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Parenting Practices Mediate Parenting Stress And Child Inhibited, Shy Behavior, Ying Dong
Parenting Practices Mediate Parenting Stress And Child Inhibited, Shy Behavior, Ying Dong
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Parenting practices were investigated as mediators between parenting stress and child inhibited, shy behavior. Parenting stress was also examined as a moderator between parenting practices and child inhibited, shy behavior. Twenty-seven preschool-aged children (14 boys, 13 girls; mean age =3.5 years) and their mothers (mean age =34 years) participated in the study. Mothers completed a battery of questionnaires to assess parenting stress, parenting practices, and child inhibited, shy behavior. Regression analyses were conducted and it was found that parenting practices do not mediate the relation between parenting stress and inhibited, shy behavior. However, there appears to be an indirect relation …
Boys' And Girls' Strategies For Managing Peer Conflict In Adolescence, Emily Keener
Boys' And Girls' Strategies For Managing Peer Conflict In Adolescence, Emily Keener
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The purpose of the present study was to examine boys' and girls' endorsement of communal and agentic conflict-management strategies in three types of relationships: same-sex friends, other-sex friends, and romantic relationships. Relationship type was examined as a moderator of gender differences and similarities in strategies. Also, the role of gender-typed personality traits (expressive, instrumental) was examined as a covariate to investigate whether gender differences in conflict-management strategies reflect personality traits.;Participants (N = 108; 49 boys; 59 girls) were adolescents aged 14-17 years (M age = 15.79 years, SD = 1.07). Participants were asked to complete the Peer Conflict Questionnaire to …
Religiousness, Future Time Perspective, And Death Anxiety Among Adults, James A. Henrie
Religiousness, Future Time Perspective, And Death Anxiety Among Adults, James A. Henrie
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The present study examined relations of death anxiety to age, gender, trait anxiety, future time perspective, religiousness, spirituality, and religious doubt. The primary goals of the investigation were to test for a curvilinear relation between religious meaning and death anxiety and to test whether the relations of age and gender with death anxiety were mediated by trait anxiety, future time perspective, religiousness, spirituality, and religious doubt. Participants were adults (18 to 89 years of age, M = 38.28 years, SD = 19.30, 79.1% female, 93.8% Caucasian) who completed the pertinent questionnaires online. Results indicated that there was indeed a curvilinear …
Primary Caregivers' Values Of Play And Creativity In Early Childhood In Relation To Children's Academic Self-Esteem, Jill M. Martino
Primary Caregivers' Values Of Play And Creativity In Early Childhood In Relation To Children's Academic Self-Esteem, Jill M. Martino
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There is currently a trend to push academics due to laws such as the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) which holds schools accountable for academic learning. Play and creativity are being eliminated in early childhood even though theorists state the value of these elements in the overall development of young children. The purpose of the study was to examine the primary caregivers' values of play and creativity in early childhood and their child's academic self-esteem. Primary caregivers recruited from a university preschool completed the Parent's As A Teacher Inventory (PAAT) and the teachers of the school rated the children …
A Daily Process Analysis Of Short -Term Physical Activity Goal Pursuits In Midlife: Changes In Goal Processes, Physical Activity, And Subjective Well -Being, Eric A. Goedereis
A Daily Process Analysis Of Short -Term Physical Activity Goal Pursuits In Midlife: Changes In Goal Processes, Physical Activity, And Subjective Well -Being, Eric A. Goedereis
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The prevalence of obesity in the United States increases with age, with the highest rates corresponding to midlife. Midlife health behaviors may play a contributing role in many of the health problems commonly associated with advanced age. Health psychologists who have embraced a life-span developmental perspective argue that it is important to consider the individual developmental trajectories of health and successful aging. Goal-setting has been shown to account for significant variance in physical activity, which has a variety of health-promoting benefits. In order to investigate individual variability in the daily processes of physical activity goal pursuit within a sample of …
Adolescent Substance Use In Relation To School-Based Extracurricular Activities According To Individual And School-Level Characteristics, Kari L. Maxwell
