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The Carbon Emissions Market Bottoms Out In One South African Community, Rachel Moshman
The Carbon Emissions Market Bottoms Out In One South African Community, Rachel Moshman
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
Through Flexible Mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol, countries and private companies are able to buy credits for carbon emissions reduced in other countries to compensate for the carbon emissions they are not reducing themselves. The Clean Development Mechanism (“CDM”) encourages developed countries and private companies to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries in exchange for carbon credits that will be counted as a reduction in the funder’s overall carbon emissions output.
World News, Jane Garrido, Catherine Landers, Cari Shiffman
World News, Jane Garrido, Catherine Landers, Cari Shiffman
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
Health experts in Kenya have warned that the continued usage of leaded fuel in the region could increase the number of deaths from respiratory illnesses. Top environmental scientists with the United Nations Environment Programme (“UNEP”) concluded that Nairobi, Kenya is one of the most highly polluted cities in the world, in part due to the vehicles and leaded fuel used in the city. Leaded fuel exacerbates the problem by destroying the catalytic converters in vehicles, which normally act as pollution guards.
Inuit Circumpolar Conference V. Bush Administration: Why The Arctic Peoples Claim The United States' Role In Climate Change Has Violated Their Fundamental Human Rights And Threatens Their Very Existence, Juliette Niehuss
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
In 2003, at a series of climate talks in Milan, Italy, the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (“ICC”), the main representative body for over 150,000 Inuit peoples within the Arctic rim, announced that the Alaskan and Canadian Inuit were developing a human rights petition against the United States to be submitted to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (“IACHR”). The Inuit are claiming that the United States has effectively violated their fundamental human rights and threatened their very existence by refusing to cut the country’s greenhouse gas emissions and by reneging on its international commitments to address climate change.
The Financial Service Industry And Climate Change: Insurance And Reinsurance, Cari Shiffman
The Financial Service Industry And Climate Change: Insurance And Reinsurance, Cari Shiffman
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
Rising greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions – a major driver of climate change – could negatively impact human activity and natural resources. Even small fluctuations in temperature or precipitation could have amplified effects for humans and ecosystems. With global energy consumption estimated to increase 150 to 230 percent by 2050, the demand for solutions to climate change will intensify. As both a source of emissions and a potential provider of solutions, business has a pivotal role to play.
The Legal Implications Of The Israeli-Palestinian Water Crisis, Juliette Niehuss
The Legal Implications Of The Israeli-Palestinian Water Crisis, Juliette Niehuss
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
While the non-oil economy of the Middle East is largely agricultural, it is based in an arid, untamable desert environment. Water is naturally scarce in the region, and there has always been conflict over possession and use of water resources. Recent history has shown that while water supplies in the Middle East are limited, maldistribution and overuse of water resources by Israel has aggravated development, and ultimately peace, between Israel and Palestine, and the region as a whole. Specifically, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict can be attributed, in part, to disputes over scarce and valuable water resources of the Jordan River basin …
Protecting A Hidden Treasure: The U.N International Law Commission And The International Law Of Transboundary Ground Water Resources, Gabriel E. Eckstein
Protecting A Hidden Treasure: The U.N International Law Commission And The International Law Of Transboundary Ground Water Resources, Gabriel E. Eckstein
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
Today, ground water is the most extracted natural resource in the world. It provides more than half of humanity’s fresh- water for everyday uses such as drinking, cooking, and hygiene, as well as twenty percent of irrigated agriculture. In Europe, between sixty and ninety-nine percent of drinking water comes from ground water; in the United States, that number is between one-half to ninety-seven percent. Overall, water use today is increasing four to eight percent per year, far outpacing the global population growth of 1.4 percent annually.
The Challenge Of Battling Privatization: A Case Study Of Swedish Water Companies, Erin Webreck
The Challenge Of Battling Privatization: A Case Study Of Swedish Water Companies, Erin Webreck
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
In 2003, during the Third World Water Forum in Kyoto, Japan, Koichiro Matsuura, Director General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (“UNESCO”), called for the creation of a World Cooperation Facility. The Facility, comprised of a network of organizations, would help resolve water conflicts and aid in transboundary water governance. Director General Matsuura’s proposal came in response to the increasingly complex and multifaceted system of global water management, a system sorely needing regulation. As transnational corporations have become involved in water privatization projects worldwide, their actions often gen- erate intense criticism from the affected local communities as …
Facing Arbitration For Environmental Regulation: Arbitration Under Chapter 11 Of The North American Free Trade Agreement Between Methanex Corporation And The United States Of America, Rekhao Rao
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
In 1999, the Governor of California released Executive Order D-55-99 that ordered the removal of Methyl Tertiary- Butyl Ether (“MTBE”) from California gasoline at the earliest possible date, but no later than December 31, 2002. In March 2002, the Governor extended the phase out for another year, until March 2003. MTBE is a chemical made of oxygen, but often is added to gasoline to boost its octane content, specifically to meet clean fuel requirements. The oxygen content in gasoline helps the gasoline burn more completely and reduce the harmful emissions from automobiles. MTBE has been used by the United States …
Balancing Indigenous Rights And A State's Right To Develop In Latin America: The Inter-American Rights Regime And Ilo Convention 169, David C. Baluarte
Balancing Indigenous Rights And A State's Right To Develop In Latin America: The Inter-American Rights Regime And Ilo Convention 169, David C. Baluarte
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
