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Articles 1 - 30 of 220
Full-Text Articles in History
Angst Uber Alles: The Role Of Fear In Nazi German Governance, Jacob R. Mahlkuch
Angst Uber Alles: The Role Of Fear In Nazi German Governance, Jacob R. Mahlkuch
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Lasting from 1933 to 1945, the Third Reich governed not only Germany but vast sections of continental Europe. One of its principal tools in administering its “1,000-year Reich,” was the application of terror and fear to create a climate of paranoia, and obedience to the Nazi Party. To do this, the Party did everything that it could to take over national life and discourse, other its enemies, and maintain fear through an arbitrary and often changing system of enforcement. This essay utilizes a mix of sources from first person accounts to historical fiction to analyze the systems and applications of …
Puros Técnicos And Luchadores Rudos: Debating The New Cultural History Among Latin Americanists, Carl Friesenhahn
Puros Técnicos And Luchadores Rudos: Debating The New Cultural History Among Latin Americanists, Carl Friesenhahn
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This essay dives into the debate and surrounding context of a special issue of the Hispanic American Historical Review. It was on the new cultural history—its usefulness, its methods, and its relation to truth. I argue that the new cultural historians eventually vanquished their critics and internalized their methods and epistemology within historians of Latin America at large. Stemming from earlier texts, the special issue of the HAHR is the most revealing collection of texts on the philosophical foundations of the new cultural history. It showcases scholarly activity from supporters and detractors of the novel movement with considerable focus on …
Vietnam War Through The Lens, Caitlyn Mccranie, Abby Noonan, Sutton Patterson
Vietnam War Through The Lens, Caitlyn Mccranie, Abby Noonan, Sutton Patterson
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
No abstract provided.
Motherhood Through The Lens Of Medieval Japanese Ghosts, Melina Olivas
Motherhood Through The Lens Of Medieval Japanese Ghosts, Melina Olivas
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper examines the relationship between late-Heian and early-Kamakura Japanese motherhood and Buddhist gaki or hungry ghosts. It highlights the physical, emotional, and spiritual burdens faced by mothers, emphasizing their role in the cycle of rebirth. Drawing from the diaries of aristocratic women, the paper illuminates the emotional and societal challenges faced by women in a patriarchal society. It highlights how women were often seen as more likely to be reborn as gaki due to gendered stereotypes and how motherhood was revered while simultaneously being tarnished.
The Stained Portrait Of The Victor Of Verdun: Philippe PéTain's Controversial Legacy, Hamza Elshakankiri
The Stained Portrait Of The Victor Of Verdun: Philippe PéTain's Controversial Legacy, Hamza Elshakankiri
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The paper analyzes the public image of Marshal Philippe Petain during a critical point in French history—the year 1940. Beginning with Petain’s fame as the “Victor of Verdun” to his controversial role as the leader of Vichy France, the paper examines how Petain’s public image transformed from glowing into a tainted portrait.
Review Of Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt And The Roots Of The Middle East Conflict, Chase Busby
Review Of Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt And The Roots Of The Middle East Conflict, Chase Busby
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
No abstract provided.
The Last True Roman: The Influence Of Justinian The Great On Early Medieval Byzantium, 527-1025, Reece P. Pockat
The Last True Roman: The Influence Of Justinian The Great On Early Medieval Byzantium, 527-1025, Reece P. Pockat
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper deals with the long-term impacts of the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great within the realms of military, political, and religious affairs. By utilizing the writings of the Byzantine historian Procopius, a contemporary of Justinian, as well as the writings of modern historians, the goal of the paper is to show the extent to which Justinian's influence is felt throughout the Early Middle Ages, defined in this essay as the period from 467 to 1100.
