Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Bali

Discipline
Institution
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 1 - 30 of 69

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Optimizing The Management Of The Records Center In The Archive Rescue Program In The Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden Scientific Conservation Area, Dhatu Kamajati, Ken Fitria Indrawardani Kfi, Suyatmi -. -, I Luh Ayu Sulistyawati, Dwi Ridho Aulianto Jul 2023

Optimizing The Management Of The Records Center In The Archive Rescue Program In The Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden Scientific Conservation Area, Dhatu Kamajati, Ken Fitria Indrawardani Kfi, Suyatmi -. -, I Luh Ayu Sulistyawati, Dwi Ridho Aulianto

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The Eka Karya Botanical Garden Scientific Conservation Area is one of the Archival Units II which is included in the Archive Area Service of the National Research and Innovation Agency with the duties and responsibilities of managing inactive archives that have a retention of under 10 years. In archive rescue activities as a result of the merger of several institutions within BRIN, the existence of the Records Center really needs to be optimized as one of the strategic steps in the stages of archive rescue activities, especially those that have status as inactive archives. This paper aims to describe how …


Sustainable And Inclusive Spiritual Tourism Development In Bali As A Long-Term Post-Pandemic Strategy, Jaeyeon Choe, Luh Putu Mahyuni Jun 2023

Sustainable And Inclusive Spiritual Tourism Development In Bali As A Long-Term Post-Pandemic Strategy, Jaeyeon Choe, Luh Putu Mahyuni

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

The COVID-19 pandemic caused devastating socio-economic impacts in tourism destinations around the world. Many governments and tourism authorities could use the pandemic to seek more sustainable tourism development futures; for example, pre-pandemic Bali’s ‘tourism boom’ barely benefited local people and local businesses because of economic leakage and ‘tourist bubbles’. With an increasing demand on spiritual travel in the post pandemic period, Bali is seeking new opportunities as a spiritual tourism destination. This opportunity is based on their rich cultural and natural resources, and living heritage that can be related to spiritual tourism activities. This spiritual tourism development can contribute to …


Assessment Of Rabies Control Attitudes During The Covid-19 Pandemic Through Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling, Sang Gede Purnama, Ni Wayan Arya Utami, Made Subrata, Putu Erma Pradnyani, Karang Agustina, Ibn Swacita May 2023

Assessment Of Rabies Control Attitudes During The Covid-19 Pandemic Through Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling, Sang Gede Purnama, Ni Wayan Arya Utami, Made Subrata, Putu Erma Pradnyani, Karang Agustina, Ibn Swacita

Kesmas

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupts rabies control activities in the community. A new approach is needed to control rabies during the COVID-19 pandemic through digital health interventions by conducting digital surveillance and education. This study aimed to determine key attitude indicators in controlling rabies during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study on 166 participants in Denpasar City with a total of 31 indicators measuring five variables: perceptions of the benefits of rabies control (6 indicators), perceptions of rabies risk (6 indicators), perceptions of obstacles to rabies control (5 indicators), perceptions of the need for technology (7 indicators), and attitudes toward rabies …


Journeys And Metaphors; Some Preliminary Observations About The Natural World Of Seashore And Forested Mountains In Epic Kakawin, Peter Worsley Dec 2022

Journeys And Metaphors; Some Preliminary Observations About The Natural World Of Seashore And Forested Mountains In Epic Kakawin, Peter Worsley

Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia

In earlier publications I have argued that ancient Javanese poets imagined the world to be one marked by distinctions between a social world consisting of palace (kaḍatwan) and countryside (thāni-ḍusun) and a wilderness of seashores and forested mountains (pasir-wukir). The social world was characterized by the presence of an effective royal authority; the wilderness by its absence. A distinction was also drawn between this world inhabited by human beings and a world in which gods, ancestral spirits, and other divine beings dwelt (kedewatan). Journeys through these landscapes are an enduring interest in the narrative literature in the literary tradition of …


Ancient Religious Sites As Tools For Sustainable Tourism Development: An Empirical Study In The North Of Bali, I Made Pageh, Putu I. Rahmawati Ph.D, Terry Delacy Prof. Dr., Min Jiang Ph.D Mar 2022

Ancient Religious Sites As Tools For Sustainable Tourism Development: An Empirical Study In The North Of Bali, I Made Pageh, Putu I. Rahmawati Ph.D, Terry Delacy Prof. Dr., Min Jiang Ph.D

