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2018

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Full-Text Articles in Business

No More “Magic Aprons”: Longitudinal Assessment And Continuous Improvement Of Customer Service At The University Of North Dakota Libraries, Karlene T. Clark, Stephanie R. Walker Dec 2018

No More “Magic Aprons”: Longitudinal Assessment And Continuous Improvement Of Customer Service At The University Of North Dakota Libraries, Karlene T. Clark, Stephanie R. Walker

Librarian Publications

The University of North Dakota (UND) Libraries have developed a multi-award winning Customer Service Program (CSP) involving longitudinal assessment and continuous improvement. The CSP consists of iterative training modules; constant reinforcement of Customer Service Principles with multiple communication strategies and tools, and incentives that boost morale and foster not only compliance, but initiative-taking and innovation. The CSP became a widely adopted part of campus-wide assessment, beyond the libraries. Subsequent presentations at conferences led to multiple requests and implementation at other libraries.


Examining The Relationships Between Employee Engagement, Job Satisfaction, Job Burnout, And Turnover Intention Of Student Services Employees In Higher Education, Susan Grove Dec 2018

Examining The Relationships Between Employee Engagement, Job Satisfaction, Job Burnout, And Turnover Intention Of Student Services Employees In Higher Education, Susan Grove

Human Resource Development Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between engagement, job satisfaction, job burnout, and turnover intention as provided by higher education student services employees. This study addressed the gap in the literature: the lack of information regarding the experiences, attitudes, and perceptions of student services employees and examined the relationships among employee engagement, job satisfaction, job burnout, turnover intention by analyzing the responses received from members of the electronically mailed (e-mail) survey that contains a combination of three main survey instruments to review employee engagement, job burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention.

Six research hypotheses for the …


Testing The Structural Invariance Of Affective Commitment On Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior Across Clan And Hierarchy Organizational Culture Types, Julia A. Fulmore Dec 2018

Testing The Structural Invariance Of Affective Commitment On Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior Across Clan And Hierarchy Organizational Culture Types, Julia A. Fulmore

Human Resource Development Theses and Dissertations

Unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) is concerned with employees’ engagement in unethical conduct for the benefit of the organization that is immoral and/or illegal. Research findings on motivators of UPB show some contradictory findings that need to be resolved. Considering the empirical findings that clan culture discourages unethical behavior while hierarchy culture encourages unethical behavior along with the contradicting empirical findings between affective commitment and UPB based on samples with different cultures, this study sought to empirically assess the contradictory findings in the literature by testing the structural invariance of affective organizational commitment on UPB based on the two organizational of …


Workplace Mental Health: Toolkit Usability Study Of Midwestern Business Leaders, Julie Kiehne Dec 2018

Workplace Mental Health: Toolkit Usability Study Of Midwestern Business Leaders, Julie Kiehne

Leadership Education Capstones

The purpose of this research study was to gather Midwest business leader’s feedback on usability of a Workplace Mental Health Toolkit.

In the Workplace Mental Health Toolkit Usability Study, the researcher used a mixed methods approach to gather data using a digital survey. Business leaders were asked to rate the likelihood they would use the following tools in the workplace: Psychologically Safe Workplace Checklist, Mental Health Policy Template , Well-being Checklist, Mental Health First Aid at Work Training Program.


The Impact Of Motivation On Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (Ocb): The Mediation Effect Of Employees’ Engagement, Safaa Shaaban Dec 2018

The Impact Of Motivation On Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (Ocb): The Mediation Effect Of Employees’ Engagement, Safaa Shaaban

Business Administration

Employee motivation and citizenship behaviours have become important issues in human resource development (HRD). This study examines the relationship between employee motivation, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviours (OCB). The objectives of this research have two folds: (1) to show to what extent does employees’ motivation in the Egyptian governmental sector can affect OCB. (2) To investigate the mediation role of employees’ engagement in the employee motivation -citizenship behaviours relationship. This study was applied at Ministry of Civil Aviation (MOCA) where a sample consists of 300 employees working in (MOCA) were chosen based on their participation in the “future leaders program (FLP)” …