By The Word Of God Alone: Sola Scriptura And The Leaders Of The Reformation, Ning Xi
By The Word Of God Alone: Sola Scriptura And The Leaders Of The Reformation, Ning Xi
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Prominent Reformers, such as Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and Thomas Müntzer, had sharp disagreements on what parts of the Bible were the most important, what worship should look like, what is allowed and forbidden for Christians, the meaning of the most sacred rituals, whether there is any other source of communication between God and mortals besides the Scripture, and the relationship between believers and temporal rulers. By analyzing their commentaries and treatises on theological matters, one concludes that sola scriptura did more to divide the reformers than to unite them since anyone could find some part of the Bible to …
The Lost Fortune Of The Virginiaman: Analyzing The History Of The Beale Ciphers Using Historical Land Grants, Simon E. Rosenbaum
The Lost Fortune Of The Virginiaman: Analyzing The History Of The Beale Ciphers Using Historical Land Grants, Simon E. Rosenbaum
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Since the mid-19th century, the mystery of the Beale ciphers has confounded cryptanalysts, intelligence agencies, historians, and treasure hunters alike. Countless works of scholarship have analyzed the story, the ciphers, and possible locations for the massive buried treasure allegedly in rural Bedford County, Virginia. However, prior methodology applied to historiography on the subject has been unsuccessful in making headway in an understanding of the history and location of the Beale treasure. In examining prior scholarship in conjunction with recorded land grants and associated archaeological scholarship, this paper proposes a new direction for research into the Beale cipher mystery and new …
Who Is The “Superior Man”? The Ideal Of Junzi In The Analects Of Confucius, Elijah Vincent, Tyler Colopy, Stephen Hall
Who Is The “Superior Man”? The Ideal Of Junzi In The Analects Of Confucius, Elijah Vincent, Tyler Colopy, Stephen Hall
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
One of the central concepts in The Analects is junzi or "superior man,” namely a person who possesses moral and ethical qualities such as wisdom, integrity, and courage. The essays in this group aim to explore the authentic meaning of junzi and its modern relevance.
‘Following The Line Of Least Resistance’: African American Women In Domestic Work, 1899–1940, Taylor Simsovic
‘Following The Line Of Least Resistance’: African American Women In Domestic Work, 1899–1940, Taylor Simsovic
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper examines the challenges faced by African American women employed in domestic service between 1899 and 1940, with a focus on how race, class, and gender intersected to shape their experiences. Specifically, the study investigates how these women continued to perform reproductive labor as they migrated from the South to Northern states during the Great Migration. Drawing on a range of primary and secondary sources, the analysis argues that Black women's persistent employment in undervalued labor within white American homes was driven by the mutually constitutive systems of capitalism, white supremacy, and patriarchy. These systems channeled Black women into …
Review Of Crucible: The Year That Forged Our World, Timothy Li
Review Of Crucible: The Year That Forged Our World, Timothy Li
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The months between June 1947-1948, as Jonathan Fenby argues, was a pivotal moment in world history. This review will evaluate Fenby's work in 'Crucible' to conclude that Fenby is correct in this assessment. Moreover, this review will argue that 'Crucible' acts as a uniquely reactive portrait of international affairs between June 1947-1948, giving the post-revisionist school on the origins of the Cold War more credibility.
Up The Social Ladder: How Chinese Merchants Excelled Under The New Values Of Ming-Qing China, James B. Townsend
Up The Social Ladder: How Chinese Merchants Excelled Under The New Values Of Ming-Qing China, James B. Townsend
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Ming China was a socially volatile period of Chinese history. Social distinctions were blurred as the merchant class rose to power to challenge old Confucian ideals in a commerce-based society. This paper examines what paved the road for the merchant class to rise, and how the non-elite empowerment shifted China's attitudes towards consumption and commerce.
From Thermopylae To Leuctra: The Evolution Of The Spartan Military Ethos, Evan M. Smith
From Thermopylae To Leuctra: The Evolution Of The Spartan Military Ethos, Evan M. Smith
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper examines the transformation of the Spartan military tradition from the Persian Wars to the Theban Ascendency. The Battle of Thermopylae marked the height of the Spartan military ethos. However, the strain of their military culture forced the Spartans to dilute their old mores over time. Their old cultural and military practices became unsustainable as military innovation increased. The Battle of Sphacteria clearly illustrated the deterioration of Spartan military ethos and the need for innovation. Straddling the line between tradition and innovation, Spartan military ethos received its death blow at the Battle of Leuctra.
‘Public Enemy Number One’: The Resistance Of Japanese Americans In Concentration Camps, 1942-1946, Robert K. Coleman
‘Public Enemy Number One’: The Resistance Of Japanese Americans In Concentration Camps, 1942-1946, Robert K. Coleman
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper explores the defiance of Japanese Americans who were unlawfully imprisoned in concentration camps during World War II, challenging the Model Minority Myth that portrayed them as docile and silent actors. Using court cases, personal stories, newspaper articles, and film analysis, the paper shows how Japanese Americans actively defied their unlawful situation and resisted their oppressors.
