Philosophy Commons^™

Ethical Considerations In The Conduct Of Vaccine Trials In Developing Countries, Charles Weijer, C. Lanata, C. Plowe

Charles Weijer

No abstract provided.

A Free And Undemocratic Press?, Stephen J. A. Ward

Center for the Study of Ethics in Society Papers

Papers presented for the Center for the Study of Ethics in Society Western Michigan University.

Ethical Challenges In Icu Research, Charles Weijer

Philosophy Presentations

No abstract provided.

When Can Physicians Say “No” To Families And Patients?, Charles Weijer

Philosophy Presentations

No abstract provided.

Deep Ecology And End-Of-Life Care, Paul Carrick

Philosophy Faculty Publications

Physicians and nurses caring for terminally ill patients are expected to center their moral concerns almost exclusively on the needs and welfare of the dying patient and the patients family. But what about the relationship of traditional medical ethics to the emerging new theories of environmental ethics, like deep ecology? As we glide into the twenty-first century, can anyone seriously doubt that the mounting global concerns of environmental ethics will eventually influence the ethics of medicine too?

For example, suppose physicians were to integrate the core values of an ecocentric environmental ethic like deep ecology into contemporary North American norms …

Ethical Challenges In Icu Research, Charles Weijer

Charles Weijer

No abstract provided.

When Can Physicians Say “No” To Families And Patients?, Charles Weijer

Charles Weijer

No abstract provided.

Decision-Making By Adolescents And Parents Of Children With Cancer Regarding Health Research Participation, Kate Read, Conrad Fernandez, Jun Gao, Caron Strahlendorf, Albert Moghrabi, Rebecca Pentz, Raymond Barfield, Justin Baker, Darcy Santor, Charles Weijer, Eric Kodish

Charles Weijer

Background: Low rates of participation of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) in clinical oncology trials may contribute to poorer outcomes. Factors that influence the decision of AYAs to participate in health research and whether these factors are different from those that affect the participation of parents of children with cancer.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from validated questionnaires provided to adolescents (>12 years old) diagnosed with cancer and parents of children with cancer at 3 sites in Canada (Halifax, Vancouver, and Montreal) and 2 in the United States (Atlanta, GA, and Memphis, TN). Respondents reported their …

Public Health And The Rights Of States, András Miklós

Andras Miklos

When exercising their public health powers, states claim various rights against their subjects and aliens. The paper considers whether public health considerations can help justify some of these rights, and explores some constraints on the justificatory force of public health considerations. I outline two arguments about the moral grounds for states’ rights with regard to public health. The principle of fairness emphasizes that those who benefit from public health measures ought to contribute their fair share in upholding them. Alternatively, states’ rights might be justified by a natural duty of justice to uphold and not to obstruct institutions implementing public …

Research Governance Lessons From The National Placebo Initiative, Heather Sampson, Charles Weijer, Daryl Pullman

Charles Weijer

No abstract provided.

Minimal Risk And Large-Scale Biobank And Cohort Research, Timothy Caulfield, Charles Weijer

Charles Weijer

No abstract provided.

Motivation In Spinoza And Rosenzweig Or Transgressing The Boundaries Of A Rationally Constructed Self, Jules Simon

Jules Simon

No abstract provided.

Providing Research Results To Participants: Attitudes And Needs Of Adolescents And Parents Of Children With Cancer, Conrad Fernandez, Jun Gao, Caron Strahlendorf, Albert Moghrabi, Rebecca Pentz, Raymond Barfield, Justin Baker, Darcy Santor, Charles Weijer, Eric Kodish

Charles Weijer

PURPOSE: There is an increasing demand for researchers to provide research results to participants. Our aim was to define an appropriate process for this, based on needs and attitudes of participants.

METHODS: A multicenter survey in five sites in the United States and Canada was offered to parents of children with cancer and adolescents with cancer. Respondents indicated their preferred mode of communication of research results with respect to implications; timing, provider, and content of the results; reasons for and against providing results; and barriers to providing results.

RESULTS: Four hundred nine parents (including 19 of deceased children) and 86 …

Care Of An Unresponsive Patient With A Poor Prognosis, Arthur Slutsky, Leonard Hudson, Nancy Dubler, Charles Weijer, Mark Tonelli

Charles Weijer

No abstract provided.

Helsinki Discords: Fda, Ethics, And International Drug Trials, Jonathan Kimmelman, Charles Weijer, Eric Meslin

Charles Weijer

No abstract provided.

Obesity: The Bioethics We Need Now, Or What We Owe To Each Other, Lee T. Nutini

Lee T Nutini

This is an essay written to address the philosophical and food industrial practices underlying the current obesity epidemic in the United States. It appears in its modified lecture format, given at Yale University in 2009. As such, citations are not included. For any question about a specific citation, please contact the author directly.