Enhancing The Value Of Professional Experience In Undergraduate Education: Implications For Academic And Career Counseling, Jack Gault, Evan Leach, Marc Duey, Ted Benzing Dec 2018

Enhancing The Value Of Professional Experience In Undergraduate Education: Implications For Academic And Career Counseling, Jack Gault, Evan Leach, Marc Duey, Ted Benzing

Marketing Faculty Publications

Rising costs and competition for entry-level employment increasingly call into question the value of a university degree. Now more than ever, career counselors must identify key factors that enhance employability for graduating seniors. Existing research shows professional experience is vital to securing quality postgraduate employment but offers little insight into ways perceived value varies by experience characteristics. This study surveyed value perceptions of more than 600 U.S. hiring managers. Results revealed a significant preference for hiring undergraduates with off-campus professional experience relevant to their full-time position at graduation. An experience of 3 to 5 months duration was considered valuable.


New Hire Training For Development Employees, Frances Pickles Nov 2018

New Hire Training For Development Employees, Frances Pickles

Instructional Design Capstones Collection

Children’s Cancer Charity employs development staff members in field offices across the country. These new hires require a specialized training for their role within the organization. The existing new hire training consists of a sales training and a week-long training held quarterly at the Executive Office. The current training lacks a foundational understanding of the various fundraising programs that exist at CCC and the training on the soft skills required to be successful in a development role. Two training series were designed to meet the needs of development new hires: Fundraising Program Training and Business Skills Training. The program training …


Testing The Measurement Invariance And Latent Mean Differences Of Data From The Employee Perceptions Of Supervisor/Line Manager Coaching Behavior Measure Between Virtual And Traditional Employees From Generation X And Y, Bryn Hammack-Brown Nov 2018

Testing The Measurement Invariance And Latent Mean Differences Of Data From The Employee Perceptions Of Supervisor/Line Manager Coaching Behavior Measure Between Virtual And Traditional Employees From Generation X And Y, Bryn Hammack-Brown

Human Resource Development Theses and Dissertations

Currently, the workforce is comprised of multiple generations, of which Generation X and Y are the largest, working in a variety of arrangements. These include working from home, satellite centers, on the road, collaboration offices, and brick and mortar locations. As information and communication technology advances, more opportunities for individuals to supplement or change their working environments are available. Along with these different modes of work comes occasions and challenges for managers to demonstrate coaching behaviors toward employees who work alongside them on an on-going basis, and simultaneously to those who are removed from the face-to-face interactions and instead rely …


Examining Work-Life Balance Of Female Faculty In Chair Roles At Medical Academic Institutions: A Phenomenological Study, Stephanie N. Dunn Nov 2018

Examining Work-Life Balance Of Female Faculty In Chair Roles At Medical Academic Institutions: A Phenomenological Study, Stephanie N. Dunn

Human Resource Development Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this research study was to explore the work-life balance of women in Chair positions within medical academic institutions and to research their ability to balance roles at work and home. The study wanted to investigate the impact of a prestigious leadership position on their lives. The study explored the reason for their success in such a male-dominated position and how they obtained such a position. The women who participated in this study gave accounts for their triumphs and disappointments during the data collection phase of the study.

This research was a phenomenological study based on three theoretical …


Testing An Adapted And Integrated Model Of Motivation To Lead And Intention To Apply, Mandolen Mull Nov 2018

Testing An Adapted And Integrated Model Of Motivation To Lead And Intention To Apply, Mandolen Mull

Human Resource Development Theses and Dissertations

Leader development is a growing field of study within the leadership and human resource development (HRD) fields. As such, various studies have evaluated the traits, skills, and situational influences that contribute to an individual’s likelihood of becoming a leader. However, often researchers fail to examine an individual’s intention to apply for a leadership position within their examination of an individual’s leadership potential. Although prior research has examined the motivation to lead (MTL), very little research has examined the relationship between an individual’s MTL and their intention to apply for a leadership position. Furthermore, no research to date has evaluated the …


