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2006

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An Empirical Study Of Organizational Ubiquitous Computing Technology Adoption: The Case Of Radio Frequency Identification (Rfid) In The Healthcare Industry, Cheon-Pyo Lee Dec 2006

An Empirical Study Of Organizational Ubiquitous Computing Technology Adoption: The Case Of Radio Frequency Identification (Rfid) In The Healthcare Industry, Cheon-Pyo Lee

Theses and Dissertations

Advances in wireless networking and the Internet move us toward ubiquitous and embedded computing. Ubiquitous and embedded computing enhances computer use by making computers available throughout the physical environment while making them effectively invisible to the user. In the ubiquitous and embedded computing era, computers in the traditional sense gradually fade, and information mediated by computers is available anywhere and anytime through devices that are embedded in the environment. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the key technologies of the ubiquitous and embedded computing era. RFID is a technology used to identify, track, and trace a person or object …

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Study Of Lunar Constellations For Situational Awareness And Surveillance, Devon Sanders Dec 2006

Study Of Lunar Constellations For Situational Awareness And Surveillance, Devon Sanders

Theses and Dissertations

Lunar constellations providing the capabilities of situational awareness and surveillance for future mission operators are analyzed in this study. The use of specialty orbits, such as sun-synchronous and frozen orbits, are analyzed to determine the applicability of these unique orbits. Additionally, altitude and inclination trades are performed to determine the degree to which mission objectives are achieved through ranges of these orbital parameters. Using the analyzed orbits, constellations of varying patterns are developed and surface coverage figures of merit are used to evaluate them. The research concludes with calculation of the yearly cross-track and in-track stationkeeping costs of a representative …

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Hybrid Electric Vehicle Modeling In Generic Modeling Environment, Shravana Kumar Musunuri Dec 2006

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Modeling In Generic Modeling Environment, Shravana Kumar Musunuri

Theses and Dissertations

The Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a complex electromechanical system with complex interactions among various components. Due to the large number of design variables involved, the design flexibility in the HEV makes performance studies difficult. As the system complexity and sophistication increases, it becomes much more difficult to predict these interactions and design the system accordingly. Also, different variations in the design and manufacture of various components and systems involve a large amount of work and cost to keep updated of all these variations. While the above issues ask for a flexible design environment suitable for vehicle design, most of …

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A Social Exchange Perspective Of Intention To Quit, Shawn Michael Keough Dec 2006

A Social Exchange Perspective Of Intention To Quit, Shawn Michael Keough

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation introduces a social exchange perspective of intention to quit and examines the relationship of several work-related and non work-related variables with intention to quit. Specifically, the relationships between the following ? perceived organizational support (POS), perceived supervisor support (POS), family responsibility, kinship responsibility ? and intention to quit were examined. POS and PSS were examined to provide a better understanding of the role each plays in the development of intention to quit. Family responsibility and kinship responsibility were examined because prior research has generally ignored the role each may play in the development of intention to quit. A …

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Instructional Choices Of Mississippi Foreign Language Teachers, Elizabeth Anne Harrison Dec 2006

Instructional Choices Of Mississippi Foreign Language Teachers, Elizabeth Anne Harrison

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to survey Mississippi foreign language teachers in regards to demographic information pertaining to their educational and professional experiences and how often they employ certain activities taken from the Mississippi Foreign Language Curriculum Framework (2000). The data were then examined to see if a relationship existed between specific teacher demographic data and how they implemented the state-mandated curriculum. A researcher-designed survey instrument was developed. In order to establish the validity and reliability of the instrument two samples were taken: Mississippi foreign language teachers and teachers subscribing to the on-line listserv FLTEACH. A total sample of …

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Micro-Chp Modeling And Simulation Using Thermodynamic Cycles, Alan Mark Moran Dec 2006

