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Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

Click, Listen, Reflect: Implementing Discord In Critical Listening Courses, Kenny Shania Lestari R, Metaria Metaria, Siti Nurhalimah Sep 2026

Click, Listen, Reflect: Implementing Discord In Critical Listening Courses, Kenny Shania Lestari R, Metaria Metaria, Siti Nurhalimah

Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya

Critical listening requires learners not only to comprehend spoken information but also to interpret and evaluate its meaning. Digital learning environments may support these processes by providing opportunities for repeated access to spoken input, interaction, and collaborative discussion. This study explored how Discord was implemented in a Critical Listening course and how students perceived and experienced its use in supporting their critical listening learning. The study employed a qualitative descriptive design involving 20 students from the International Class Program at Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. Data were collected through classroom observation checklists, field notes, and focus group …


Towards A History Of India’S Untapped Constitutionalism—Review Of Assembling India’S Constitution: A New Democratic History, Dayal Paleri Sep 2026

Towards A History Of India’S Untapped Constitutionalism—Review Of Assembling India’S Constitution: A New Democratic History, Dayal Paleri

National Law School Journal

This is a book review of Assembling India’s Constitution: A New Democratic History (Cambridge University Press 2025) by Rohit De and Ornit Shani.


Una Magazine, Office Of Alumni Relations- University Of North Alabama Sep 2026

Una Magazine, Office Of Alumni Relations- University Of North Alabama

Documents

"50 Golden Years"-UNA Magazine, Spring 1999


Uae Audiences' Reliance On Social Media As A Source Of Information On Complementary And Alternative Medicine: A Study Of Al Ain City Residents Based On Media System Dependency Theory, Abdul Rahman Al-Toum, Mohammed Al-Kaabi, Najoud Al-Mansouri, Ahmed Bin Ishaq, Amer Khaled Ahmad, Maram Manajrah Sep 2026

Uae Audiences' Reliance On Social Media As A Source Of Information On Complementary And Alternative Medicine: A Study Of Al Ain City Residents Based On Media System Dependency Theory, Abdul Rahman Al-Toum, Mohammed Al-Kaabi, Najoud Al-Mansouri, Ahmed Bin Ishaq, Amer Khaled Ahmad, Maram Manajrah

Middle East Journal of Communication Studies

This study examined the extent to which UAE audiences rely on social media as a source of information on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the resulting effects of this reliance. Grounded in Media System Dependency Theory, the study employed an audience survey using a questionnaire administered to a sample of (132) Emirati citizens in Al Ain. The findings revealed that the combined medium and high reliance reached (53%). Regarding the effects, cognitive effects recorded the highest arithmetic means, followed by affective and behavioral effects at comparable levels. Hypothesis testing showed no statistically significant differences in the degree of reliance …


Explore It - A Speculative Approach Investigating The Material Intelligence Of Casein For Future Textile Materials, Malene Pilgaard Harsaae, Ronni Anthony Johannesen, Anne Louise Bang, Tine Hort, Hanne Thaarup Mølbak, Katrin Meinert Maagaard Sep 2026

Explore It - A Speculative Approach Investigating The Material Intelligence Of Casein For Future Textile Materials, Malene Pilgaard Harsaae, Ronni Anthony Johannesen, Anne Louise Bang, Tine Hort, Hanne Thaarup Mølbak, Katrin Meinert Maagaard

Textile Intersections Conference Series

In the fashion and textile industries, materials are a prerequisite for the making of products. Extraction and processing of these materials have a huge negative impact on the environment and in addition they spark ethical and social considerations. This paper presents a project where cultural heritage and material knowledge is employed to explore if history and tradition can contribute to intelligently develop novel and flexible casein materials for the future with less damaging impact on the environment. Constituted by speculative design and a material-first perspective, the paper introduces a case of material exploration with casein, which is a milk protein. …


Three-Dimensional Transformable Textiles Woven With Hygromorphic High-Twist Linen Yarn, Kathryn Walters Sep 2026

Three-Dimensional Transformable Textiles Woven With Hygromorphic High-Twist Linen Yarn, Kathryn Walters