Future And Value: The Library As Strategic Partner, Antje Mays Nov 2018

Future And Value: The Library As Strategic Partner, Antje Mays

Library Presentations

Broader economic trends spawn budget pressures for education and libraries, prompting a plethora of studies on the value and relevance of libraries. Numerous reports on economic decline in libraries and studies with mixed pronouncements on the value of libraries have led to a negative self-image within the library profession. Yet libraries' leadership in connecting learners to knowledge is at the heart of producing many of the key skills sorely needed in robust societies and economies. Librarianship has many untapped opportunities for positioning itself as a prominent strategic partner. This paper outlines current research on the economic and societal context for …


Ohio Selects And Begins Installation Of A Workforce Intervention: Coach Ohio: Promoting Resilience And Optimism, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development Nov 2018

Ohio Selects And Begins Installation Of A Workforce Intervention: Coach Ohio: Promoting Resilience And Optimism, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development

Other QIC-WD Products

Ohio is committed to improving outcomes for children and families. Strengthening the child welfare workforce is an essential component for improving these outcomes. To this end, the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services (ODJFS) partnered with eight public children services agencies; Champaign, Crawford, Hamilton, Knox, Montgomery, Summit, Trumbull, and Wayne, to become one of eight national project sites to test child welfare workforce interventions through the Quality Improvement Center for Workforce Development (QIC-WD). Earlier this year, the Ohio site conducted a workforce assessment that revealed 48% of Ohio’s participating child welfare caseworkers experienced at least one symptom of secondary …


Social Dominance Orientation And Emotion Regulation: A Parallel Multiple Mediator Model Of Instigated Incivility Moderated By Workgroup Civility Climate, Fabiana Brunetta Oct 2018

Social Dominance Orientation And Emotion Regulation: A Parallel Multiple Mediator Model Of Instigated Incivility Moderated By Workgroup Civility Climate, Fabiana Brunetta

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

While most of the existing research on the topic of workplace incivility has focused upon its consequences on employee and organizational well-being, researchers are recognizing the need for research on predictors, mediators, and moderators of uncivil workplace behavior. The current study contributes to this new wave of workplace incivility research by emphasizing the links among variables not previously explored in incivility research. This nonexperimental correlational study (N = 1027) developed and tested a parallel multiple mediator model of instigated incivility. The model examined the mediation of the emotion regulation strategies – cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression – on the …


Training Employees To Stay: T&D In Retaining Talent, Megan M. Waite, Troi N. Robinson-Moss, Sydney M. Kopelic, Shawn Bergman Oct 2018

Training Employees To Stay: T&D In Retaining Talent, Megan M. Waite, Troi N. Robinson-Moss, Sydney M. Kopelic, Shawn Bergman

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

The employee-driven market and “war for talent” demand organizations be increasingly competitive in maintaining the best workforce possible. Furthermore, factors such as millennial “job hopping,” employees leaving because of fears of layoffs and downsizing, and exiting the company without documenting valuable knowledge are all reasons to seek methods to decrease turnover. Organizations can use strategic and evidence-based training and development (T&D) practices to retain talent and prevent the loss of institutional knowledge. This session will discuss how T&D can be used to reduce involuntary turnover in organizations and cover how self-paced training, error management training (EMT), and the use of …


Organizational Alignment Through Leadership Proficiency And Human System Interventions, Kristin Weger, Raeshaun Jones, Lisa Matsuyama, Michael Buford, Jarielle Prince, Sarah Rose Stough Oct 2018

Organizational Alignment Through Leadership Proficiency And Human System Interventions, Kristin Weger, Raeshaun Jones, Lisa Matsuyama, Michael Buford, Jarielle Prince, Sarah Rose Stough

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Across many organizations, agencies and programs have been tasked with building, training, and retaining the workforce needed. Yet, only few organizations have succeeded in their efforts by creating a culture in which workforce preferences align and overarching leadership support is provided. Such a cultural transformation requires not only a behavioral shift from employees, but especially from those in leadership positions, in order to break from the typical way that organizations have long encouraged them to behave. Although the importance of leadership has been emphasized in previous literature, no consistent description of leadership attributes or promising application of human system interventions …


Qic-Wd Site Intervention Selection – Fall 2018, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development Oct 2018

Qic-Wd Site Intervention Selection – Fall 2018, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development