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Bali, a thousand temple island, is an ideal destination for spiritual tourism with magnificent temples containing a variety of unique religious carvings, statues, and ornaments. The beauty of Bali’s religious rituals, social and cultural events, and cultural performances underpin its spiritual tourism. An emerging body of literature has reported spiritual tourism and spiritual tourism is one of the pillars of sustainable tourism development (UNWTO, 2015). Religious tourism is a growing segment with significant economic impacts, however, limited research focuses on developing spiritual tourism and none of this in the North of Bali. This research takes a qualitative case study approach …


An Integrated Model Of Social Impacts And Resident’S Perceptions: From A Film Tourism Destination, Sangkyun (Sean) Kim, Eerang Park Jan 2022

An Integrated Model Of Social Impacts And Resident’S Perceptions: From A Film Tourism Destination, Sangkyun (Sean) Kim, Eerang Park

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Minimal research has been carried out regarding the host community’s perceptions of and reactions to film tourism impacts, utilizing a mainstream tourism destination such as Bali. This article aims to identify and explain residents’ perceptions of and attitudes toward the social impacts of film tourism, proposing an integrated theoretical model of social exchange theory, social representations theory and place change theory. Results indicate that the integrated model is particularly robust in explaining what caused a condition or event to be perceived as negative, positive or neutral place change, and why such changes are interpreted and evaluated in the social and …


Pandemic In Paradise: A Critical Political Economy Analysis Of Crisis Management In Bali’S Tourism Sector, David Joseph Pedersen Jan 2022

Pandemic In Paradise: A Critical Political Economy Analysis Of Crisis Management In Bali’S Tourism Sector, David Joseph Pedersen

University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, international tourism had expanded significantly. This was largely attributable to the prevalence of neoliberal development policies, particularly in the Global South, as weakening economic sovereignty revealed novel prospects to take advantage of the extended mobility of individuals and global capital. Such strategies have favoured large-scale tourism enterprises, bolstered uneven power relations, and exacerbated social and environmental issues in the sector. This has increased destinations’ vulnerability to crises given contemporary tourism processes comprise highly fragmented global interactions between diverse interdependent networks in both destination and source countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has widely exposed the fragility of …


Tourism Gentrification In Bali, Indonesia: A Wake-Up Call For Overtourism, I Wayan Suyadnya Jul 2021

Tourism Gentrification In Bali, Indonesia: A Wake-Up Call For Overtourism, I Wayan Suyadnya

Masyarakat: Jurnal Sosiologi

Many tourists destinations experience revitalisation through funding from foreign capital that is brought by gentrification. As a result, tourist areas transform into regions that are friendly toward tourists and investment. Various studies see gentrification as an expression of consumer demand, individual preferences over the law of supply and demand. However, this article argues that tourism gentrification shows a different dynamic, namely driving the significance of tourism growth that supports overtourism. This article focuses on the reason why Balinese do not feel that the phenomenon of gentrification and the development of protests are a part of the symptom of overtourism. Research …


Sentiment Analysis Of Digital Nomad In Indonesia: A Case Study In Bali, Dewi Puspita Rahayu, Ayu Kusumastuti, Wida Ayu Puspitosari Jul 2021

Sentiment Analysis Of Digital Nomad In Indonesia: A Case Study In Bali, Dewi Puspita Rahayu, Ayu Kusumastuti, Wida Ayu Puspitosari

Masyarakat: Jurnal Sosiologi

The digital nomad is a new type of worker who works from a location other than a “traditional office,” with the freedom to choose where and when to work as long as they have good internet access. The presence of digital nomads has an impact on the dynamics or social changes in society. The public’s reaction to the appearance of this digital traveler was mixed. Some people believe that these new ways of working will harm the work system, but many are gradually adopt it. Bali has become one of the strategic locations and is widely used as a destination …


Health Protocol Certification For Tourism Business Due To Covid-19 Outbreaks In Bali, Alfi Syahrin Apr 2021

Health Protocol Certification For Tourism Business Due To Covid-19 Outbreaks In Bali, Alfi Syahrin

Jurnal Geografi Lingkungan Tropik (Journal of Geography of Tropical Environments)

The World Health Organization on March 11, 2020 declared the Covid-19 outbreak a global pandemic. Tourism is one of the sectors most affected. The number of foreign tourist visits to Indonesia has decreased significantly, namely 64.11% in March 2020 when compared to March 2019. To restore this condition, it is very necessary to prevent the spread of Covid-19 and carry out certification for tourism business actors. The data for analysis was collected by searching for words that are closely related to the topic of research on the Google Search Engine to obtain the website followed by visiting the intended website …