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Shape-changing textiles woven using high-twist yarns offer the potential of a diverse design space of three-dimensional morphologies without the need to cut the textile or to modify the loom. High-twist linen yarn has moisture-responsive – hygromorphic – properties, with the orientation of the transformation changing with yarn twist direction. Used to weave transformable textiles it offers an alternative to synthetic active yarns or non-textile actuators. The material intelligence of the high-twist linen yarn is non-linear, and S- and Z-twist yarns may be combined to increase the diversity of textile morphologies. Developed through practice-based research, a series of experiments have been …


Bacterial Cellulose As Biofabricated Textile Material: Biotinkering And Trajectories Of Textile Materialisation, Ziqian Yu, Valentina Rognoli Sep 2026

Bacterial Cellulose As Biofabricated Textile Material: Biotinkering And Trajectories Of Textile Materialisation, Ziqian Yu, Valentina Rognoli

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is increasingly studied in material design and biodesign as a biofabricated material shaped through cultivation, harvesting, and processing. In fashion contexts, however, BC is often identified as a leather alternative, particularly in sheet form. While this framing has supported its integration into design practices, it constrains BC's textile potential. This paper investigates how BC becomes textile material through multiple materialisation trajectories rather than through a single substitute material form. The study is a comparative analysis of sixteen cases, framed by Material-Driven Design (MDD) approach. Fourteen external design and interdisciplinary cases provide the comparative basis, while two hands-on …


Strain-Sensing Auxetic Knit With Embedded Elastomeric Optical Fibers, Rashmi Mohan, Jeyeon Jo Sep 2026

Strain-Sensing Auxetic Knit With Embedded Elastomeric Optical Fibers, Rashmi Mohan, Jeyeon Jo

Textile Intersections Conference Series

This study presents the development and evaluation of a novel strain-sensing electronic textile that integrates elastomeric optical fiber within an auxetic knitted structure. Conventional wearable sensors often suffer from motion artifacts due to the mechanical mismatch between human-joint movements and the positive Poisson's ratio of standard fabrics. To address this, a log cabin knit pattern combining knit and purl stitches was designed to induce an out-of-plane buckling effect, resulting in a negative Poisson's ratio. A stretchable elastomeric optical fiber with a diameter of 1.2 mm was embedded within a 1×1 rib channel to ensure stable electromechanical coupling without hindering the …


Including The Hybrids: The Thread Arrangement As A Lens For Manifesting Textile Designers' Agency, Juri-Apollo Drews Sep 2026

Including The Hybrids: The Thread Arrangement As A Lens For Manifesting Textile Designers' Agency, Juri-Apollo Drews

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Current textile classification systems often divide fabrics into mutually exclusive categories such as weaves, knits, and nonwovens. While useful for distinguishing basic structural differences between textiles, such taxonomies frequently fail to account for hybrid structures and may inadvertently discourage research into them. This paper proposes the notion of the "thread arrangement" as a conceptual lens to nuance such rigid classifications and to manifest the creative agency of the textile designer. By synthesising insights from textile design, creativity, and classification theory with potential-focused perspectives from textile archaeology, the term is developed as a meta-category that emphasizes the duality of the textile …


From Textility To Embodied Experience: A Practice-Led Generative Approach To Textile Ich Engagement, Mi Lin Sep 2026

From Textility To Embodied Experience: A Practice-Led Generative Approach To Textile Ich Engagement, Mi Lin

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Engagement with intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is increasingly framed as experiential rather than representational. However, textile ICH—particularly structurally complex forms such as Miao Piling Embroidery—is still often presented through documentation and visual display, limiting access to its embodied, processual, and perceptual dimensions. This paper develops a situated, practice-led generative approach that explores how textility can be translated into generative and embodied experience. Using Miao Piling Embroidery as a case study, textility is defined here as a conceptual construct that synthesises material, making, structural, and cultural connotations, understood as a system of relations including unit formation, layering, and repetition. These relations …


Textile As Ecological Index: Casting Domestic Food Waste Into Wearable Biomaterial Media Through A Domestic Biodesign Framework, Valerie Chua Sep 2026

Textile As Ecological Index: Casting Domestic Food Waste Into Wearable Biomaterial Media Through A Domestic Biodesign Framework, Valerie Chua