Adolescent Substance Use In Relation To School-Based Extracurricular Activities According To Individual And School-Level Characteristics, Kari L. Maxwell
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The purpose of this study was to fill gaps in previous literature on adolescent involvement in activities that are school-based in relation adolescent alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and illicit substance use, while taking into account important individual and sociodemographic variables. Research was conducted with 49 12th grade students in two public high school in North Central West Virginia. Data were collected using an internet questionnaire accessible to students on Survey Monkey. The questionnaire consisted of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use questions that were derived directly from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questions pertaining to students involvement in school-based …
The Introduction Of Forgiveness Into A Path Analytical Model Of The Association Between Parental Divorce And Adult Attachment, Amanda L. Wheat
The Introduction Of Forgiveness Into A Path Analytical Model Of The Association Between Parental Divorce And Adult Attachment, Amanda L. Wheat
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Several factors (i.e., parental divorce, parent-child relationship quality, interparental conflict, individual forgiveness) that have been investigated separately in relation to adult romantic attachment were examined alongside family forgiveness, which has not previously explored in relation to attachment. Undergraduate students (N = 299) completed several surveys online for the current study. Several significant findings emerged when factors were considered in path models individually, and in an overall path model built on the basis of those individual model findings. Maternal and paternal social support, maternal negative interactions, and family forgiveness were moderators of parental divorce---romantic attachment relations. Based upon these findings, it …
Predictors Of Anticipated Parenting Efficacy In Younger Adults, Danielle K. Tomczewski
Predictors Of Anticipated Parenting Efficacy In Younger Adults, Danielle K. Tomczewski
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Prior research has indicated that anticipated parenting efficacy, the degree to which individuals perceive that they will be an effective parent, predicts their later parenting competency (Coleman et al., 2002; Teti & Gelfand, 1991). Although additional correlates of parenting efficacy have been identified, such as knowledge of childhood development (Conrad, Gross, Fogg, & Ruchala, 1992) and prior contact with children (Coleman & Karraker, 2000; Williams et al., 1987), little research has examined the predictors of anticipated parenting efficacy. The current study examined anticipated parenting efficacy in a sample of 481 younger adults. Participants completed self-administered on-line surveys related to their …
Age Differences In Younger And Older Adults' Experience Of Interpersonal Problems, Leo Schlosnagle
Age Differences In Younger And Older Adults' Experience Of Interpersonal Problems, Leo Schlosnagle
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Differences between younger (N=78) and older (N=78) adults' frequency of experience of interpersonal problems were examined. Previous research has shown age-related declines in contact frequency and negative interactions (Akiyama, et al., 2003; Carstensen, 1992). Aging has also been associated with concurrent increases in emotional closeness and relationship satisfaction with social partners (Birditt, et al., 2005; Lang & Carstensen, 2002), and social self-efficacy and problem-solving effectiveness (Artistico, Cervone, and Pezzuti, 2003; Blanchard-Fields, Mienaltowski, & Seay, 2007; Lachman, 1986). In the current study, older adults reported experiencing interpersonal problems significantly less often than younger adults. Older adults also reported less contact frequency …
Health Promotion During Midlife: The Influence Of Internal Health Locus Of Control And Future Time Perspective, Sarah T. Stahl
Health Promotion During Midlife: The Influence Of Internal Health Locus Of Control And Future Time Perspective, Sarah T. Stahl
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Health promoting behaviors are typically categorized as behaviors that move individuals towards optimal health while concurrently decreasing one's susceptibility to disease and illness (Becker & Arnold, 2004; Breslow, 1999). When compared to other developmental age periods, less is known about health promotion in midlife (Merrill & Verbrugge, 1999). Thus, the present study examined the relations among demographic variables, future time perspective, internal health locus of control, and middle-aged adults' engagement in health promotion. Data from 109 middle-aged adults between the ages of 40 and 66 were collected via an online survey. Results indicated that the data fit the model poorly …