Other QIC-WD Products

The eight QIC-WD sites have worked with the QIC-WD to determined which intervention to implement and evaluate to strengthen their child welfare workforce. These decisions came after a thorough needs assessment through which human resources (HR) data was examined to uncover the root causes of child welfare caseworker turnover. The sites recognize that turnover is not caused by a single issue, so they had to consider which aspect of turnover they could address in partnership with the QIC-WD. The QIC-WD team simultaneously examined available interventions, study designs, and the needs of the broader child welfare field to help each site …


Supportive Supervision And Resiliency Ohio - Coach Ohio Flyer 2018, Ohio Department Of Job And Family Services, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development Oct 2018

Supportive Supervision And Resiliency Ohio - Coach Ohio Flyer 2018, Ohio Department Of Job And Family Services, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development

Other QIC-WD Products

What We Do and Why

Ohio is committed to improving outcomes for children and families and strengthening its child welfare workforce. When we improve the child welfare workforce, we improve outcomes for children and families. As a participant in a national workforce research project through the Quality Improvement Center for Workforce Development (QIC-WD), Ohio collected data over the last several months and completed a workforce needs assessment. The assessment identified high staff burnout, secondary trauma and lack of engagement as major contributors to Ohio workforce challenges. To address these challenges, six Ohio counties − Champaign, Hamilton, Knox, Montgomery, Summit and …


Reliability Generalization For The Motivated Strategies For Learning Questionnaire: A Meta-Analytic View Of Reliability Estimates, David F. Holland, Amanda Kraha, Linda R. Zientek, Kim Nimon, Julia A. Fulmore, Ursula Y. Johnson, Hector F. Ponce, Mariya Gavrilova Aguilar, Robin K. Henson Sep 2018

Reliability Generalization For The Motivated Strategies For Learning Questionnaire: A Meta-Analytic View Of Reliability Estimates, David F. Holland, Amanda Kraha, Linda R. Zientek, Kim Nimon, Julia A. Fulmore, Ursula Y. Johnson, Hector F. Ponce, Mariya Gavrilova Aguilar, Robin K. Henson

Human Resource Development Faculty Publications and Presentations

A reliability generalization meta-analysis was performed to explore the relationship between study factors and levels of alpha reliability for the 15 subscales of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The MSLQ has been widely adapted over the past 25 years to investigate the role of motivation and strategies in learning, primarily at the postsecondary level. A literature search from the years 1991 to 2015 yielded 295 peer-reviewed journal articles and 1,369 alpha reliability coefficients. Articles were coded for six potential moderator study variables. A novel varying coefficient (VC) model was adopted to determine average reliabilities across studies for each …


Using Implementation Science To Strengthen The Child Welfare Workforce, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development Sep 2018

Using Implementation Science To Strengthen The Child Welfare Workforce, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development

Other QIC-WD Products

The QIC-WD is using implementation science to strengthen the child welfare workforce in eight child welfare agencies across the U.S. According to a synthesis of the literature, implementation can be defined as a specified set of activities designed to put into practice and activity or program of known dimensions. The QIC-WD is using the implementation science framework developed by NIRN and the guide created by the Permanency Innovations Initiative to support our sites through the stages of implementation: Exploration, Installation, Initial Implementation, and Full Implementation as described below. The QIC-WD knows that high quality implementation of a selected intervention is …


Intercultural Coworker Relationships (Icors) In The Global Workplace: A Grounded Theory Study, Jennifer L. Morton Sep 2018

Intercultural Coworker Relationships (Icors) In The Global Workplace: A Grounded Theory Study, Jennifer L. Morton

Dissertations

Previous research supports what employees intuitively sense: peers make the place (Chiaburu & Harrison, 2008; Schneider, 1987). Extant research suggests coworker relationships have critical influence on outcomes ranging from turnover (Felps, Mitchell, Hekman, Lee, Holtom, & Harman, 2009) to creativity (Homan, Buengeler, Eckhoff, van Ginkel, & Voelpel, 2015) to organizational commitment (Viswesvaran & Ones, 2002) to employee health and well-being (Heaphy & Dutton, 2008). Despite the increase of Intercultural COworker Relationships (ICORs), particularly in multinational firms in the technology industry, research has yet to examine what defines coworker relationship quality in the presence of national cultural differences. In other words, …