Textile Intersections Conference Series

This paper introduces a domestic biodesign framework for transforming household food waste into wearable biomaterial textiles that function as ecological communication media. Through a practice-based case study, the MILES apron, it demonstrates how dehydrated kitchen residues embedded in an agar-based composite textile can materialise dietary and ecological patterns through sensory properties such as texture, colour variation, and material stratification. The paper contributes three advances. First, it proposes a six-stage design scaffold for domestic-scale biomaterial fabrication that integrates communicative intent, waste-stream analysis, material testing, and biosafety into a replicable process. Second, it develops the concept of biological constitution as a design …


Designing With Drafts And Cross-Sections: Reflections On How Representations Of Woven Structure Shape Design Practice, Deanna Gelosi, Laura Devendorf Sep 2026

Designing With Drafts And Cross-Sections: Reflections On How Representations Of Woven Structure Shape Design Practice, Deanna Gelosi, Laura Devendorf

Textile Intersections Conference Series

The draft, a grid of black and white squares used to specify where a particular warp crosses over or under a weft in woven cloth, is a common representation used to design and describe woven structures. The squares in a draft directly, or with a few modifications, translate to manufacturing instructions, which makes the draft a common representation used in weaving design software. In this paper, we describe how using a different woven structure representation, a cross-section, in a design tool that foregrounds different concerns. Specifically, we describe and reflect on our motivation, design, and initial testing of an interactive …


Textile Digital Drape Definition - Td3: Comparing Digital To Physical Design Considerations, Alexandra Kuijpers, Troy Nachtigall, Maarten Van Bommel Sep 2026

Textile Digital Drape Definition - Td3: Comparing Digital To Physical Design Considerations, Alexandra Kuijpers, Troy Nachtigall, Maarten Van Bommel

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Fashion design is, by nature, a very hands-on activity in which the touch and feel of a textile are considered vital to the design of the garment. Yet when designers work with digital fashion design software, they rely on digital textile definitions that are visual instead of tangible textile swatches. In this research, we created a new Textile Digital Drape Definition (TD3) that is heavily informed by textile drape properties. We compared the TD3 to traditional tangible textile interaction, via an intense workshop examining eleven textile sample swatches. The digital drape of the TD3 follows standardized textile science drape methods, …


Soft Shaping: Zonal Elasticity In Layered Woven Textiles, Ihab Jiryis, Arielle Blonder Sep 2026

Soft Shaping: Zonal Elasticity In Layered Woven Textiles, Ihab Jiryis, Arielle Blonder

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Body-shaping garments establish form through mechanical action at the textile-body interface: corsetry through rigid reinforcement and lacing, elastic shapewear through elastomeric recovery. This study shifts attention from how a textile acts on the body to how its form develops and is organised before application to the body. The Zonal Elasticity System (ZES) is a moisture-activated self-forming system based on differing moisture-responsive behaviour within bonded cotton-linen assemblies. Twenty-four specimens across three phases examined how grain orientation, cut topology, constraint geometry, bond routing, pre-stress, and interlayer coupling directed deformation towards a defined waist region. Connected cut units propagated deformation across the field, …


Reya: Reuse Yarn. Product, Process And Practice, Elizabeth Gaston Sep 2026

Reya: Reuse Yarn. Product, Process And Practice, Elizabeth Gaston

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Reya: Reuse Yarn is a practice-led research project that investigates scalable methods for reducing pre-consumer waste in commercial knitwear manufacturing. Positioned within a circular manufacturing framework, the study re-evaluates knit as product, process, and practice to generate new insights into sustainable production. The research addresses the environmental and economic impacts of deadstock yarn, particularly low-value synthetic blends that are typically discarded due to limitations in quantity, aesthetics, and material consistency. Drawing on interdisciplinary knowledge from knit and visual colour psychology, the project employs a Knit Thinking methodology, combining tacit material understanding with explicit technical knowledge through iterative, material-led enquiry. The …


The Impact Of Differentiated Post-Consumer Textile Waste Sorting On The Homogeneity Of Recycled Yarns, Magdalena Kohler, Holger Cebulla Sep 2026

The Impact Of Differentiated Post-Consumer Textile Waste Sorting On The Homogeneity Of Recycled Yarns, Magdalena Kohler, Holger Cebulla

