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Articles 1 - 30 of 59
Full-Text Articles in History
Community, Race, And National Socialism: The Evolution Of The Ideology Of Volksgemeinschaft, 1807-1945, Robert B. Anderson
Community, Race, And National Socialism: The Evolution Of The Ideology Of Volksgemeinschaft, 1807-1945, Robert B. Anderson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Historiography of the National Socialist Volksgemeinschaft, or people’s community, has traditionally been divided between historians surmising its construction under the Third Reich as a genuine undertaking meant to uplift German society, and those who view the project as a propaganda effort which assisted the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in retaining legitimacy. Utilizing the plethora of works written on the topic, and a handful of primary sources from pre-Nazified Germany, NSDAP officials, and average citizens alike, this work will demonstrate that, as early as 1807, German philosophers, statesmen, and eventually a large majority of the population yearned for the national unity …
Angst Uber Alles: The Role Of Fear In Nazi German Governance, Jacob R. Mahlkuch
Angst Uber Alles: The Role Of Fear In Nazi German Governance, Jacob R. Mahlkuch
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Lasting from 1933 to 1945, the Third Reich governed not only Germany but vast sections of continental Europe. One of its principal tools in administering its “1,000-year Reich,” was the application of terror and fear to create a climate of paranoia, and obedience to the Nazi Party. To do this, the Party did everything that it could to take over national life and discourse, other its enemies, and maintain fear through an arbitrary and often changing system of enforcement. This essay utilizes a mix of sources from first person accounts to historical fiction to analyze the systems and applications of …
Conceptualizing Nazism In America Through Alternative History Media, Matthew Fear
Conceptualizing Nazism In America Through Alternative History Media, Matthew Fear
Undergraduate Research Symposium
Even before the United States' entry into World War II, there has been a unique fascination regarding the prospect of the triumph of Nazism over the collective Allied powers. While every work exists as a product of its time, all share common themes and examine historical facts with an allohistorical lens to imagine a world wherein Hitler and the German Reich were successful in their schemes of world domination and the Final Solution. Despite plenty of historical narratives available for review and analysis, the idea of Nazism surviving beyond the confines of a doomed Germany has remained the most explored, …
Political Religion: An Intellectual History Of Eric Voegelin And Defense Of His Thesis On Political Religion And Nazism, Stephen Gaines
Political Religion: An Intellectual History Of Eric Voegelin And Defense Of His Thesis On Political Religion And Nazism, Stephen Gaines
University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations
This thesis is an intellectual history of Eric Voegelin and the concept of “political religion”. Eric Voegelin was a German-Austrian political scientist whose work surrounding the field of political science has made him one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. Voegelin saw the rise of Nazi Germany in 1932 and fled Austria during Anschluss in 1938 to escape Nazi persecution, coming to the United States. During this time, Voegelin published, The Political Religions (Die Politischen Religionen) in which he describes National Socialism as a “political religion”. This thesis will delve into the conceptualization of …
“In The Spirit Of A Millennial Inheritance:” The Nazi Ambition To Regenerate German Civilization Through The Visual Arts, Marco J. Lloyd
“In The Spirit Of A Millennial Inheritance:” The Nazi Ambition To Regenerate German Civilization Through The Visual Arts, Marco J. Lloyd
Student Publications
This paper intends to explain the complex and seemingly contradictory implementation of Nazi cultural policy regarding the visual arts by understanding Nazi cultural ideology. By examining the writing and speeches of Adolf Hitler and his ideological predecessors, it is apparent that the Nazis did not object to many modern art styles for purely aesthetic reasons. Instead, they associated the perceived degeneration of art with the degeneration of German society due to the influence of Jews and political opponents. Therefore, the Nazi hope to regenerate German civilization informed the policy of removing “degenerate art” from public display and purifying the art …
Otto Strasser, The Nazi Party, And The Politics Of Opposition, James Francis Hughes Ii