Micro-Chp Modeling And Simulation Using Thermodynamic Cycles, Alan Mark Moran

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis discusses the thermoeconomic modeling and simulation of micro-CHP systems powered by various prime movers. Micro Cooling, Heating, and Power (micro-CHP) is becoming an increasingly important energy option as the demand for electrical power as well as heating and cooling for buildings increases worldwide. Micro-CHP has the potential to increase the total energy efficiency for cooling, heating, and powering residences, offices, and other relatively small buildings by using waste thermal energy from electricity production to deliver heating and cooling. Calculation methodologies are presented for the different components of micro CHP systems using thermodynamic cycles and mass and energy balances. …

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Grout Impregnation Of Pre-Placed Recycled Concrete Pavement (Rcp) For Rapid Repair Of Deteriorated Portland Cement Concrete Airfield Pavements, Travis A. Mann Dec 2006

Grout Impregnation Of Pre-Placed Recycled Concrete Pavement (Rcp) For Rapid Repair Of Deteriorated Portland Cement Concrete Airfield Pavements, Travis A. Mann

Theses and Dissertations

The U.S. military must have the ability to rapidly deploy troops and equipment anywhere in the world as part of a contingency operation. Recent military operations have highlighted the critical need for rapid repair procedures and materials for military use on sub-standard, in-theater airfields. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center is currently addressing these problems through a program titled ?Joint Rapid Airfield Construction?. This study involves the development of a method using rapid setting grouts and recycled concrete pavement (RCP) to repair portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate material …

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Effective Modeling Of Agricultural Practices Within Large-Scale Hydrologic And Water Quality Simulations, Zhijun Liu Dec 2006

Effective Modeling Of Agricultural Practices Within Large-Scale Hydrologic And Water Quality Simulations, Zhijun Liu

Theses and Dissertations

The previously developed watershed hydrological and water quality model for St. Louis Bay watershed by Kieffer (2002) was refined and calibrated. The aspects of model development refinement included development of fertilization-related nutrient input parameters, evaluation of nutrient input methods, development of plant uptake-related nutrient input parameters, non-cropland simulation using PQUAL module, and recalibration of hydrology in Jourdan River. The related information of typical cropland management practice based on consultation from Mississippi State University Extention Service personnel was integrated into the watershed model. In addition, the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) observed water quality data were analyzed to evaluate the …

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Development Of A Health Management Information System For The Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla Beringei), Richard Brian Minnis Dec 2006

Development Of A Health Management Information System For The Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla Beringei), Richard Brian Minnis

Theses and Dissertations

The Mountain Gorillas of Central Africa are one of the most highly endangered species in the world, with only 740 individuals surviving. One of the greatest threats to this species is disease. Health of wildlife is continually garnering more attention in the public arena due to recent outbreaks of diseases such as West Nile and High Pathogenic Avian Influenza. However, no system currently exists to facilitate the management and analysis of wildlife health data. The research conducted herein was the development and testing of a health information monitoring system for the mountain gorillas entitled Internet-supported Management Program to Assist Conservation …

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Sds-Page And Western Blotting Analyses Of Internalin A In Listeria Monocytogenes And Listeria Spp, Bang-Yuan Chen Dec 2006

Sds-Page And Western Blotting Analyses Of Internalin A In Listeria Monocytogenes And Listeria Spp, Bang-Yuan Chen

Theses and Dissertations

Attachment strength of Listeria spp. and their InlA expression was assessed. Listeria monocytogenes 19111 exhibited the strongest attachment strength with L. monocytogenes 19115, L. grayi, L. innocua, and L. monocytogenes 7644 being the weakest. InlA expression was not detected in silver stained SDS gels but was detected in Western blotting images. Internalin A was only detected in protein extracts of L. monocytogenes 19111 and 7644 with band intensities of 50.1 and 2.5 pixels, respectively. Greater InlA expression was correlated with higher attachment strength in L. monocytogenes 19111. Listeria monocytogenes 19115 did not express InlA but it had a stronger attachment …

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Semantics-Enabled Framework For Knowledge Discovery From Earth Observation Data, Surya Srinivas Durbha Dec 2006

Semantics-Enabled Framework For Knowledge Discovery From Earth Observation Data, Surya Srinivas Durbha