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Post-consumer textile waste (PCTW) is increasingly characterized by complex multi-fibre blends, posing significant challenges for fibre-to-fibre recycling. This study investigates the influence of sorting, cutting, and tearing processes on nep formation and the resulting yarn quality during mechanical recycling. A three-stage sorting approach based on fibre composition and stitch density was developed and combined with systematically varied cutting and tearing processes. The results show that both input material characteristics and recycling parameters affect nep formation. In particular, thermally melted cut edges from garments containing polyacrylonitrile were identified as a potential source of neps. The findings highlight the importance of differentiated …


Design Decisions As Leverage Points Of Textile Production And Supply Chain Orientation: Case Textile Colouration, Helmiina Hirviniemi, Maarit Salolainen, Astrid Larsen Sep 2026

Design Decisions As Leverage Points Of Textile Production And Supply Chain Orientation: Case Textile Colouration, Helmiina Hirviniemi, Maarit Salolainen, Astrid Larsen

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Textile design decisions, from fibres to finished fabrics, are often seen as matters of aesthetics and product functionality. However, these decisions also shape, among other aspects, production systems, supply chain structures, and the environmental impact of textile manufacturing. Textiles are constructed in complex production chains that transform fibres into yarns and ultimately into finished fabrics. At each stage, design and production choices influence not only the visual and technical properties of the final textile but also its ecological footprint and production system. This paper argues that more sustainable textile supply chains are achievable within existing technological capabilities if design and …


Designing With Evolutive Colors: A Proof Of Concept For Bio-Based Dye Integration In Textile Design Digital Workflow, Clarisse Barbot, Camille Fuzier, Bertrand Loïc, De Visscher Emile, Panayotis Mavros Sep 2026

Designing With Evolutive Colors: A Proof Of Concept For Bio-Based Dye Integration In Textile Design Digital Workflow, Clarisse Barbot, Camille Fuzier, Bertrand Loïc, De Visscher Emile, Panayotis Mavros

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Current industrial textile production relies on petrochemical dyes. This dependence has led to growing interest in bio-based alternatives, although their adoption remains constrained by technical and cultural factors. In particular, bio-based dyes do not meet typical industrial standards for stability, diversity of colour choices, and reproducibility. Textiles dyed with bio-based colourants tend to exhibit colour changes under light exposure. Current design software systems were built with the conventional expectation of stability of petrochemical dyes in mind, making them ill-adapted to bio-based dye behaviour and thus hampering their industrial adoption. To address this gap, we propose the prototype of a novel …


Warpform: An Accessible Loom Add-On For Weaving Non-Rectangular Textile-Forms, Savanne Klop, Manuel Carazo, Milou Voorwinden, Holly Mcquillan Sep 2026

Warpform: An Accessible Loom Add-On For Weaving Non-Rectangular Textile-Forms, Savanne Klop, Manuel Carazo, Milou Voorwinden, Holly Mcquillan

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Textile-form Weaving, in which the fabric and form are created simultaneously on the loom, can support zero-waste, on-demand production of textile-based products. However, textile researchers and designers are limited in their ability to explore the full potential of Textile-form Weaving because most looms do not allow for all variables to be manipulated. In this paper, we present WarpForm, an accessible add-on for a standard hand-operated loom that opens up new possibilities for weavers. Specifically, through enabling the variable consumption of individual warp threads, WarpForm allows weavers to create 3D and non-rectangular forms directly on the loom. Through a description of …


Sketching Fast, Sketching Slow: Extending Sketchnoting Practices With E-Textiles, Anna Blumenkranz, Barbro Scholz Sep 2026

Sketching Fast, Sketching Slow: Extending Sketchnoting Practices With E-Textiles, Anna Blumenkranz, Barbro Scholz

Textile Intersections Conference Series

As design researchers, we are often challenged to make sense of qualitative data without losing its nuances and situated character in the process. Sketchnoting is a widely used technique for transforming data into personal and memorable summaries. Typically practised with pen and paper, it involves a combination of drawings and text. However, what often remains underexplored is the formative role of materials in shaping sketchnoting practices, leaving open questions about the kinds of knowledge different materials enable to articulate. This paper explores e-textiles as a medium for sketchnoting, examining how their temporal, materially composite, interactive properties influence processes of data …