Otto Strasser, The Nazi Party, And The Politics Of Opposition, James Francis Hughes Ii
Graduate College Dissertations and Theses
What do we know about Otto Strasser? He and his brother Gregor were highly influential in the early years of the Nazi party; therefore, what should we consider when looking back? To fully understand the individual, we must investigate and analyze: Strasser's post-Nazi Party life, his post-Nazi political aspirations, and the apparent whitewashing of his past as a Nazi. The latter of which most individuals gleaned solely from the fact that he, himself, an ardent National Socialist, was, nonetheless, an opponent of Adolf Hitler. By analyzing Strasser's assertions in his numerous books, articles, and chapters, and comparing them with the …
A House Divided: How Hitler Exploited The Politics Of Weimar Germany, Luke T. Ziegler
A House Divided: How Hitler Exploited The Politics Of Weimar Germany, Luke T. Ziegler
Tenor of Our Times
The Nazis, one of the most hated organizations in modern history, came to power during the government of the Weimar Republic. In between the two World Wars, the ineffectual Weimar government ruled Germany. During the Weimar period, Germany experienced incredible economic hardship, revolts, and political discontent. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party used the Weimar culture and political system to take control of the nation. The Republic’s political disunity and lack of shared common belief allowed Hitler to worm his way into the Reich Chancellery and institute one of the most destructive governments of the last century. Hitler capitalized on …
Women’S Advocate Or Racist Hypocrite: Gertrud Scholtz-Klink And The Contradictions Of Women In Nazi Ideology, Mary C. S. Frasier
Women’S Advocate Or Racist Hypocrite: Gertrud Scholtz-Klink And The Contradictions Of Women In Nazi Ideology, Mary C. S. Frasier
Student Publications
The Reichsfrauenführerin, Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, led the National Socialist Women’s League from 1934 until she went into hiding in 1945. During her career in the Nazi Party, she created a female focused sector of the party that promoted pronatalist propaganda, discouraged women from engaging in politics, and urged women to only perform gender-suitable work. In contradiction to her message, Scholtz-Klink was the highest-ranking female political figure and a divorcee, who regularly chose her political career with the Nazi Party over her duties in the private sphere. Although she had little to no political power in the inner circle because of her …
Nazi Germany And The Coalition Against Alcohol And Tobacco Use, Elli Mcelhannon
Nazi Germany And The Coalition Against Alcohol And Tobacco Use, Elli Mcelhannon
Undergraduate Research Symposium
This research analyzes the Third Reich's policies against tobacco and alcohol during their rule and whether or not their effectiveness had a large impact towards the Nazi's goal of purification of Germany.
Mentality Of The German Middle Class And Nazism: The Activation And Transformation Of Existing Antisemitic And Anti-Liberal Tendencies By Rapid Social Changes, Zhengyang Ji
Senior Projects Spring 2021
Senior Project submitted to The Division of Social Studies of Bard College.
Racial Ideology Between Fascist Italy And Nazi Germany: Julius Evola And The Aryan Myth, 1933–43, Peter Staudenmaier
Racial Ideology Between Fascist Italy And Nazi Germany: Julius Evola And The Aryan Myth, 1933–43, Peter Staudenmaier
History Faculty Research and Publications
One of the troublesome factors in the Rome–Berlin Axis before and during the Second World War centered on disagreements over racial ideology and corresponding antisemitic policies. A common image sees Fascist Italy as a reluctant partner on racial matters, largely dominated by its more powerful Nazi ally. This article offers a contrasting assessment, tracing the efforts by Italian theorist Julius Evola to cultivate a closer rapport between Italian and German variants of racism as part of a campaign by committed antisemites to strengthen the bonds uniting the fascist and Nazi cause. Evola's spiritual form of racism, based on a distinctive …
“What For Is Democracy?”: The German American Bund In The American Press, 1936-1941, Minna Thrall
“What For Is Democracy?”: The German American Bund In The American Press, 1936-1941, Minna Thrall
Voces Novae
Between 1936 and 1941, an American pro-Nazi organization called the German American Bund stirred outrage and controversy among Americans. The American perception of the Bund was largely influenced by newspapers, which portrayed some of the Bund’s issues as more important than others. These portrayals reveal American attitudes and anxieties toward the state of racism, nationalism, fascism, and democracy within the United States at the brink of WWII.