Latin America is a unique continent in many respects. Its vicious colonial history, characterized by the enslavement of indigenous peoples and the extraction of limitless wealth by occupying powers, left modern society to cope with a legacy of oppression. However, many critics believe that post-colonial marginalization of Native Latin Americans is largely equivalent to the oppression attributed to the colonial architects. Much of this abuse has occurred in the name of development: expansive industrialization projects that overtake indigenous lands and decimate cultures. However, in Latin America, which is a patchwork of nations plagued by large populations of rural and urban …
African Environmental Information Network: Improving Enforcement And Compliance Within Africa, Shelly Dill
African Environmental Information Network: Improving Enforcement And Compliance Within Africa, Shelly Dill
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
AEIN is a multi-stake holder capacity building network dedicated to supporting sustainable development planning in Africa. AEIN is spearheaded by the United Nations Environment Program (“UNEP”) Regional Office for Africa and UNEP Division of Early Warning and Assessment (“UNEP-DEWA”), located in Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP-DEWA focuses on building capacity for early warning and environmental assessment, thereby ensuring that proper mechanisms are in place for sustainable development. The AEIN is intended to bolster Africa’s inadequate institutional capacity by addressing the following problems: the lack of harmonized efforts for environmental assessment and reporting; poor compliance and enforcement; and the lack of integrated environmental …
Cities In Africa: An Examination Of Domestic Implementation And Compliance, Yvonne Fiadjoe
Cities In Africa: An Examination Of Domestic Implementation And Compliance, Yvonne Fiadjoe
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
This paper is divided into four parts. Part One provides a brief overview of CITES and background to the African situa- tion. Part Two details some of the problems which have impeded the implementation of CITES in Africa. Part Three then discusses recommendations and proposals to ensure compliance with CITES in signatory countries of the African region. Part Four provides a conclusion to this study.
The Inece Indicators Project: Improving Environmental Compliance And Enforcement Through Performance Measurement, Kenneth J. Markowitz, Krzysztof Michalak
The Inece Indicators Project: Improving Environmental Compliance And Enforcement Through Performance Measurement, Kenneth J. Markowitz, Krzysztof Michalak
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
The ECE Indicators will be used to evaluate capabilities and effectiveness of environmental compliance and enforcement programs at national, regional, and international levels. They will also serve as a tool for communicating government actions to decision-makers and the general public and helping to identify training, technology, and funding resources. While the indicators will be scaled to accommodate needs of countries at varying levels of development, their ultimate aim is to achieve sustainable development goals through improved environmental governance on national, regional and global scales. This article provides background information on the project development process, describes progress to date, and concludes …
World News, Lydie Edwards, Kirk Herbertson, Dave Herbertson
World News, Lydie Edwards, Kirk Herbertson, Dave Herbertson
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
In February, the United States Agency for International Development (“USAID”), the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, and the Shell Petroleum Development Company (“SPDC”) signed an agreement to implement a $20 million development program in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Shell is the largest producer of Nigerian oil. The purpose of the program is to diversify the source of livelihoods in the impoverished region. Shell will contribute $15 million, and USAID will contribute $5 million, towards the development of a large-scale cassava enterprise. Shell plans to continue signing similar agreements with other international development agencies in an effort to ease the …
Multilateral Environmental Agreements & World Trade, Melanie Nakagawa
Multilateral Environmental Agreements & World Trade, Melanie Nakagawa
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
In September 2003, the Fifth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) will meet in Cancun, Mexico. Cancun may provide an opportunity to reconcile many tensions between trade and the environment, although it seems likely that environmental concerns will remain marginalized. NGOs, governments, and other environmental agencies are eagerly waiting to see what happens at Cancun. At the Fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, governments mandated the WTO to unilaterally clarify the relationship between trade rules and trade measures that enforce MEAs. The Doha mandate, however, established that the outcome of any negotiations “shall not diminish the rights …
World News, Roger Phillips
World News, Roger Phillips
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
A group of environmental experts warned that four infrastructure projects in the Amazon have caused a rush of deforestation even before building has begun. The report on the world’s largest tropical forest, by international environmental experts charged with advising Brazil and rich countries donating to a program which has channeled $350 million to conserving the Amazon, came after data in June showed the Amazon deforestation rate jumped 40 percent last year. Profitable soy farming is seen as a special threat. Roughly 15 percent of the Amazon - an area larger than western Europe of continuous tropical forest that is home …
Environmental Enlargement In The European Union: Approximation Of The Acquis Communautaire And The Challenges That It Presents For The Applicant Countries, Patrick J. Kapios
Environmental Enlargement In The European Union: Approximation Of The Acquis Communautaire And The Challenges That It Presents For The Applicant Countries, Patrick J. Kapios
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
This Paper will discuss the challenges facing the applicant countries in approximating the European Union’s environmental acquis. Part II will discuss some of the EU’s environmental legislation and the Treaty provisions that are used by the Union to enact environmental legislation. An overview of the enlargement process will be given in Part III. Finally, Part IV of the Paper will discuss the process of approximation and the challenges that it provides the applicant countries. A discussion of the financial resources available to the applicant countries will also be included in this section.
The Precautionary Principle In The International Arena, Mary Stevens
The Precautionary Principle In The International Arena, Mary Stevens
PEEL Alumni Scholarship
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the precautionary principle in terms of its history, use, and application in several different international agreements. The precautionary principle is preventative in nature and stems from the idea that just because an activity cannot be proven unsafe does not mean that it does not have any negative effects. It has been heralded and criticized by scientists alike, and it has been applied in so many different ways that its definition depends on which international agreement one is reading.