Consolidation Of Parental Monitoring Variables And Scales: Preliminary Evidence For Construct Validity, Ryan J. Anderson
Consolidation Of Parental Monitoring Variables And Scales: Preliminary Evidence For Construct Validity, Ryan J. Anderson
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The aim of the present study was to improve definitions of parental monitoring constructs by reducing the domain of content from which researchers have sampled in previous investigations. For example, between the years of 1991 and 2007 researchers developed at least 49 different parental monitoring scales comprised of a total of 310 questions or items. Visual inspection of these scales as well as thorough review of the parental monitoring literature suggested that researchers primarily were interested in assessing five domains of content (the sum of which is described as parental monitoring). These five domains of content are (1) adolescent perceptions …
Social Anxiety And Facial Affect Recognition In Preschool Children, Chelsea M. Ale
Social Anxiety And Facial Affect Recognition In Preschool Children, Chelsea M. Ale
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Previous research relating anxiety and facial affect recognition, focusing mostly on school-aged children and adults, has yielded mixed results. The current study sought to demonstrate an association among behavioral inhibition and parent-reported social anxiety, shyness, social withdrawal and facial affect recognition performance using the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale in 30 preschool children, ages 4 years to 5 years 8 months. Results indicated that social anxiety, social withdrawal, shyness, and behavioral inhibition together account for 25% of the variance in facial affect recognition performance, although this proportion was not statistically significant r2 = .25, F(4,24) = 1.95, p = …
Postpartum Sleep Disturbance And Psychomotor Vigilance Performance, Salvatore Insana
Postpartum Sleep Disturbance And Psychomotor Vigilance Performance, Salvatore Insana
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Postpartum women have high rates of sleep disturbance and commonly suffer from many of the effects of disturbed sleep, though attentional state has not been studied extensively in this population. This study assessed sleep and attentional state psychomotor performance in postpartum women to develop a better understanding of how sleep disturbance --specifically sleep fragmentation and partial sleep deprivation-- is associated with attentional state psychomotor performance. Participants were a sample of 24 postpartum mothers from a larger study. Mothers were 29.96 (SD = 7.94) years old, had a mean income of {dollar}65,808 (SD = {dollar}41,398), and had 17.04 (SD = 2.53) …
Slow-To-Warm-Up Temperament In Infancy As A Predictor Of Concurrent And Later Child And Maternal Behaviors, Jessica B. Stoltzfus
Slow-To-Warm-Up Temperament In Infancy As A Predictor Of Concurrent And Later Child And Maternal Behaviors, Jessica B. Stoltzfus
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Little is known about the slow-to-warm-up infant temperament. The present study evaluated the usefulness of this temperament as conceptualized by Thomas and Chess in predicting child and maternal parenting behaviors, with a particular focus on its conceptual link to child inhibition. Participants were 1,072 mothers and their children in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Slow-to-warm-up temperament in infancy did predict later inhibition, p = .000, but not as well as the difficult temperament or the individual temperament subscales of mood and approach. Including maternal sensitivity and stimulation and support increased the prediction of inhibition from the slow-to-warm-up temperament …
Cognitive Components, Information Search Processes, And Outcomes In A Decision Making Task, Beth A. Stafford
Cognitive Components, Information Search Processes, And Outcomes In A Decision Making Task, Beth A. Stafford
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Data from 49 younger adults with a mean age of 20.8 years old was used to examine the relations among cognitive abilities, information search strategies, and decision quality. Participants completed computerized relocation tasks for hypothetical individuals. A multiple linear regression was used to test the relations among the cognitive components fluid ability (Gf), crystallized ability (Gc), working memory (WM) and decision quality. A multiple linear regression was used to test the relations among the search strategies order of information searched, amount of information searched, search selectivity, and decision quality. A hierarchical regression was used to test the relations among cognitive …
Tattooing And High-Risk Behavior Among Adolescents, Tiffany Lynn Stickel