The Silent Reich: Austria’S Failed Denazification, Henry F. Goodson
The Silent Reich: Austria’S Failed Denazification, Henry F. Goodson
Student Publications
Between 1945 and 1956, the Second Austrian Republic failed to address the large number of former Austrian Nazis. Due to Cold War tensions, the United States, Britain, and France helped to downplay Austria’s cooperation with the Nazi Reich in order to secure the state against the Soviets. In an effort to stall the spread of socialism, former fascists were even recruited by Western intelligence services to help inform on the activities of socialists and communists within Austria. Furthermore, the Austrian people were a deeply conservative society, which often supported many of the far-right’s positions, as can be seen throughout contemporary …
A Hidden Life, Sherry Coman
A Hidden Life, Sherry Coman
Journal of Religion & Film
This is a film review of A Hidden Life (2019), directed by Terrence Malick.
"Ein Pakt Mit Dem Teufel": Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph Of The Will, And The Nature Of Guilt, Andrew O. Burns
"Ein Pakt Mit Dem Teufel": Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph Of The Will, And The Nature Of Guilt, Andrew O. Burns
Student Publications
Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will is rightly considered a massive technical achievement in the world of cinema and propaganda. However, this achievement was undertaken at the behest of the immoral, murderous regime of Nazi Germany, a regime that Riefenstahl was more than willing to work with and glorify in order to further her career. This thesis will argue that Riefenstahl’s onscreen deification of Hitler, visual representation of völkisch ideology, and use of the music of Richard Wagner make her later claims of ignorance as to the film’s ultimate meaning impossible to correlate with established facts.
Education In Nazi Germany, Ian R. James
Education In Nazi Germany, Ian R. James
Student Publications
This essay investigates the sweeping educational reforms that the Nazi government implemented to use elementary education to further its political goals. Along with the major laws concerned, it concentrates on several personal accounts of families and students during this era to better understand how these educational reforms affected Germans. Additionally, it analyzes the Hitler Youth and other such recreational organizations that the Nazis created to continue to mold students’ ideologies. It examines the stories of several people who were children in these organizations and what their impressions were of the groups. Finally, it places these Nazi reforms in the context …
Militarism As A Theme In Nazi Education And Youth Organizations, Matthew J. Smith
Militarism As A Theme In Nazi Education And Youth Organizations, Matthew J. Smith
History: Student Scholarship & Creative Work
The rise of Nazism in Germany led to reform in the state education system. This included subversive themes of militarism in typically non-nationalistic subjects, as well as inflated nationalism in subjects such as history and geography. The militaristic themes in the Nazis’ educational system paralleled the mission of the youth organizations in Germany during this period. These youth organizations also used the psychology of German adolescents to further indoctrinate and achieve their mission of creating a generation of ready servants of the German fascist state.
Desperate Times Call For Desperate Measures: Anti-Semitism, Hopelessness, And The Rise Of The Nazi Party, Benjamin E. Bruster
Desperate Times Call For Desperate Measures: Anti-Semitism, Hopelessness, And The Rise Of The Nazi Party, Benjamin E. Bruster
Geifman Prize in Holocaust Studies
This paper explores the rise the Nazi Party (NSDAP) as a function of compounded poverty, unemployment, economic stagnation, and long-tenured anti-Semitism. In doing so, I aim to understand the Nazis and their supporters not as demons, but as products of their unique historical situation. This perspective offers a greater understanding of Nazism's rise, and it also offers helpful means of thinking about possible fascist regimes in the future.