Theses and Dissertations

Earth observation data has increased significantly over the last decades with satellites collecting and transmitting to Earth receiving stations in excess of three terabytes of data a day. This data acquisition rate is a major challenge to the existing data exploitation and dissemination approaches. The lack of content and semantics based interactive information searching and retrieval capabilities from the image archives is an impediment to the use of the data. The proposed framework (Intelligent Interactive Image Knowledge retrieval-I3KR) is built around a concept-based model using domain dependant ontologies. An unsupervised segmentation algorithm is employed to extract homogeneous regions and calculate …

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Molecular-Genetic And Structural Analyses Of The Nifhdkx Proteins Of The Nitrogenase System, Surobhi Lahiri Dec 2006

Molecular-Genetic And Structural Analyses Of The Nifhdkx Proteins Of The Nitrogenase System, Surobhi Lahiri

Theses and Dissertations

The nitrogenase enzyme is the biochemical machiner responsible for the conversion of the largely unavailable nitrogen to the easily assimilable ammonia for living organisms by the process termed as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This study was focused on understanding the various structural and functional aspects of the nitrogenase enzyme related to maturation and assembly of the FeMo-cofactor (FeMoco) metallocluster of the MoFe protein (the site for final substrate reduction), development of a dimeric MoFe protein and the structural homology of nitrogenase with other metalloenzymes. This research was specifically directed towards the NifHDKX proteins in which the nifHDK genes are the …

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Monte-Carlo Simulation Of Photoproduction Of Omega Meson, Parikshit Manoj Junnarkar Dec 2006

Monte-Carlo Simulation Of Photoproduction Of Omega Meson, Parikshit Manoj Junnarkar

Theses and Dissertations

The null result of December 2004 Sub-threshold photoproduction of J/$psi$ experiment has motivated this thesis. This monte-carlo predicts the cross-section for sub-threshold photoproduction process and provides an insight on the cross-section range of these processess. The experiment was also conducted as a calibration run for Omega and Eta mesons for the verification of correctness of experimental procedure. The results from this experiment are compared with the monte-carlo simulation for the number of omega meson events. This is primarily done as the models for photoproduction of omega meson are well tested. The monte-carlo provides satisfactory results for the photoproduction models and …

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Multiscale Structure-Function Relations Of A Tendon, Lakiesha Nicole Williams Dec 2006

Multiscale Structure-Function Relations Of A Tendon, Lakiesha Nicole Williams

Theses and Dissertations

In 1998, the United States National Committee on Biomechanics (USNCB) established an evolving discipline called Functional Tissue Engineering (FTE). In establishing this discipline, the goals of the USNCB were to advance FTE by increasing awareness among tissue engineers about the importance of restoring function when engineering tissue constructs. Another goal was to encourage tissue engineers to incorporate these functional criteria in the design, manufacturing and optimization of tissue engineered constructs. Based on this motivation, an investigation of the structure and mechanical properties of the rabbit patellar tendon will be executed, with the ultimate goal of creating a multiscale soft tissue …

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Bacterial Source Tracking Of A Watershed Impacted By Cattle Pastures, Celina Phelps Dec 2006

Bacterial Source Tracking Of A Watershed Impacted By Cattle Pastures, Celina Phelps

Theses and Dissertations

Pathogenic microorganisms introduced by cattle may be transported to distant locations via watershed runoff. Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. are a few species present in runoff from land impacted by humans, cattle, and wildlife. Initial data reveals that E. coli concentrations in water are greater in areas impacted by cattle than by humans. And, wildlife contributes greater concentration fluctuations than either humans or cattle. When cattle are removed from a pasture, the bacterial concentrations rapidly decrease; however, slight variations in cattle herd size do not appear to significantly influence these counts. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and repeated-sequence …

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Angiotensin Ii Mediated Regulation Of Signal Transduction In Metabolic Syndrome And Cancer, Ravindra Bharatrao Kolhe Dec 2006

Angiotensin Ii Mediated Regulation Of Signal Transduction In Metabolic Syndrome And Cancer, Ravindra Bharatrao Kolhe