The Potentials And Prospects Of Yoga Pilgrimage Exploration In Bali Tourism, I Gede Sutarya Jan 2021

The Potentials And Prospects Of Yoga Pilgrimage Exploration In Bali Tourism, I Gede Sutarya

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Yoga tourism has been growing rapidly in Bali since the 2000s. Its practice in America and Europe is influencing its development. Furthermore, its disciples wish to visit its original birthplace, which is India, however, the country’s tourism industry is facing challenges with various infrastructure and facility barriers. Therefore, yoga tourists choose Bali, which is a place of native Hindus with complete and luxurious tourism facilities. However, Bali is not very well prepared to become a yoga pilgrimage destination, even though it has the potential due to its ancient Hindu sages. This led to this research on the problems associated with …


Cock: Essays And Illustrations On Attention, Accessibility, And Deep Play, Buck Holbrook Buettner Jan 2021

Cock: Essays And Illustrations On Attention, Accessibility, And Deep Play, Buck Holbrook Buettner

Senior Projects Spring 2021

Clifford Geertz's theory of "deep play"--most thoroughly explored in his 1973 essay "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight"--states that acts of recreation and sport carry within them the greater values, traumas, and taboos of the individual cultures which practice them.

An illustrated anthology, Cock: Essays and Illustrations on Attention, Accessibility, and Deep Play elaborates upon Geertz's pre-established definition of deep play by applying its terminology to cultural practices beyond the Balinese cockfight, analyzing brief parentheticals and asides in Geertz's text, and exploring methods of making the greater anthropological field more accessible via multimodal anthropological publication. Also, it is filled …


Nature And The Spirit: Tri Hita Karana, Sacred Artistic Practices, And Musical Ecology In Bali, Hao Huang, Joti Rockwell May 2020

Nature And The Spirit: Tri Hita Karana, Sacred Artistic Practices, And Musical Ecology In Bali, Hao Huang, Joti Rockwell

EnviroLab Asia

Bali is notable for the degree to which music, dance, and visual art permeate everyday life--a result of historically rooted and continuously evolving religious philosophies and rituals. With this context in mind, we wondered what role the arts play, and can play, in addressing environmental concerns.


The Rhetoric Of Paintings; The Balinese Malat And The Prospect Of A History Of Balinese Ideas, Imaginings, And Emotions, Peter Worsley Apr 2020

The Rhetoric Of Paintings; The Balinese Malat And The Prospect Of A History Of Balinese Ideas, Imaginings, And Emotions, Peter Worsley

Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia

Balinese paintings from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries shed light on how painters and their works speak to their viewers both about how Balinese in this period knew, imagined, thought, and felt about the world in which they lived, and about the visual representation and communication of these ideas, imaginings, and feelings through the medium of narrative paintings. In this paper I discuss five Balinese paintings of the Malat. The first two illustrate the episode in which Raden Misa Prabangsa stabs Raden Ino Nusapati’s horse. The third and fourth paintings illustrate Prabu Melayu’s rescue of his sister Princess Rangkesari …


Nature And The Spirit: Ritual, Environment, And The Subak In Bali, Hao Huang Feb 2020

Nature And The Spirit: Ritual, Environment, And The Subak In Bali, Hao Huang

EnviroLab Asia

No abstract provided.


Pemberdayaan Penyandang Disabilitas Pada Objek Wisata Kuta Bali, Dermawan Waruwu, Ni Ketut Jeni Adhi Dec 2019

Pemberdayaan Penyandang Disabilitas Pada Objek Wisata Kuta Bali, Dermawan Waruwu, Ni Ketut Jeni Adhi

Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang jenis penyandang disabilitas dan bentuk pemberdayaan penyandang disabilitas pada objek wisata Kuta, Kabupaten Badung, Provinsi Bali. Masalah ini dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan pendekatan kajian budaya serta dikaji menggunakan teori hegemoni dan praktik sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) jenis penyandang disabilitas yang diberdayakan pada objek wisata Kuta yaitu tunanetra dan dan tunadaksa; (2) bentuk pemberdayaan penyandang disabilitas yaitu cleaning service, tukang masak, operator CCTV, dan penjual pulsa keliling; (3) penyandang disabilitas kurang diberdayakan pada objek wisata Kuta, sehingga mereka menjadi kelompok yang termarginalkan dan terhegemoni ditengah geliat industri pariwisata. Pemerintah, pengusaha, dan masyarakat diharapkan agar memberdayakan …