Tattooing And High-Risk Behavior Among Adolescents, Tiffany Lynn Stickel
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High-risk behavior in the domains of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, and sexual behavior were investigated in relation to tattoo presence/absence among adolescents aged 18-22 years. Adolescents' motivations to become tattooed were also explored. Participants included 400 tattooed and non-tattooed (147 male, 253 female) students at West Virginia University. Self-report questionnaires, which included items from the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) as well as items derived by the investigator, were used to assess risk-taking behavior, tattoo presence/absence, and motives for obtaining/not obtaining tattoos. A significant relationship between high-risk behavior and tattooing was found using crosstabulation and chi-square analyses, …
Age And Sex Differences In Everyday Problem-Solving Goals And Strategies For Work And Caregiving Vignettes, Jennifer A. Flinn
Age And Sex Differences In Everyday Problem-Solving Goals And Strategies For Work And Caregiving Vignettes, Jennifer A. Flinn
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The current study examined how age and sex of participants, gender stereotype roles for the protagonist, and domain of the problem influenced the generation of problem-solving goals and strategies. One hundred and seventeen participants, 136 younger adults (M= 19 .22, SD = 1.30:58 M, 78 F) and 81 older adults (M= 73.17, SD = 7.76:38 M, 43 F) were given two hypothetical vignettes, one in the work domain, and one in the caregiving domain. Responses were coded for other-focused goals and interpersonally-oriented strategies. A 2 (age) x 2 (sex) x 2 (form type) x 2 (domain) MANOVA indicated two significant …
The Association Between Aggressive Behaviors And Academic Self-Esteem Of Preschool Children, Chrische' Marie Walker
The Association Between Aggressive Behaviors And Academic Self-Esteem Of Preschool Children, Chrische' Marie Walker
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The intent of this study was to investigate the association between preschooler's aggressiveness behavior and their academic self-esteem in the classrooms. The participants in this study consisted of 63 preschoolers who attended the West Virginia University Laboratory Nursery School or the Pierpont Christian Preschool during the school year of 2005-2006. The preschoolers were rated by their teachers at each school on their student initiative, social attraction, success/failure, social attraction, self-confidence on the Behavioral Academic Self-Esteem Scale (BASE) and their aggressiveness with peers on the Child Behavior Scale (CBS).;Results of the study indicated that the preschooler's academic self-esteem and aggressive behaviors …
The Effects Of Age, Instructions, And Problem Content On Everyday Problem -Solving Outcome Using Two Scoring Procedures, Tara L. Neely
The Effects Of Age, Instructions, And Problem Content On Everyday Problem -Solving Outcome Using Two Scoring Procedures, Tara L. Neely
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Prior literature has relied on varied methodology to infer conclusions about adult problem solvers; possibly leading to erroneous assumptions about everyday problem-solving performance in adulthood. The present study examined everyday problem-solving performance of 133 younger, middle-aged, and older adults. The goal of the study was to investigate whether different scoring procedures (number vs. strategy type) or participant instructions (self target vs. others target) affected how adults performed on two types of open-ended problem-solving vignettes (home vs. friend problem domains). Differential age patterns were found when comparing the number and types of strategies reported. When assessing total number of solutions generated, …
Sexual Objectification, Self-Objectification, Self-Efficacy, And Female Identity Development: A Preliminary Study, Kathleen Reilly Coffers
Sexual Objectification, Self-Objectification, Self-Efficacy, And Female Identity Development: A Preliminary Study, Kathleen Reilly Coffers
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Sexual and self-objectification, self-efficacy and identity status were investigated using data collected from undergraduate and graduate classes from West Virginia University. Subjects were 267 females, ages 18--23. The four variables were measured as follows: (a) Cultural Sexual Objectification Questionnaire, (b) Self-Objectification Questionnaire, (c) Self-Efficacy Scale and (d) Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status. Cronbach's Alphas were performed on all measures with good to adequate reliabilities (.69 through .89), with the exception of the identity diffusion subscale which resulted in marginal reliability (.57). Chi-square analyses performed for sexual and self-objectification in each of the four identity statuses …