The Kapo On Film: Tragic Perpetrators And Imperfect Victims, Mark A. Drumbl
The Kapo On Film: Tragic Perpetrators And Imperfect Victims, Mark A. Drumbl
Scholarly Articles
The Nazis coerced and enlisted detainees into the administration of the labour and death camps. These detainees were called Kapos. The Kapos constitute a particularly contested, and at times tabooified, element of Holocaust remembrance. Some Kapos deployed their situational authority to ease the conditions of other prisoners, while others acted cruelly and committed abuse. This project explores treatment of the Kapo on film. This paper considers two films: Kapò (1959, directed by Pontecorvo, Italy) and Kapo (2000, directed by Setton, Israel). These two films vary in genre: Kapò (1959) is a feature fiction movie, whereas Kapo (2000) is a documentary. …
Warlord: The Political And Military Ambitions Of Nazi Germany, William R. Underhill
Warlord: The Political And Military Ambitions Of Nazi Germany, William R. Underhill
Senior Theses
There are so many important stories to consider when thinking about World War II. It is easy to think about the popular aspects of the war: the causes, the major figures, the battles, and, of course, the lasting consequences. Yet there are other, lesser known storylines to consider, ones that have taken a backseat to the more popular narratives of the time. It is commonly understood that Nazi Germany was evil and that they had nothing but ill intentions for the rest of Europe and the world. However, it is vital to understand that Germany’s pre-war intentions are notably different …
The Watch Tower Bible And Tract Society: How Jehovah’S Witnesses Denounced And Resisted The Nazi Regime, Elena Sorchiotti
The Watch Tower Bible And Tract Society: How Jehovah’S Witnesses Denounced And Resisted The Nazi Regime, Elena Sorchiotti
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
The present thesis aims to reveal the stance of the religious organization of Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, towards the oppression and persecution of its members - examined in the accompanying website - perpetrated by the Nazi regime in Germany, from 1933 to 1944. Unlike the majority of Christian denominations, Jehovah’s Witnesses from all around the world took a firm stand against Hitler’s political agenda and against the actions carried out by the Nazi authorities. Through the use of diplomatic means, publication of articles, special campaigns, and letters addressed to government officials, the world headquarters of …
The History Of The Cleveland Nazis: 1933 - 1945, Michael Cikraji
The History Of The Cleveland Nazis: 1933 - 1945, Michael Cikraji
MSL Academic Endeavors eBooks
During Cleveland’s Great Depression grew the first seeds of American Nazism. The city fostered an explicitly Nazi German-American Bund, a covert Silvershirt Legion detachment and prominent diplomatic agents from the Third Reich. Festooned with photos and meticulously documented, this book examines the timeless questions of American allegiance, the responsibilities of democratic governance, the security threats of “Un-American” activities, and the passions, motivations and dreams of American immigrants. In the most unlikely of places, here is a case-study true story of the fascinating, bewildering and terrifying rise of American Nazism.
Battle For The People: Ideological Conflict Between Soviet Partisans, The German Military, And Ukrainian Nationalists In Nazi-Occupied Ukraine, David L. Heim
Student Publications
Soviet historiography discusses the People’s War during the Second World War, the idea that all of the Soviet people rallied to the cause and fought off the Nazi invaders, but this is far from the truth. Within the western borderlands of the Soviet Union multiple conflicting groups fought for control of and support from the people. This was especially true in Ukraine where the German Army, Soviet Partisans and Ukrainian nationalists all fought ‘for the people’ and for their own ideologies. This paper is an attempt to discuss the ideological conflict between the Nazis, the Soviets, and the Ukrainian nationalists, …
A Coercive Courtship: German Awareness Of And Responses To The Sudeten Germans, 1929-1934, Jesse E. Siegel
A Coercive Courtship: German Awareness Of And Responses To The Sudeten Germans, 1929-1934, Jesse E. Siegel
Student Publications