Alamat Apotik Obat Kuat Di Surabaya 0821 3555 6464, Obat Kuat Surabaya Jual Obat Kuat Pria Di Surabaya Jul 2019

Alamat Apotik Obat Kuat Di Surabaya 0821 3555 6464, Obat Kuat Surabaya Jual Obat Kuat Pria Di Surabaya

Obat Kuat - Cara Mengatasi Ejakulasi Dini - Obat Kuat Pria Asli

Obat Kuat Surabaya - Jual Obat Kuat Di Surabaya Di Jamin 100% Ampuh.Mencari obat kuat surabaya saat ini paling mudah dengan memesan secara online melalui klinik Perusahaan kami adalah vendor penyedian obat kuat surabaya Handal, dimana telah memiliki pengalaman bertahun-tahun dalam menjalankan bisnis ini.

Jual Obat Kuat Surabaya
KAMI MEMBERI GARANSI 100% Jual Obat Kuat Surabaya yang kami jual pun sudah terbukti memberikan manfaat bagi banyak pria di Indonesia, yang membutuhkan obat kuat untuk mengatasi problem impotensi mulai saat ini dapat beli Viagra di www.obatviagraresmi.com tanpa ada resep dokter.

Langkah ini ditetapkan oleh Tubuh Regulasi Obat serta Pelayanan Kesehatan, MHRA, …


Creating Heritage In Ubud, Bali, Adrian Vickers Apr 2019

Creating Heritage In Ubud, Bali, Adrian Vickers

Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia

In Bali, heritage is more-or-less synonymous with tradition. The popular view of what constitutes Bali’s heritage tends to focus on the village and wider district of Ubud. Through examining at the strategies employed by the lords of Ubud during the middle part of the twentieth century, we can better understand how the image of heritage sites is created. In the case of Ubud, the construction of centre of tradition was carried out through alliances with local artists and with expatriates, notably Rudolf Bonnet. The latter were able to mobilize publicity and networks to attract resources and elevate the district’s reputation.


081312233336 || Klinik Cytotec Obat Aborsi Resmi Kuta Bali Kota Denpasar, Bali, Telat Bulan Feb 2019

081312233336 || Klinik Cytotec Obat Aborsi Resmi Kuta Bali Kota Denpasar, Bali, Telat Bulan

cara menggugurkan kehamilan

Konsultasi Hp/Wa : 081312233336, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, klinik jual obat cytotec aborsi resmi denpasar kota denpasar, bali, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual obat aborsi batam, jual cytotec cod denpasar, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, obat penggugur kandungan kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual cytotec cod denpasar, jual misoprostol cytotec di denpasar harga di apotik, toko …


081312233336 || Klinik Cytotec Obat Aborsi Resmi Kuta Bali Kota Denpasar, Bali, Cytotec Asli Feb 2019

081312233336 || Klinik Cytotec Obat Aborsi Resmi Kuta Bali Kota Denpasar, Bali, Cytotec Asli

cara-menggugurkan-janin

Konsultasi Hp/Wa : 081312233336, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, klinik jual obat cytotec aborsi resmi denpasar kota denpasar, bali, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual obat aborsi batam, jual cytotec cod denpasar, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, obat penggugur kandungan kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual cytotec cod denpasar, jual misoprostol cytotec di denpasar harga di apotik, toko …


081312233336 || Obat Penggugur Kandungan Kota Denpasar, Bali, Cytotec Asli Feb 2019

081312233336 || Obat Penggugur Kandungan Kota Denpasar, Bali, Cytotec Asli

cara-menggugurkan-janin

Konsultasi Hp/Wa : 081312233336, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, klinik jual obat cytotec aborsi resmi denpasar kota denpasar, bali, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual obat aborsi batam, jual cytotec cod denpasar, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, obat penggugur kandungan kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual cytotec cod denpasar, jual misoprostol cytotec di denpasar harga di apotik, toko …


081312233336 || Klinik Cytotec Obat Aborsi Resmi Kuta Bali Kota Denpasar, Bali, Cytotec Asli Feb 2019