Towards Self-Powered Woven Triboelectric Textiles Using Commercial Yarns, Swarnalok De, Mithila Mohan, Matteo Iannacchero, Marie Vihmar, Jaana Vapaavuori Sep 2026

Towards Self-Powered Woven Triboelectric Textiles Using Commercial Yarns, Swarnalok De, Mithila Mohan, Matteo Iannacchero, Marie Vihmar, Jaana Vapaavuori

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Electronic textiles (e-textiles) are emerging as promising next-generation sensors with applications in sport, healthcare, defense, and human-computer interactions. On one hand, their soft interface with skin provides comfortable user experience and offers the advantage of tailoring the sensors to adapt to different body types. On the other hand, their dependence on external power sources such as electrochemical batteries for prolonged monitoring of physiological cues compromises these inherent advantages by incorporating bulky, rigid, and non-biocompatible components into the textile designing. In this context, textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs) are gaining attention due to their ability to act as self-powering sensors. However, most …


Soft Shapeshifters: Thai Backstrap Weaving As Embodied Interaction And Soft System, Bine Roth, Wuthigrai Si Sep 2026

Soft Shapeshifters: Thai Backstrap Weaving As Embodied Interaction And Soft System, Bine Roth, Wuthigrai Si

Textile Intersections Conference Series

No abstract provided.


Material Impasse: Decentering Intentionality Through Uncertainty In Textile Craft, Ruxandra Lupu Sep 2026

Material Impasse: Decentering Intentionality Through Uncertainty In Textile Craft, Ruxandra Lupu

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Recent developments in textiles — including hybrid practices and new material innovations — point to the emergence of new ways of doing, sensing and reflecting through textiles. However, the tools used to investigate these remain anchored in conventions, failing to align with new ways of working reflected by theoretical movements like new materialism. This paper challenges existing methodologies for investigating textile making through the concept of uncertainty. It asks how we can engage more deeply with textiles beyond pre-established frameworks by pushing the affordances of methodological thinking. Drawing on a two-day ethnographic study with textile designer Melissanthi Spei, the paper …


Towards Textile Templating In Mycofabrication: Knitted Structures As Substrate And Scaffold, Romy Kaiser, Elise Elsacker, Martyn Robertson, Ben Bridgens, Jane Scott Sep 2026

Towards Textile Templating In Mycofabrication: Knitted Structures As Substrate And Scaffold, Romy Kaiser, Elise Elsacker, Martyn Robertson, Ben Bridgens, Jane Scott

Textile Intersections Conference Series

This study investigates the potential of knitted textiles as both substrate and three-dimensional scaffold for mycofabrication, contributing to the development of textile templating approaches in biofabrication. While textiles are commonly used as reinforcement in mycelium-based composites, their role as active, designable interfaces for growth remains underexplored. Two experimental approaches using Ganoderma lucidum were conducted: seeding-based inoculation and liquid-state fermentation. The first evaluated fibre substrates (namely acrylic, wool, cotton, and linen) on mycelial colonisation. Cellulosic fibres, particularly cotton and linen, supported more integrated and extensive growth, while wool enabled limited surface expansion and acrylic showed minimal colonisation. Overall, low biomass shows …


Hooked: Programmable, Capacitive Sensing Through Crochet As A Medium For Garments With Tactile Interaction, Juliette Harsv, Josie Hughes Sep 2026

Hooked: Programmable, Capacitive Sensing Through Crochet As A Medium For Garments With Tactile Interaction, Juliette Harsv, Josie Hughes

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Soft capacitive sensing in wearable textiles has many promising applications such as health monitoring, rehabilitation, or intelligent sports garments requiring sensitivity and sensory stability. Existing approaches either rely on rigid or semi-rigid components that compromise conformability, or on conductive yarn arrangements whose sensing geometry is fixed by the textile structure and difficult to adapt at design time. Crochet is an additive, stitch-by-stitch construction process which offers a largely unexplored route to programmable sensing surfaces, in which electrode geometry, baseline capacitance, and sensing range can be tuned directly through fabrication. We present a means of programmable capacitive sensing through crochet, enabling …