Theses and Dissertations

Patients suffering from hypertension often develop non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), a condition caused by Insulin resistance. Though these patients have normal Insulin receptor (IR) and high levels of Insulin in blood, they fail to have IR-mediated signaling essential for glucose uptake and availability. NIDDM usually begins as insulin resistance, a condition in which Insulin Receptor (IR)-mediated signaling that leads to glucose uptake and glucose availability to cells is inhibited even in the presence of high levels of Insulin in blood. Mechanisms for the development of this Insulin resistance in patients suffering from hypertension are unclear. Angiotensin II (Ang II) …

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Endohedral And Exohedral Complexes Of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (Poss): Endohedral Clusters Of Si12 : A Theoretical Study, Delwar Hossain Dec 2006

Endohedral And Exohedral Complexes Of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (Poss): Endohedral Clusters Of Si12 : A Theoretical Study, Delwar Hossain

Theses and Dissertations

Two distinct research projects were carried out in this dissertation. In the first project the results of first principle calculations on endo- and exohedral complexes of polyhedral oligomeric silsesqiuoxanes (POSS) with atomic and ionic species were carried out. Detailed studies were performed on structures, stabilities and electronic properties of these complexes. The stabilities of the endohedral Tn-POSS ( n = 8, 10 and 12) complexes depends on both the cage size and the nature of the endohedral species. Alkali metal ion encapsulation leads to cage contraction. Electron density was transferred from the cage to the alkali metal cations. Halide encapsulation …

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Evaluation Of The Effects Of A Curriculum-Based Math Intervention Package With Elementary School-Age Students In A Summer Academic Clinic, Nicholas E. Hoda Dec 2006

Evaluation Of The Effects Of A Curriculum-Based Math Intervention Package With Elementary School-Age Students In A Summer Academic Clinic, Nicholas E. Hoda

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to empirically evaluate the effects of the Math to Mastery intervention package versus the effects of immediate corrective feedback with elementary school students who were performing at least one year below grade level in mathematics. Students were participants in a one-month summer academic clinic for remediation of reading, writing, and mathematics deficits held at a university in the southeastern United States. A combined-series multiple baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the effects of both interventions for gains in fluency as measured by digits correct per minute on one minute curriculum-based measurement probes. …

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Field Emergence Of Horseweed [Conyza Canadensis (L.) Cronq.] And Control Utilizing Tillage And Herbicides, Thomas William Eubank Dec 2006

Field Emergence Of Horseweed [Conyza Canadensis (L.) Cronq.] And Control Utilizing Tillage And Herbicides, Thomas William Eubank

Theses and Dissertations

Horseweed has been documented in 70 countries and 40 different crops around the world and is listed as being a problem weed in no-till production systems. Horseweed has developed resistance to many herbicide modes of action including glycine. Field experiments were conducted from 2004 to 2006 in the Mississippi Delta to evaluate the field emergence of horseweed and most effective treatment programs for its control. Field emergence of horseweed was observed occurring primarily in the fall of the year, September through early November, when temperatures were between 15.6 to 23.4 C with later flushes occurring from late January through early …

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French And Spanish In Contact: Code-Switching Among Spanish Immigrants In France, Anna Michalina Debicka-Dyer Dec 2006

French And Spanish In Contact: Code-Switching Among Spanish Immigrants In France, Anna Michalina Debicka-Dyer

Theses and Dissertations

This sociolinguistic study of the bilingual speech of Spanish immigrants in Toulouse, France focuses on the phenomenon of code-switching (CS). The analysis of the data showed that most CS was situational, rather than metaphorical. Three types of CS were found: insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. Their examination revealed that the insertion of French words was more common than of Spanish items, the alternation was most frequent in repetitions, and the congruent lexicalization was present at the grammatical and structural level. The speech of the individual participants was also analyzed, and it was found that the sociological aspects greatly affected the …

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Development And Validation Of A Control Strategy For A Parallel Hybrid (Diesel-Electric) Powertrain, Jimmy C. Mathews Dec 2006

Development And Validation Of A Control Strategy For A Parallel Hybrid (Diesel-Electric) Powertrain, Jimmy C. Mathews