Gender-Role Development In Toddlers: The Association Between Parental Gender-Role Orientation And Toddler's Gender-Typed Behavior, Jennifer K. Hartley
Gender-Role Development In Toddlers: The Association Between Parental Gender-Role Orientation And Toddler's Gender-Typed Behavior, Jennifer K. Hartley
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Associations between the gender-role orientation of parents and the toy-play behavior of first-born infants were investigated. Fifteen fathers ( M age = 31.13, SD = 4.26) and 46 mothers ( M age = 28.13, SD = 4.97) completed self-administered questionnaires which included questions on feedback to play with gender-typed toys. ANOVA results indicated that mothers provided more masculine-typed toys for their sons than their daughters, and more feminine-typed toys for their daughters than their sons; fathers provided more feminine-typed toys for their daughters than their sons. In addition, mothers provided more encouragement to same-gender-typed play than cross-gender-typed play for both …
College Adjustment Experiences Of First -Year Students: Retired Athletes, Non -Athletes, And Current Varsity Athletes, John R. Lubker
College Adjustment Experiences Of First -Year Students: Retired Athletes, Non -Athletes, And Current Varsity Athletes, John R. Lubker
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Research investigating the disengagement experiences of high school athletes and their subsequent adjustment to the college environment has been limited at best. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the differences in college adjustment patterns and reported athletic identity of first-year college males and females (N=317). Three status groups were used in this study: retired high school senior athletes ( n=125), high school senior non-athletes (n=106), and current college varsity athletes (n=78). Significant differences were observed between the three athletic status groups where retired high senior athletes had significantly different athletic identity scores than both college athletes and high …
Religiousness, Spirituality, And Emotional Salience In Decision-Making Processes And Outcomes, Loriann Sonntag
Religiousness, Spirituality, And Emotional Salience In Decision-Making Processes And Outcomes, Loriann Sonntag
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The associations of religiousness and spirituality in decision-making processes and outcomes were investigated. One hundred younger adults ( M age = 19.9, SD = 1.5) and seventy-eight older adults (M age = 71.1, SD = 7.9) completed self-administered surveys including vignettes varying in emotional salience. Responses were coded for problem-solving strategies and decisional outcomes. ANCOVA results indicate that the choice of strategies varies depending on the age and level of spirituality of the individual as well as the domain of the problem. Results from a multinomial logistic regression indicate that end-of-life decisions vary as a function of both age and …
Examining Problem-Solving Interpretations: The Role Of Age, Sex, And Femininity, Jennifer A. Flinn
Examining Problem-Solving Interpretations: The Role Of Age, Sex, And Femininity, Jennifer A. Flinn
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The current study examined age and sex differences in communal interpretations (statements focusing on the needs of others), and whether participants' femininity mediated these differences. One hundred and ninety six participants, 121 younger adults (M=19.26, SD=131: 53 M, 68 F) and 75 older adults (M=73.74, SD=7.65: 36 M, 39 F), were given a vignette regarding a hypothetical job relocation problem that involved either a male or female protagonist. To assess interpretations, participants were asked to indicate all the issues to be considered. The degree to which interpretations reflected communal concerns was coded. Results showed that women had higher communal interpretation …
Effects Of Social Support And Heterosexism On The Psychological Well-Being Of Diverse Adults, S. Melinda Spencer
Effects Of Social Support And Heterosexism On The Psychological Well-Being Of Diverse Adults, S. Melinda Spencer
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During emerging adulthood, individuals struggle to form an identity and must develop personal resources to help them cope with life stressors. Lesbian and gay (LG) adults must do this from within a context of heterosexist discrimination, which can negatively influence multiple aspects of psychological well-being. The specific aims of this study were to examine: (1) differences by gender and sexual orientation in psychological well-being, (2) the role of individual characteristics (gender and sexual orientation) and personal resources (mastery and social support) in explaining psychological well-being, and (3) the influence of heterosexism and personal resources on psychological well-being of LGB individuals. …
