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Articles 151 - 168 of 168
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The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act: Do We Really Want To Return To American Banana?, Joseph P. Bauer
The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act: Do We Really Want To Return To American Banana?, Joseph P. Bauer
Journal Articles
The extra-territorial reach of the antitrust laws is subject to multiple constraints, including the Commerce Clause of the constitution, the text of the antitrust statutes, and a variety of policy considerations. At the beginning of the twentieth century, in the American Banana case, the Supreme Court severely limited the application of the antitrust laws to anti-competitive behavior beyond our shores. The next eighty years saw an expansion of their extra-territorial reach, by including within their coverage a range of foreign conduct which had domestic effects. However, confusion among the lower courts as to the extent of this coverage, as well …
Spina Bifida Subtypes And Sub-Phenotypes By Maternal Race/Ethnicity In The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, A J Agopian, Mark A Canfield, Richard S Olney, Philip J Lupo, Tunu Ramadhani, Laura E Mitchell, Gary M Shaw, Cynthia A Moore
Spina Bifida Subtypes And Sub-Phenotypes By Maternal Race/Ethnicity In The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, A J Agopian, Mark A Canfield, Richard S Olney, Philip J Lupo, Tunu Ramadhani, Laura E Mitchell, Gary M Shaw, Cynthia A Moore
Journal Articles
Spina bifida refers to a collection of neural tube defects, including myelomeningocele, meningocele, and myelocele (SB(M) ), as well as lipomyelomeningocele and lipomeningocele (SB(L) ). Maternal race/ethnicity has been associated with an increased risk for spina bifida among offspring. to better understand this relationship, we evaluated different spina bifida subtypes (SB(M) vs. SB(L) ) and sub-phenotypes (anatomic level or presence of additional malformations) by maternal race/ethnicity using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. This study is a large, multisite, population-based study of nonsyndromic birth defects. Prevalence estimates were obtained using data from spina bifida cases (live births, fetal …
Is Pepsi Really A Substitute For Coke? Market Definition In Antitrust And Ip, Mark Mckenna
Is Pepsi Really A Substitute For Coke? Market Definition In Antitrust And Ip, Mark Mckenna
Journal Articles
Antitrust law explicitly depends on market definition. Many issues in IP law also depend on market definition, though that definition is rarely explicit. Applying antitrust traditional market definition to IP goods leads to some startling results. Despite the received wisdom that IP rights don't necessarily confer market power, a wide array of IP rights do exactly that under traditional antitrust principles. This result requires us to rethink both the overly-rigid way we define markets in antitrust law and the competitive consequences of granting IP protection. Both antitrust and IP must begin to think realistically about those consequences, rather than falling …
Dastar's Next Stand, Mark Mckenna
Dastar's Next Stand, Mark Mckenna
Journal Articles
A series of recent cases implicate the extent to which trademark law can be used to control creative content. The possibility of using trademark law for that purpose obviously creates a potential conflict with copyright law, which ordinarily sets the rules for use of creative material developed by others. Unfortunately, despite its attraction to boundary questions in trademark law, the Supreme Court‘s Dastar decision—its lone decision demarcating trademark and copyright law—remains controversial and its scope somewhat unclear. This Essay argues that Dastar should be understood, or at least should be extended, to rule out any claims based on confusion that …
Defining The Badges And Incidents Of Slavery, Jennifer Mason Mcaward
Defining The Badges And Incidents Of Slavery, Jennifer Mason Mcaward
Journal Articles
Most agree that Section Two of the Thirteenth Amendment empowers Congress to legislate regarding the “badges and incidents of slavery.” Few, however, have explored in depth the precise meaning of this concept. The goal of this Article is to provide a historical and conceptual framework for interpreting and identifying the badges and incidents of slavery. It examines the original public meaning of the terms “badge of slavery” and “incident of slavery” as well as how the “badges and incidents” concept has been incorporated into and used in Thirteenth Amendment jurisprudence. It considers several analytical variables from historical, jurisprudential, and policy …
Nonprofits, Politics, And Privacy, Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer
Nonprofits, Politics, And Privacy, Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer
Journal Articles
The first Part of this Article briefly reviews and contrasts the history and current rules governing disclosure and privacy in the federal tax, federal tax exemption, and federal election law contexts. This review reveals that both the cost-benefit approach and the right-to-privacy approach can be found in this history, but to a greater or lesser extent depending on the context. The second Part explores these two different approaches and the extent to which the existing disclosure rules reflect those approaches. This Part shows that the rules are sometimes but not always based both on the cost-benefit approach to disclosure, in …
Derivation Of Positive From Natural Law Revisited, Santiago Legarre
Derivation Of Positive From Natural Law Revisited, Santiago Legarre
Journal Articles
Aquinas's account of the relationship of natural law to positive law has a general theory: every just human law is derived from the law of nature; and two, subordinate theorems: derivation is always either per modum conclusionis or per modum determinationis. I will call them sub-theorems. According to the first sub-theorem "something may be derived from the natural law . . . as a conclusion from premises." For example, "that one must not kill may be derived as a conclusion from the principle that one must do harm to no one." For one reason or another, the theory of derivation …
Inclusionary Housing On A Global Basis, James J. Kelly Jr.