Theses and Dissertations

The rise in overall powertrain complexity and the stringent performance requirements of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) have elevated the role of its powertrain control strategy to considerable importance. Iterative modeling and simulation form an integral part of the control strategy design process and industry engineers rely on proprietary ?legacy? models to rapidly develop and implement control strategies. However, others must initiate new algorithms and models in order to develop production-capable control systems. This thesis demonstrates the development and validation of a charge-sustaining control algorithm for a through-the-road (TTR) parallel hybrid (diesel-electric) powertrain. Some unique approaches used in powertrain-level control …

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Diagonal And Horizontal Stiffeners For Shear Transfer In Rigid Frame Square Knees, William Franklin Heard Dec 2006

Diagonal And Horizontal Stiffeners For Shear Transfer In Rigid Frame Square Knees, William Franklin Heard

Theses and Dissertations

The research addresses the effect of diagonal and horizontal stiffeners on shear transfer in rigid frame square knees. Rigid frame square knees are an integral component of pre-manufactured metal building systems. This paper examined a more efficient design of the rigid frame square knee. Five full-scale laboratory tests on square knee joints were performed to verify the effects of a diagonal stiffener on shear transfer. Two frames were fabricated without diagonal stiffeners, and three frames were fabricated with 1/8- inch- thick diagonal stiffeners, not extending the full diagonal length of the knee web. Experimental results, coupled with a finite element …

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Body Mass Index And Percent Body Fat As Determined By Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis In Children, 7-9 Years Of Age, Patrick Alan Grady Dec 2006

Body Mass Index And Percent Body Fat As Determined By Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis In Children, 7-9 Years Of Age, Patrick Alan Grady

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of overweight and report mean Body Mass Index (BMI) and percent body fat (%BF) in Black and non-Black children, 7-9 years of age. The study involved 172 students divided as follows: 56 (32.6%) Black females, 45 (26.2%) Black males, 34 (19.7%) non-Black females, and 37 (21.5%) non-Black males. Percent body fat (%BF) was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Body mass index was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)². Black females had a statistically greater BMI (19.3 ± 4.8) and %BF (25.7 ± 10.6) than all other groups. Prevalence of at-riskor-overweight …

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Compact Modeling Of Silicon Carbide (Sic) Vertical Junction Field Effect Transistor (Vjfet) In Pspice Using Angelov Model And Pspice Simulation Of Analog Circuit Building Blocks Using Sic Vjfet Model, Siddharth Purohit Dec 2006

Compact Modeling Of Silicon Carbide (Sic) Vertical Junction Field Effect Transistor (Vjfet) In Pspice Using Angelov Model And Pspice Simulation Of Analog Circuit Building Blocks Using Sic Vjfet Model, Siddharth Purohit

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis presents the development of compact model of novel silicon carbide (SiC) Vertical Junction Field Effect Transistor (VJFET) for high-power circuit simulation. An empirical Angelov model is developed for SiC VJFET in PSpice. The model is capable of accurately replicating the device behavior for the DC and Transient conditions. The model was validated against measured data obtained from devices developed by Mississippi Center for Advanced Semiconductor Prototyping at MSU and SemiSouth Laboratories. The modeling approach is based on extracting Angelov Equations Coefficients from experimental device characteristics using non linear fitting. The coefficients are extracted for different parameters (temperature, width, …

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Effectiveness Of Postharvest Sanitation Treatments On Microbial Load Of Blueberries, Wei-Chun Chen Dec 2006

Effectiveness Of Postharvest Sanitation Treatments On Microbial Load Of Blueberries, Wei-Chun Chen

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality and microbial load of blueberries at different maturity stages, to develop the effective microbial recovery method and to compare sanitation postharvest treatments on microbial counts of blueberries. The soluble solids and the sugar to acid ratio increased, while pH and TA decreased with maturity. Ripe berries had lower yeast and mold counts (YMC) at other maturity stages, but there were no differences on aerobic plate counts (APC). The medium pH was lower for stomaching and blending than hand massaged samples. This leads to higher recovery of microorganisms by massaging. Sodium …

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Establishment Of Blackberries And Detection And Management Of Raspberry Crown Borer, Edward Heard Dec 2006