The Darien Insurrection Of 1899 And The Origins Of The Mcintosh Militia, Elliot Ferro
The Darien Insurrection Of 1899 And The Origins Of The Mcintosh Militia, Elliot Ferro
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The Darien insurrection has been portrayed in historical literature as a lone victory of African American self-defense against racist violence in the Jim Crow south. This portrayal ignores the observable cause of the insurrection as a natural extension of decades of black political organizing in McIntosh County. In beginning to center the story of the Darien insurrection in Darien's home of McIntosh county it becomes clear how the insurrection was not a spontaneous event but a planned protest organized by a long surviving political machine. In recognizing the long history of political organizing by Tunis Campbell, a case can then …
Between Censure And Liberalization: The Press And Publishing In Second Empire France, Oana M. Iancau
Between Censure And Liberalization: The Press And Publishing In Second Empire France, Oana M. Iancau
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Napoleon III's ambition to construct a paradoxical liberal empire encountered a major obstacle in the realm of the press, which chafed under censure and forced the Emperor to consider the ramifications that absolutism would have for his reign, given France's revolutionary history. The article traces the history of censure under the Second Empire, to identify Napoleon III's motivations for liberalization and its consequences for his regime.
Living With The Stasi: Experiences And Opinions Of East Germans, 1945-90, Thomas M C Roberts
Living With The Stasi: Experiences And Opinions Of East Germans, 1945-90, Thomas M C Roberts
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper discusses how East German citizens felt about the East German Secret Police (Stasi). It focuses on German sentiment and everyday life during East German rule, rather than how Germans retrospectively reacted once the Berlin Wall fell and the true extent of Stasi surveillance had been discovered. It also attempts to disaggregate different demographics of East German society – artists, doctors, the clergy, etc. – and posits that there was no universal ‘East German experience’ of the Stasi. It further explores equally wide range of reasons why an East German citizen might become an ‘inoffizielle mitarbeiter’ – …
Surviving A Bloodbath: Immaculée Ilibagiza’S Life During The Rwandan Genocide, Eleanor G. Strickland
Surviving A Bloodbath: Immaculée Ilibagiza’S Life During The Rwandan Genocide, Eleanor G. Strickland
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
No abstract provided.
Lafayette, The Thinker, Anna Trull
Lafayette, The Thinker, Anna Trull
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Between 1775 and 1834, the Marquis de Lafayette played a role in the ongoing development of both the American and French Revolutions. Most previous scholarship about Lafayette highlights his military activities as a major-general in the American Revolution and as General of the National Guard of Paris in the French Revolution. This paper examines Lafayette’s draft of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, a list of enslaved peoples that were chosen for Lafayette’s experimental plantation in French Guiana, Lafayette’s membership in the Society of the Friends of Blacks, and letters between Lafayette and America’s …
Review Of Women And China's Revolutions, Tony Yingchong Li
Review Of Women And China's Revolutions, Tony Yingchong Li
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
No abstract provided.
The Sharpeville Massacre, Violence, And The Struggles Of The African National Congress, 1960-1990, Reese W. Hollister
The Sharpeville Massacre, Violence, And The Struggles Of The African National Congress, 1960-1990, Reese W. Hollister
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
During the long process of decolonization in South Africa, the Sharpeville Massacre was a turning point for the African National Congress' decision to begin using violence for the internal resistance to apartheid. Nelson Mandela and the ANC reacted to the Sharpeville Massacre by shifting their methods to incorporate the practicality of anti-colonial violence. In his 1964 "I Am Prepared to Die" speech, Mandela acknowledged that peaceful resistance was met with brutal force, and this could not go on. The ANC continued its strong non-violent resistance while also developing a military wing and conducting sabotage. This essay brings into question the …
Compassion And National Interest: Race, Culture, And Politics Behind The Reception Of Refugees Of The Ukraine War, Ning Xi
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper aims to analyze the response to and representations of Ukrainian refugees in European countries such as Poland and the reasoning behind it. Generally, Ukrainian refugees have received a very warm and generous welcome, from both the political leaders and ordinary citizens. However, it stands in stark contrast to the way the same countries reacted to refugees fleeing places like Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan. The primary reasons for the differing attitudes are the perception of Ukraine as a fellow civilized Christian and European nation with strong cultural and historical ties to countries such as Poland, women and children making …
Time To Face The Music: Shostakovich’S 7th Symphony And The Siege Of Leningrad, Muhanna Al Lawati
Time To Face The Music: Shostakovich’S 7th Symphony And The Siege Of Leningrad, Muhanna Al Lawati
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