Critical Remarks On The Dutch Policy And Practice Of Euthanasia And Proposed Guidelines For Physician-Assisted Suicide, Raphael Cohen-Almagor

raphael cohen-almagor

My essay opens with some personal words about my acquaintance with Ivan Šegota. I proceed by explaining the methodology of my research on euthanasia in the Netherlands. I then detail the major findings and end with guidelines for physician-assisted suicide (PAS). My research in the Netherlands made me change my mind: from supporter of euthanasia I became an ardent opposer of this practice. I think, however, that physicians should not turn a deaf ear to patients at the end of life, who suffer miserably and request to die. Therefore, PAS is suggested. To prevent potential abuse, we need to devise …

The Ethical Phenomenon Of Gm-Corn: Anger, Anxiety, And Arrogance In Crossing American Borders, Jules Simon

Jules Simon

In terms of phenomenology, I often wonder about the relevance of what I do as a philosopher for the life of those with whom I come into contact. This ‘coming into contact’ happens for me on several levels: as one human among many, as a husband and father and son and brother, as a teacher, as a neighbor, and as country or city dweller. I remember with fondness those times in the late sultry summer months when, as a youth, I would drive with my father to this or that local farm-stand on some remote back road in the hills …

Making Ethical Sense Of Useless Suffering With Levinas, Jules Simon

Jules Simon

No abstract provided.

A Comparison Of Journal Instructions Regarding Institutional Review Board Approval And Conflict-Of-Interest Disclosure Between 1995 And 2005, Anne Rowan-Legg, Charles Weijer, J. Gao, C. Fernandez

Charles Weijer

OBJECTIVES: To compare 2005 and 1995 ethics guidelines from journal editors to authors regarding requirements for institutional review board (IRB) approval and conflict-of-interest (COI) disclosure.

DESIGN: A descriptive study of the ethics guidelines published in 103 English-language biomedical journals listed in the Abridged Index Medicus in 1995 and 2005. Each journal was reviewed by the principal author and one of four independent reviewers.

RESULTS: During the period, the proportion of journals requiring IRB approval increased from 42% (95% CI 32.2% to 51.2%, p<0.001) to 76% (95% CI 66.4% to 83.1%, p<0.001). In 2005, an additional 9% referred to the Declaration of Helsinki or the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors' Uniform requirements for ethical guidelines; 15% (95% CI 8.5% to 22.5%, p<0.01) provided ambiguous or no requirements. The proportion of journals requiring COI disclosure increased from 75% (95% CI 66.6% to 83.3%, p<0.05) to 94% (95% CI 89.4% to 98.6%, p<0.05); 41% had comprehensive requirements, while some addressed only funding source (6%), were vague (10%) or both (14%). Criteria for authorship rose from 40% (95% CI 30.5% to 49.5%, p<0.05) to 72% (95% CI 63.3% to 80.7%, p<0.05). Journals with higher impact factors were more likely to require IRB approval (p<0.01). Journals in anaesthesia and radiology all required IRB approval; requirements in other disciplines varied.

CONCLUSIONS: Instructions to authors regarding ethical standards have improved. Some remain incomplete, especially regarding the scope of …

Introduction, Oonagh Corrigan, John Mcmillan, Charles Weijer

Charles Weijer

This introductory chapter begins with a brief explanation of the impetus behind the book as well as its objectives. It then discusses the history of consent and the challenges for informed consent. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.

The Limits Of Consent: A Socio-Ethical Approach To Human Subject Research In Medicine, Oonagh Corrigan, John Mcmillan, Kathleen Liddell, Martin Richards, Charles Weijer

Charles Weijer

Since its inception as an international requirement to protect patients and healthy volunteers taking part in medical research, informed consent has become the primary consideration in research ethics. Despite the ubiquity of consent, however, scholars have begun to question its adequacy for contemporary biomedical research. This book explores this issue, reviewing the application of consent to genetic research, clinical trials, and research involving vulnerable populations. For example, in genetic research, information obtained from an autonomous research participant may have significant bearing on the interests of family members who have not consented to the study. This casts doubt on the adequacy …

Trust And Exploitation In Clinical Research, Paul Miller, Charles Weijer

Charles Weijer

This chapter attempts to derive, define, and specify norms governing the relationship between physician-researcher and patient-subject, and to explore their interconnection. It argues that rooting the relationship between physician-researcher and patient-subject in a normative theory of trust is promising. It enables the derivation, definition, and specification of norms governing the relationship and appreciation of their interconnection.