Establishment Of Blackberries And Detection And Management Of Raspberry Crown Borer, Edward Heard

Theses and Dissertations

Evaluations of tactics for detection and management of raspberry crown borer, RCB, Pennisettia marginata (Harris) on blackberries were performed in Mississippi from January 2005 - July 2006. Randomized split plots with infested blackberries and certified nursery stock of two recommended cultivars, thorny ?Chickasaw? and thornless ?Apache? were planted. Pest management tactics targeting RCB included drenches: chemical insecticide bifenthrin, recently registered for RCB management; experimental pesticide E2Y45; and entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae. Insect pheromones (E,Z)3-13-octadecadien-1-ol and (E,Z)3-13-octadecadien-1-yl-acetate were evaluated as RCB lures. Effects of fungicides captan, pyraclostrobin + boscalid, lime-sulfur and insecticide acetamiprid on viability and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode species, …

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A Bandwidth Estimation Method For Ip Version 6 Networks, Marshall Crocker Dec 2006

A Bandwidth Estimation Method For Ip Version 6 Networks, Marshall Crocker

Theses and Dissertations

Efficiently and accurately estimating bandwidths in packet networks is a problem that has intrigued researchers for years. There is no simple manner for estimating bandwidths in IPv4 networks that is accurate, efficient, flexible, and suitable for a variety of applications. Many of the available estimation techniques suffer from inherent flaws such as inaccuracy due to simple assumptions about the network or an overall high complexity that makes it inappropriate in all but a few highly specific situations. The next generation Internet Protocol, IP version 6, has the functionality necessary to implement feedback mechanisms to assist in accurate bandwidth estimations. This …

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Heat Transfer And Friction In Helically-Finned Tubes Using Artificial Neural Networks, Gregory J. Zdaniuk Dec 2006

Heat Transfer And Friction In Helically-Finned Tubes Using Artificial Neural Networks, Gregory J. Zdaniuk

Theses and Dissertations

The last few decades have seen a significant development of complex heat transfer enhancement geometries such as a helicallyinned tube. The arising problem is that as the fins become more complex, so does the prediction of their performance. In addition to discussing existing prediction tools, this dissertation demonstrates the successful use of artificial neural networks as a correlating method for experimentally- measured heat transfer and friction data of helicallyinned tubes.

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Hyperspectral Dimensionality Reduction Via Sequential Parametric Projection Pursuits For Automated Invasive Species Target Recognition, Terrance Roshad West Dec 2006

Hyperspectral Dimensionality Reduction Via Sequential Parametric Projection Pursuits For Automated Invasive Species Target Recognition, Terrance Roshad West

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis investigates the use of sequential parametric projection pursuits (SPPP) for hyperspectral dimensionality reduction and invasive species target recognition. The SPPP method is implemented in a top-down fashion, where hyperspectral bands are used to form an increasing number of smaller groups, with each group being projected onto a subspace of dimensionality one. Both supervised and unsupervised potential projections are investigated for their use in the SPPP method. Fisher?s linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is used as a potential supervised projection. Average, Gaussian-weighted average, and principal component analysis (PCA) are used as potential unsupervised projections. The Bhattacharyya distance is used as …

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Single-Step Treatment Of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Via Zero-Valent Metal Reduction And Chemical Oxidation, J. Mathew Thomas Dec 2006

Single-Step Treatment Of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Via Zero-Valent Metal Reduction And Chemical Oxidation, J. Mathew Thomas

Theses and Dissertations

Many nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are considered toxic and potential carcinogens. The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated reductive/oxidative process for treating NAC contaminated waters. The process consists of the combination of zero-valent manganese or iron and a hydroxyl radical based treatment technique. Corrosion promoters were added to the contaminated water to minimize passivation of the metallic species. Water contaminated with 2,4-dinitrotoluen (DNT) was treated with the integrated process using a recirculating batch reactor. It was demonstrated that addition of corrosion promoters to the contaminated water enhanced the rate of reaction of 2,4-DNT with zero-valent iron or manganese. …

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