Following the end of World War I and the creation of the first Czechoslovak Republic, the Sudeten Germans sought to raise the awareness of Germans in Germany and Austria of their situation under Czechoslovak rule. In the period between 1929 and 1934, the public discourse in Germany altered, as Nazi control began to direct further concentration on the Sudeten Germans, away from broader discussion of their minority status to a German nationalistic perspective. The Nazis, however, were both manipulative and ambivalent in their awareness of the Sudeten Germans, treating them as an extension of the Nazi Party while also beyond …
Capitulation Or Resistance? The Response Of The Catholic Church To Nazi Mistreatment Of Jews, Dabo Li
Capitulation Or Resistance? The Response Of The Catholic Church To Nazi Mistreatment Of Jews, Dabo Li
Black & Gold
This essay examines the role of the Catholic Church in the Nazi racial persecution of Jews that culminated in the Final Solution. Recent historical studies have made revealing discoveries despite the steadfast refusal of the Vatican to open up its most important archives. For an institution with higher moral calling, how did the Catholic Church react to the uptick in German anti-Semitism under Adolf Hitler? Using some most up-to-date research findings—as well as its own synthesis—this essay addresses this question by breaking up the Church hierarchy into the institutional and the individual, local levels. It demonstrates that, through a policy …
In Her Own Right: A Study Of Freya Von Moltke In The German Resistance 1940-1945, Sarah E. Hayes
In Her Own Right: A Study Of Freya Von Moltke In The German Resistance 1940-1945, Sarah E. Hayes
Student Publications
Freya von Moltke was a member of the Kreisau Circle resistance group in Nazi Germany from 1940 to 1944. This intellectual group planned for the future of Germany after the anticipated downfall of the Nazis and was led by Helmuth von Moltke, the husband of Freya, and Peter Yorck. Despite the significance of her resistance in comparison to the majority of the German population, the resistance story of Freya von Moltke is often overwhelmed by that of her husband. The examination of Freya von Moltke’s interviews, letters, and memoirs as well as a variety of secondary sources reveals that she …
Banished From The Present: Musicians In Nazi Germany, Thomas G. Bennett
Banished From The Present: Musicians In Nazi Germany, Thomas G. Bennett
Student Publications
This essay analyzes musical life in the Third Reich. More specifically, the focus will be on the Nazis’ regulation of music and the role that musicians themselves played in determining and enforcing cultural coordination. While some evidence extends into the war years (1939-1945), the bulk of the information presented here took place in the pre-war Nazi era (1933-1939). The purpose here is to show that those musicians who worked with and under the Nazis were affected in different ways and had varying levels of agency within the National Socialist system. Some have been branded collaborators, others victims, and this paper …
“Long Live Freedom!”: Moral Motives Behind The White Rose Resistance, Katelyn M. Quirin
“Long Live Freedom!”: Moral Motives Behind The White Rose Resistance, Katelyn M. Quirin
Student Publications
This paper examines the motives behind the White Rose resistance group. Active from 1942-1943, the White Rose consisted primarily of university students who produced anti-Nazi leaflets. By examining documents such as letters, diaries, the leaflets themselves, and Gestapo interrogations, the motives of the group are evident. The members resisted the Nazi regime for moral and ideological reasons, specifically in relation to the failures World War II, atrocities committed by Nazis in Poland and the Eastern Front, the restriction on personal rights, and an inner duty to oppose the regime.
A Case Study Of Melita Maschmann: Women And The Third Reich, Lynda Maureen Willett
A Case Study Of Melita Maschmann: Women And The Third Reich, Lynda Maureen Willett
Graduate History Conference, UMass Boston
The case study of Melita Maschmann shows that despite the deep manipulation and gender discrimination she was subject to in her youth by National Socialism Maschmann made her own free choices as an adult and chose to zealously absorb its political ideology. The general assumption is that National Socialism, and fascism, were male dominated political ideologies in which women played a passive role, such as that professed by Gertrude Scholtz-Klink. However, many women found National Socialism appealing and became active supporters of its ideals. The purpose of this paper is to explore that appeal and analyze why certain women such …
An Unexpected Pair: The Nazis And The Environment, Kelsey Eggert
An Unexpected Pair: The Nazis And The Environment, Kelsey Eggert
Senior Capstone Theses
Intentionally absent.