Theory Of Mind And The Assessment Of Suggestibility In Preschoolers, Aryn C. Karpinski
Theory Of Mind And The Assessment Of Suggestibility In Preschoolers, Aryn C. Karpinski
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Researchers have been examining the relation between theory of mind and suggestibility with mixed results. Recently, researchers have suggested that theory of mind is not a dichotomous construct, but instead develops in a sequence (Wellman & Liu, 2004). This view, when combined with an examination suggestibility, may clarify the relation. The purpose of this study was to validate the Video Suggestibility Scale for Children (VSSC; Scullin & Ceci, 2001) and a theory of mind scale as predictors of suggestibility in an interview about an experienced and a non-experienced event. Ninety-one preschoolers, ages 3 to 5 years old, completed the 3-week …
Suggestibility In An Adolescent And Young Adult Sample: Age And Individual Differences, Rebecca G. Ryan
Suggestibility In An Adolescent And Young Adult Sample: Age And Individual Differences, Rebecca G. Ryan
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The current study was an investigation of age differences in interrogative suggestibility and its components; Yield, Shift, and Total Suggestibility. Adolescents and young adults were compared on these measures and it was found that young adults Yield significantly less than adolescents and that Total Suggestibility was lower for the young adults compared to the adolescents. Young adults were also found to display significantly higher levels of both memory and source monitoring ability. Regressions were conducted with individual difference factors associated with Yield, Shift, and Total Suggestibility. For Yield, memory was found to be a unique contributor. For Shift and Total …
The Effects Of Contextual Factors On Dyadic Everyday Problem Solving In Adulthood, Tara L. Neely
The Effects Of Contextual Factors On Dyadic Everyday Problem Solving In Adulthood, Tara L. Neely
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The present study examined individual and dyadic everyday problem solving in 45 younger, middle-aged, and older adult married couples. The goal of the study was to investigate the effects of age, gender, collaboration, marital characteristics, and basic cognition on everyday problem-solving. Two research questions were addressed. First, were there group differences across three phases of problem solving? Second, what was the frequency of individual change, and which factors predicted improvement, stability, or decline? When addressing the first question, there was a significant four-way interaction, F (4, 78) = 2.83, p < .05, eta = .12, between participant age, gender, problem-solving condition, and problem-solving phase, emphasizing the multidimensionality of everyday cognition. When addressing the second question, a larger percentage of individuals who collaborated reliably improved compared to individuals who worked alone. Furthermore, basic cognitive abilities, education, and marital factors significantly accounted for individual reliable change in everyday problem solving.
Perceptions Of Mothers Labeled Adolescent Or Adult And Their Infants, Nichole L. Elliott
Perceptions Of Mothers Labeled Adolescent Or Adult And Their Infants, Nichole L. Elliott
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The aim was to examine how adolescent and/or unmarried mothers and their infants are perceived. Negative appraisals by others of adolescent and/or unmarried mothers and their infants may contribute to the difficulties they encounter. Psychology students viewed videotapes of adult mothers labeled as adolescent or adult and as unmarried or married interacting with their infants. Participants were asked to rate the infants, the mothers and their interactions. Results show that there were cases in which those labeled adolescent and unmarried were seen less positively than those labeled adult and married. There were also instances of counterintuitive findings of lower ratings …
Identity Development And Empathy As Related To Creative Activity Participation, Shana L. Blackshire
Identity Development And Empathy As Related To Creative Activity Participation, Shana L. Blackshire
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The focus of this study was the associations between identity, empathy as an emotional construct, and participation in creatively focused activities among adolescents in a largely rural population. A series of measures to assess identity status, the ego strength of fidelity, empathy, and level of participation in creative activities were administered to 212 male and 320 female adolescents in grades nine through eleven at public high schools in Appalachia. Analyses indicated that while the expected relationship between creative activity participation and identity was not statistically significant, gender may heavily influence that relationship as a mediating variable. Empathy, however, was found …