Inclusionary Housing On A Global Basis, James J. Kelly Jr.
Journal Articles
This is a book review of Inclusionary Housing in International Perspective: Affordable Housing, Social Inclusion, and Land Value Recapture (2010, Nico Calavita and Alan Mallach, eds.). The book offers a comparative look at land-use based approaches to the creation of affordable housing in a broad range of developed countries. A little less than a sixth of the book is dedicated to the U.S., with special attention given to the development on inclusionary programs in California and New Jersey. The editors then devote a chapter each to Canada, England, Ireland, France, Spain and Italy. The penultimate chapter looks at inclusionary practices …
The Rule Of Law And The Perils Of Precedent, Randy J. Kozel
The Rule Of Law And The Perils Of Precedent, Randy J. Kozel
Journal Articles
In this Essay, I wish to build on Professor Waldron's thoughtful analysis by saying something more about the other side of stare decisis. The rule-of-law benefits of stare decisis are invariably accompanied by rule-of-law costs. In light of those costs, the ultimate question is not whether there are ways in which stare decisis promotes the rule of law. Rather, it is whether stare decisis advances the rule of law on net. Some departures from precedent can promote the rule of law, and some reaffirmances can impair it. Even if the rule of law were the only value that mattered, excessive …
The Role Of Aspiration In Corporate Fiduciary Duties, Julian Velasco
The Role Of Aspiration In Corporate Fiduciary Duties, Julian Velasco
Journal Articles
Corporate law is characterized by a pervasive divergence between standards of conduct and standards of review. Courts often opine on the relatively demanding standard of conduct, but their judgements must be based on the more forgiving standard of review. Commentators defend this state of affairs by insisting that it provides guidance to directors without imposing ruinous liability. However, the dichotomy can lead many, especially those who focus on the bottom line, to call into question the meaningfulness of standards of conduct. Of particular concern is the increasing popularity, in legal and scholarly circles, of the notion that fiduciary duty standards …
The People Paradox, Nicole Stelle Garnett
The People Paradox, Nicole Stelle Garnett
Journal Articles
U.S. land-use regulators are increasingly embracing mixed-land-use “urban” neighborhoods, rather than single-land-use “suburban” ones, as a planning ideal. This shift away from traditional regulatory practice reflects a growing endorsement of Jane Jacobs’s influential argument that mixed-land-use urban neighborhoods are safer and more socially cohesive than single-land-use suburban ones. Proponents of regulatory reforms encouraging greater mixing of residential and commercial land uses, however, completely disregard a sizable empirical literature suggesting that commercial land use generates, rather than suppress, crime and disorder, and that suburban communities have higher levels of social capital than urban communities. This Article constructs a case for mixed-land-use …
The Law Of Nations As Constitutional Law, Anthony J. Bellia, Bradford R. Clark
The Law Of Nations As Constitutional Law, Anthony J. Bellia, Bradford R. Clark
Journal Articles
Courts and scholars continue to debate the status of customary international law in U.S. courts, but have paid insufficient attention to the role that such law plays in interpreting and upholding several specific provisions of the Constitution. The modern position argues that courts should treat customary international law as federal common law. The revisionist position contends that customary international law applies only to the extent that positive federal or state law has adopted it. Neither approach adequately takes account of the Constitution’s allocation of powers to the federal political branches in Articles I and II or the effect of these …
Arthur Soden's Legacy: The Origins And Early History Of Baseball's Reserve System, Edmund P. Edmonds
Arthur Soden's Legacy: The Origins And Early History Of Baseball's Reserve System, Edmund P. Edmonds
Journal Articles
The article focuses on the nineteenth century evolution of the U.S. baseball reserves system. It mentions that the early history of the reserve clause establishes a relationship with sports collective bargaining agreements. It notes that its basic structure stems from a dispute between Boston owner Arthur Soden and baseball players James O'Rourke and George Wright. It also emphasizes on discipline imposed to the players who abandon their contracts to seek higher salaries from a different team.