Employee Perceptions Of Well-Being Programs, Alice V. Edwards, Susan Marcus Sep 2018

Employee Perceptions Of Well-Being Programs, Alice V. Edwards, Susan Marcus

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Measuring the effectiveness of well-being programs in the workplace is important for optimizing the return on investment and selection of programs that meet organizational objectives. A pilot study was performed to assess employee well-being using the Happiness Mini-Survey and a one-sample pre–post study design intended to quickly allow employees to subjectively rate their well-being before and after participating in various classes as part of a well-being program. The findings demonstrated statistical significance in employee subjective ratings; they reported feeling better emotionally, physically, and mentally after participating in the classes. The employees’ self-rating for stress level also had statistically significant improvement …


Mayflower: Ode To New Beginnings — A New Column For New Times With A Positive Mission, Antje Mays Sep 2018

Mayflower: Ode To New Beginnings — A New Column For New Times With A Positive Mission, Antje Mays

Library Faculty and Staff Publications

Numerous studies and articles downplay the value of libraries, citing instances of library defunding, layoffs, and outright closures, along with studies on the waning usefulness of libraries based on flawed quantifiables. Such pronouncements spread fear of obsolescence and irrelevance, contributing to dissatisfaction in the library profession. Yet polls in the United States and Great Britain reveal the library profession's enduring value among the most trusted professions.

To kick off the column "Mayflower: Ode to New Beginnings", this article frames library pressures in a context of broader trends affecting economic and educational conditions, examines professional stewardship and the library profession’s enduring …


Breaking Down The Barriers To Operator Workload Estimation: Advancing Algorithmic Handling Of Temporal Non-Stationarity And Cross-Participant Differences For Eeg Analysis Using Deep Learning, Ryan G. Hefron Sep 2018

Breaking Down The Barriers To Operator Workload Estimation: Advancing Algorithmic Handling Of Temporal Non-Stationarity And Cross-Participant Differences For Eeg Analysis Using Deep Learning, Ryan G. Hefron

Theses and Dissertations

This research focuses on two barriers to using EEG data for workload assessment: day-to-day variability, and cross- participant applicability. Several signal processing techniques and deep learning approaches are evaluated in multi-task environments. These methods account for temporal, spatial, and frequential data dependencies. Variance of frequency- domain power distributions for cross-day workload classification is statistically significant. Skewness and kurtosis are not significant in an environment absent workload transitions, but are salient with transitions present. LSTMs improve day- to-day feature stationarity, decreasing error by 59% compared to previous best results. A multi-path convolutional recurrent model using bi-directional, residual recurrent layers significantly increases …


Career Coaching: A Study Of Veterans Health Administration (Vha) Leaders', Jerelyn Dugas Aug 2018

Career Coaching: A Study Of Veterans Health Administration (Vha) Leaders', Jerelyn Dugas

Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore and describe the impact of career coaching on the career performance growth and retention as perceived by healthcare’s emerging leaders who participated in selected coaching program institutes for a minimum of 1 year at VHA hospitals in Southern California.

Methodology: The researcher selected a qualitative multiple case study to explore and describe VHA leaders’ perceived impact of coaching on their career performance growth and retention. Further, the researcher conducted semi-structured, interviews with 15 participants to gain a better understanding of the lived experiences of the participants at the …


Exploring Spirituality And Affective Commitment As Antecedents To Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Elva A. Resendez Aug 2018

Exploring Spirituality And Affective Commitment As Antecedents To Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Elva A. Resendez

Human Resource Development Theses and Dissertations

The primary purpose of my study is to investigate the relationships between workplace spirituality, individual spirituality, affective commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. My literature review resulted in the following research question: If workplace spirituality and individual spirituality are inherent in organizations and individuals, what is their relationship to employees’ workplace behavior? Three testable hypotheses are examined in hopes of identifying and developing practical and scholarly applications of OCB’s and developing the roles of individual spirituality and workplace spirituality as distinct assets in the general business culture: (1) the moderating effect of workplace spirituality in the relationship between individual spirituality and …


