HF associations are high, LF-LF associations are low, and mixed associations are intermediate in activation strength. This account, however, is …
Examining Brain-Cognition Effects Of Ginkgo Biloba Extract: Brain Activation In The Left Temporal And Left Prefrontal Cortex In An Object Working Memory Task, R B. Silberstein, A Pipingas, J Song, David Camfield, P J. Nathan, C Stough
Examining Brain-Cognition Effects Of Ginkgo Biloba Extract: Brain Activation In The Left Temporal And Left Prefrontal Cortex In An Object Working Memory Task, R B. Silberstein, A Pipingas, J Song, David Camfield, P J. Nathan, C Stough
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Ginkgo Biloba extract (GBE) is increasingly used to alleviate symptoms of age related cognitive impairment, with preclinical evidence pointing to a pro-cholinergic effect. While a number of behavioral studies have reported improvements to working memory (WM) associated with GBE, electrophysiological studies of GBE have typically been limited to recordings during a resting state. The current study investigated the chronic effects of GBE on steady state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) topography in nineteen healthy middle-aged (50-61 year old) male participants whilst completing an object WM task. A randomized double-blind crossover design was employed in which participants were allocated to receive 14 …
User Control And Task Authenticity For Spatial Learning In 3d Environments, Barney Dalgarno, Barry Harper
User Control And Task Authenticity For Spatial Learning In 3d Environments, Barney Dalgarno, Barry Harper
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This paper describes two empirical studies which investigated the importance for spatial learning of view control and object manipulation within 3D environments. A 3D virtual chemistry laboratory was used as the research instrument. Subjects, who were university undergraduate students (34 in the first study and 80 in the second study), undertook tasks in the virtual laboratory and were tested on their spatial knowledge through written tests. The results of the study indicate that view control and object manipulation enhance spatial learning but only if the learner undertakes authentic tasks that require this learning. These results have implications for educational designers …