Imagining Open-Source Ecosystems For Experimental Weaving: A View From The [Anon. Software] Project, Laura Devendorf, Deanna Gelosi, Etta Sandry Sep 2026

Imagining Open-Source Ecosystems For Experimental Weaving: A View From The [Anon. Software] Project, Laura Devendorf, Deanna Gelosi, Etta Sandry

Textile Intersections Conference Series

This paper describes and reflects on a series of activities, performed from 2024-present, that looked to grow an open-source ecosystem centered around [Anon. Software], a tool for what we began to call experimental weaving. We describe how we came to see experimental weaving as a term that can capture approaches and applications for weaving beyond common characterizations that center disciplinary affiliation or professional identity. We sketch the boundaries and sites of experimental weaving as it relates to our project and offer insights on common needs and challenges our project presented for these groups. We conclude by envisioning broader ecosystems for …


Colour Without Extraction: Towards Ethical Pigments, Tonya Meyrick, Jacinta Kay Sep 2026

Colour Without Extraction: Towards Ethical Pigments, Tonya Meyrick, Jacinta Kay

Textile Intersections Conference Series

This paper investigates how recycled textile waste, reconstituted as particulate pigment, reshapes understandings of material intelligence in textile design, proposing a specifically chromatic account. Through iterative dyeing trials on cellulose substrates conducted within the Perpetual Pigments research initiative, the study examines what occurs when colour is treated as an active participant rather than a controllable output. Drawing on new materialist theory and circular economy frameworks, the paper argues that waste-derived pigments introduce relational dynamics that challenge industrial assumptions of chromatic stability and control. Despite growing interest in bio-colour, recycled pigment systems remain underexamined within design research. This paper responds to …


Beyond Softness: Examining How Vocabulary Marginalises The Material Narrative Of Native British Wool, Zoë Fletcher, Nicci James Sep 2026

Beyond Softness: Examining How Vocabulary Marginalises The Material Narrative Of Native British Wool, Zoë Fletcher, Nicci James

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Softness has become the dominant metric through which wool is evaluated in knitwear design. This paper argues that such language privileges fibres associated with Merino and marginalises native British and regional wools with distinct breed-specific qualities. Drawing on practice-based research, material experiments with native British wool yarns, and literature on wool fibre and supply chains, we examine how existing terminology fails to support design engagement with these materials. In response, we propose a five-part framework, Place, People, Process, Properties and Practice, to support a more nuanced wool literacy. Developing richer vocabulary for native British wool is not simply a matter …


Developing An Industrial Microbial Colour System Through Textile Printing, Ruth Lloyd, Alice Taylor, James Ajioka, Carole Collet Sep 2026

Developing An Industrial Microbial Colour System Through Textile Printing, Ruth Lloyd, Alice Taylor, James Ajioka, Carole Collet

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Emerging microbial colourants offer potential for more sustainable textile coloration, yet their integration into design and industrial production remains limited by the absence of systems that support their use. While existing biotechnology research has focused on colourant production and environmental performance, less attention has been given to how these materials can be applied within textile workflows. This paper demonstrates how microbial colour can be integrated into textile design through the development of reproducible protocols and a structured colour system. Drawing on practice-led doctoral research conducted in collaboration with the biotechnology company Colorifix, textile printing is used as a method to …


Designing Garments As Processes: Material Transformation, Temporality, And Care In Contemporary Fashion Practice, Zuzana Šebeková Sep 2026

Designing Garments As Processes: Material Transformation, Temporality, And Care In Contemporary Fashion Practice, Zuzana Šebeková

Textile Intersections Conference Series

Recent discussions on sustainability in fashion have highlighted the limitations of approaches centred on material choices, technological innovation, recycling, and circular systems, which often fail to address the underlying issues of overproduction and overconsumption. In response, this paper proposes a shift from product-centred sustainability toward process-oriented approaches that engage with the temporal life of garments. The paper analyses a bachelor-level fashion design project as a case study of designing garments as processes. The project explores garment development through bio-based coatings, compost-induced degradation, cracking, repair, and material renewal. These processes introduce transformation, instability, and variability as intrinsic design conditions rather than …