Information Seeking Behavior Of Research Scholars At Muet Library & Online Information Center, Jamshoro: A Study, Liaquat Ali Rahoo Mr, Muhammad Ali Khan Nagar, Maryam Kalhoro, Qurat-Ul-Ain Abro, Shadab Kalhoro Aug 2018

Information Seeking Behavior Of Research Scholars At Muet Library & Online Information Center, Jamshoro: A Study, Liaquat Ali Rahoo Mr, Muhammad Ali Khan Nagar, Maryam Kalhoro, Qurat-Ul-Ain Abro, Shadab Kalhoro

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The aim of this paper was to study the behavior of the information seeking by the researcher scholars of the at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan. The overall purpose of the research study was to find out the awareness and information requirements by the researcher for the research purposes which were provided by the Higher education commission digital library. The data was collected from 230 researchers with the help of questionnaire through the Google online form. Data was analyzed in SPSS software. Research findings were majority of researchers were use electronics resources, text books and reference …


A Content Analysis Of Section 1983 Litigation Against Reserve Police Officers, Michael Ryan Broadus Aug 2018

A Content Analysis Of Section 1983 Litigation Against Reserve Police Officers, Michael Ryan Broadus

Master's Theses

Police studies have well developed a demonstrative framework for detailing risks which generate financially-detrimental civil litigation – particularly regarding 42 U.S.C. §1983. Conversely, though, police studies have given little attention to the often-used but differentially-trained reserve police officer. Primarily replicating the methodologies of Kappeler, Kappeler, and del Carmen (1993) and Ross (2000), this descriptive study sought to fill this void via a manifest content approach to purposively select a sample of Section 1983 cases decided by U.S. District Courts over a 16-year period (2001-2016) to determine: (1) if significant liability was generated by reserve officers, (2) the main basis for …


The Influence Of An Electronic Attendance Monitoring System On Undergraduate Academic Success, Charles Childress Aug 2018

The Influence Of An Electronic Attendance Monitoring System On Undergraduate Academic Success, Charles Childress

Dissertations

Investing in human capital development increases education levels, workplace skills, and boost individual abilities. Undergraduate students who attend class and perform well are more likely to get jobs, due to their development of workplace skills. State governments, as the funding bodies for public universities, are finding it beneficial to increase the number of college graduates because a citizenry that is prepared for the job market is ultimately good for the state. States recognize that an increase in education can produce job opportunities for citizens. University administrators can employ tactics to increase graduation rates, one of which is monitoring students’ class …


Mitigating Risk: A Delphi Study Identifying Competencies In Sport And Event Security Management, Elizabeth Voorhees Aug 2018

Mitigating Risk: A Delphi Study Identifying Competencies In Sport And Event Security Management, Elizabeth Voorhees

Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to identify core competencies for supervisory-level security management professionals working in the sports and entertainment industry. Qualified and trained sport and event security-management professionals are essential to support the U.S. homeland security objectives outlined in Presidential Policy Directive-21. Providing effective safety and security for sports and entertainment events requires specialized knowledge and skill on the behalf of security-management practitioners who detect, deter, prevent, and respond to potential risks and threats. This qualitative research study employed a Delphi research design to elicit expertise from a purposefully selected panel of experts (N = 36). The …


Toward A Model Of Strategic Human Capital Management Using The Balanced Scorecard - An Exploratory Case Study, Jeffrey A. Risinger Jul 2018

Toward A Model Of Strategic Human Capital Management Using The Balanced Scorecard - An Exploratory Case Study, Jeffrey A. Risinger

Human Resource Development Theses and Dissertations

The issue of strategic human capital management has been studied and written about extensively over the last 20 years. Much of the focus of this work has addressed the need for internal human resources organizations to transition from transactional, processing organizations to more strategic partner functions addressing the key business needs of the organization. The vast majority of the research addressing this transition has focused on the professional characteristics of senior human resource executives. Whereas the literature presents anecdotal evidence of progress, there also exists consensus support for the idea that very little systemic movement has occurred at the organizational …