It was in his music that Shostakovich expressed his thoughts and feelings about the radically evolving political landscape of the 20th century. Bolshevism and Stalin’s subsequent inheritance of the USSR promulgated a refashion of the arts, forcing Shostakovich to be an instrument of the state in order to avoid being a victim. It was during Hitler’s Siege of Leningrad where Shostakovich, ironically, did not feel like a victim, but the custodian of a powerful weapon that dared to defy forces beyond his comprehension. In response to Hitler’s Bolshevik crusade, Shostakovich would launch an ideological crusade of his own, composed …
Architecture As Memory: Gothic Ruins In The Work Of Lyonel Feininger, 1928-1953, Daria Rose Evdokimova
Architecture As Memory: Gothic Ruins In The Work Of Lyonel Feininger, 1928-1953, Daria Rose Evdokimova
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
In the summer of 1928 Lyonel Feininger made his first drawings of the ruins of a local church in the German village of Hoff. Through a series of happenstance episodes these Gothic ruins grew to haunt the artist’s entire body of work: across various media (pencil, watercolor, ink, oil), across space (in person from the Baltic coast, and later in New York from memory), and time (the motif spans three crucial decades of the artist’s career). While everything else in Feininger’s life was sent into a chaotic flurry – the banning of his works by the Weimar government, shutdown of …
Friends, Foes, Or Fellow-Travelers: Italian Fascism And The Catholic Church, Cale Gressman
Friends, Foes, Or Fellow-Travelers: Italian Fascism And The Catholic Church, Cale Gressman
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
What was the relationship between Italian Fascism and the Catholic Church? Drawing on both primary sources including speeches, encyclical letters, and newspaper articles and significant amounts of secondary sources, this paper argues that the relationship between the two factions was one of “cohabitation” with both sides cooperating in areas of mutual interest, such as solving the Roman Question, anti-Bolshevism, and the maintenance of traditional family and gender values. Overall, the Catholic Church can be described as “fellow-travelers” with Italian Fascism.
A Forgotten ‘Riot’: Discovering The Black Cat Tavern Raid’S Place In Queer History, Katelyn "Katie" Nash
A Forgotten ‘Riot’: Discovering The Black Cat Tavern Raid’S Place In Queer History, Katelyn "Katie" Nash
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The Black Cat Tavern Raid of 1967 has long been relegated to the footnotes of history, and, when it is remembered, it is portrayed as a riot similar to the one that occurred at the Stonewall Inn two years later. Using archival and contemporary sources, this article explores the events surrounding the raid and subsequent protest and places them within the greater context of the 1960s. In addition, I contextualize and analyze the legacy of these events, explore their often overlooked contributions to queer history, and conclude that, while they are often overshadowed by Stonewall, they still deserve to be …
The Downfall Of A President: The Media Coverage Of Richard Nixon’S Resignation, Ning Xi
The Downfall Of A President: The Media Coverage Of Richard Nixon’S Resignation, Ning Xi
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The Watergate Scandal stands out as being the first, and so-far only, event that was catastrophic and damming enough to force a sitting President of the United States to resign from office. The exceptional circumstances of Richard Nixon’s departure from presidency invites many questions regarding how Nixon deciding to resign was initially covered by the new media. An analysis of excerpts from newspaper editorials from a variety of places around the United States demonstrates that there was a strong consensus that resigning was the best and only thing Nixon could have done. Yet, wide support for Nixon’s resignation co-existed with …
Problems Of Distance, Communications, And Authority: How Charles V And Philip Ii Ruled The Global Spanish Empire, Cody Bryan Mitchell
Problems Of Distance, Communications, And Authority: How Charles V And Philip Ii Ruled The Global Spanish Empire, Cody Bryan Mitchell
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This essay explains how the Spanish (or Castilian) crown during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries managed its worldwide empire. It emphasizes the contribution of, and the tension between, the crown’s two main strategies: political decentralization – or delegation – and imperial centralization. To begin, it contextualizes the issue by exploring the situation at the time and explains how the problems of distance and communication were closely linked. Secondly, drawing on the comments of both contemporary observers and modern historians, this paper examines the approaches used by the Spanish kings in ensuring the optimum reliability of their intelligence networks within Europe …
Standing The Ground: The Crises Of The 1790s And The Philosophies Of The Federalist Papers, Maria Vostrizansky
Standing The Ground: The Crises Of The 1790s And The Philosophies Of The Federalist Papers, Maria Vostrizansky
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The paper provides a unique outlook on the Federalist Papers, a series of eighty- five essays published in 1788, written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, as it examines the consistency of the philosophies and opinions presented in the Federalist Papers in light of the numerous crises the nation experienced in the 1790s. The paper compares the political belief presented in the Federalist Papers with the actions undertaken by authors during the Whiskey Tax’s enactment in 1791, the Genet Affair’s crisis of 1793, and the implementation of the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. Looking at these testing …