081312233336 || Klinik Cytotec Obat Aborsi Resmi Kuta Bali Kota Denpasar, Bali, Cytotec Asli

cara-menggugurkan-janin

Konsultasi Hp/Wa : 081312233336, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, klinik jual obat cytotec aborsi resmi denpasar kota denpasar, bali, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual obat aborsi batam, jual cytotec cod denpasar, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, obat penggugur kandungan kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual cytotec cod denpasar, jual misoprostol cytotec di denpasar harga di apotik, toko …


081312233336 || Klinik Jual Obat Cytotec Aborsi Resmi Denpasar Kota Denpasar, Bali, Cytotec Asli Feb 2019

081312233336 || Klinik Jual Obat Cytotec Aborsi Resmi Denpasar Kota Denpasar, Bali, Cytotec Asli

cara-menggugurkan-janin

Konsultasi Hp/Wa : 081312233336, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, klinik jual obat cytotec aborsi resmi denpasar kota denpasar, bali, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual obat aborsi batam, jual cytotec cod denpasar, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, obat penggugur kandungan kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual cytotec cod denpasar, jual misoprostol cytotec di denpasar harga di apotik, toko …


081312233336 || Klinik Jual Obat Cytotec Aborsi Resmi Denpasar Kota Denpasar, Bali, Telat Bulan Feb 2019

081312233336 || Klinik Jual Obat Cytotec Aborsi Resmi Denpasar Kota Denpasar, Bali, Telat Bulan

cara menggugurkan kehamilan

Konsultasi Hp/Wa : 081312233336, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, klinik jual obat cytotec aborsi resmi denpasar kota denpasar, bali, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual obat aborsi batam, jual cytotec cod denpasar, klinik cytotec obat aborsi resmi kuta bali kota denpasar, bali, jual obat aborsi denpasar bali, obat penggugur kandungan kota denpasar, bali, tempat beli obat aborsi di denpasar, jual obat aborsi di denpasar kota denpasar bali, jual cytotec cod denpasar, jual misoprostol cytotec di denpasar harga di apotik, toko …


Mental Health Care In Bali: On & Off The Record, Sara M. Crane Oct 2018

Mental Health Care In Bali: On & Off The Record, Sara M. Crane

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

No abstract provided.


How The Balinese See The Sea: Interpretations Of Oceanic Power, Margaret Dougherty Oct 2018

How The Balinese See The Sea: Interpretations Of Oceanic Power, Margaret Dougherty

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

No abstract provided.


The Plastic Problem: Plastic Pollution In Bali, Kate Giesler Oct 2018

The Plastic Problem: Plastic Pollution In Bali, Kate Giesler

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

With the fourth highest population and an ever-growing rate of plastic consumption, Indonesia is the second largest plastic polluter in the world (McCarthy, 2018). The country, which has only had plastic since the latter half of the 20th century, has staggeringly high rates of plastic waste which becomes pollution due to various factors. This paper examines the factors that go into why the rates of plastic pollution are so high, what people know about it and what is being done to help combat the problem. The four main topics explored are: laws, disposal methods, education and tourism. The study uses …


Tourism And Tensions: Shifting Dynamics Of Tourism In Ubud And The Effects On Balinese Painting, Celia Feal-Staub Oct 2018

Tourism And Tensions: Shifting Dynamics Of Tourism In Ubud And The Effects On Balinese Painting, Celia Feal-Staub

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

No abstract provided.


Balance And Imbalance: The Necessity Of Natural Disasters In Balinese Hinduism, Lorin Foster Demuth Oct 2018

Balance And Imbalance: The Necessity Of Natural Disasters In Balinese Hinduism, Lorin Foster Demuth

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

No abstract provided.


Silent Killers: Diabetes And The Active Ignorance Of Noncommunicable Disease In Bali, Madeleine Lambert Oct 2018

Silent Killers: Diabetes And The Active Ignorance Of Noncommunicable Disease In Bali, Madeleine Lambert

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

In this paper, I will explore the growing burden of non-communicable diseases and specifically diabetes in Bali. I will study the general publics’ awareness and behaviors about noncommunicable diseases, as well as the attitudes and behaviors of diabetic patients towards their own condition. Furthermore, I will explore the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of diabetes, as well as the impact of the Indonesian national healthcare reform of 2014 on these issues. My objectives in this study were to explore the perspectives of both patients and healthcare providers towards diabetes, and to compare and contrast these perspectives both against each other and …