The "Independent" Sector: Fee-For-Service Charity And The Limits Of Autonomy, Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer
The "Independent" Sector: Fee-For-Service Charity And The Limits Of Autonomy, Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer
Journal Articles
Although numerous scholars have attempted to explain and justify the benefits provided to charities, none has been completely successful. Their theories share, however, two required characteristics for charities. First, charities must be distinct from other types of entities in society, including governmental bodies, businesses, other types of nonprofit organizations, and informal entities such as families. Second, charities must provide some form of public benefit. Given these defining characteristics, the principal role for the laws governing charities is to protect charities from influences that could potentially undermine these traits. This Article is the first to recognize fully the importance of this …
Managing The Urban Commons, Nicole Stelle Garnett
Managing The Urban Commons, Nicole Stelle Garnett
Journal Articles
Over the past several decades, debates about the appropriate tools of commons management have played themselves out in a particularly illuminating way in the management of urban public spaces. Some commentators urge, a là Garrett Hardin, that government coercion is needed to restore order to the urban commons. Others urge the privatization or quasi-privatization of urban public-spaces. On the ground in American cities, these theoretical arguments have been translated into concrete policies, especially policing strategies (e.g., order-maintenance and community policing) and urban development strategies (e.g., business improvement districts). This is an opportune time to reexamine the commons-management questions raised by …
When Things Go Wrong In The Clinic: How To Prevent And Respond To Serious Student Misconduct, Robert Jones, Gerard F. Glynn, John J. Francis
When Things Go Wrong In The Clinic: How To Prevent And Respond To Serious Student Misconduct, Robert Jones, Gerard F. Glynn, John J. Francis
Journal Articles
This article documents the types of misconduct that students commit, explores why serious misconduct occurs, examines whether such conduct can be anticipated and reduced by prescreening and monitoring potentially problematic students, and suggests how misconduct might be addressed once it occurs. The authors' analysis thus encompasses both legal obligations and pedagogical considerations, and it takes account of the differing perspectives of clinical professors, law school administrators, and bar examiners. The authors operate from a "student centered" perspective that emphasizes the support and development of law students. This article is prescriptive, therefore, in the extent to which it emphasizes preventive actions …
Catholic Schools, Charter Schools, And Urban Neighborhoods, Margaret F. Brinig, Nicole Stelle Garnett
Catholic Schools, Charter Schools, And Urban Neighborhoods, Margaret F. Brinig, Nicole Stelle Garnett
Journal Articles
This paper addresses implications for urban neighborhoods of two dramatic shifts in the American educational landscape: (1) the rapid disappearance of Catholic schools from urban neighborhoods, and (2) the rise of charter schools. In previous studies, we linked Catholic school closures to increased disorder and crime, and decreased social cohesion, in Chicago neighborhoods. This paper turns to two questions unanswered in our previous investigations. First, because we focused exclusively on school closures in our previous studies, we were uncertain whether our results reflected the work that open Catholic schools do as neighborhood institutions or whether we were finding a “loss …
Do We Have A Debt Collection Crisis? Some Cautionary Tales Of Debt Collection In Indiana, Judith Fox
Do We Have A Debt Collection Crisis? Some Cautionary Tales Of Debt Collection In Indiana, Judith Fox
Journal Articles
The Federal Trade Commission, in 2009, raised issues about debt collection practices and called on jurisdictions to investigate local practices that may be abusive to consumers. This article is the beginning of a larger study of debt collection practices in Indiana. It examines debt collection cases filed in Indiana courts in a three month period of 2009 and 2011 While most research on this issues has been in small claims court systems, this article suggests that the same, if not greater, consumer abuses exist in other courts. The research shows a pattern of large, national debt collection firms moving away …