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Assessment Of Greywater Parameters Throughout Treatment Sites At The Monteverde Institute And Los Pinos Hotel, June 2018, Alexandra Arriaga Covarrubias
Assessment Of Greywater Parameters Throughout Treatment Sites At The Monteverde Institute And Los Pinos Hotel, June 2018, Alexandra Arriaga Covarrubias
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Water is crucial in all aspects of life; therefore, the way in which we treat water directly impacts our future. Greywater results from humans’ interaction with water in their everyday life, but what we do with the greywater can have various effects on the environment and us. This study tests the effectiveness of two primary grey water treatment systems at Los Pinos Hotel and the Monteverde Institute in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Six sections of each system were tested for a variety of parameters: temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and pH. Although both locations use preliminary and primary …
Effects Of Lek Location And Female Presence On Dancing Behavior In Long-Tailed Manakins (Chiroxiphia Linearis), June 2018, Dennis Finger
Effects Of Lek Location And Female Presence On Dancing Behavior In Long-Tailed Manakins (Chiroxiphia Linearis), June 2018, Dennis Finger
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Sexual selection, the process by which individuals of one biological sex select mates of the other sex, often leads to the formation of displays, ornaments, and weapons to improve mating success. Long-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia linearis) exhibit a unique example of sexual selection in their bright plumage, long tails, and coordinated lekking dances. I investigated sexual selection by analyzing dancing behavior of long-tailed manakins in Monteverde, Costa Rica. I filmed leks to measure the effects of dance variant (Cartwheel or Up-Down), lek location, and female presence on variation in dance features. Cartwheel bouts of dancing occurred only when the female was …
Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Distribution In Cuajiniquil, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, June 2018, Ah’Shirae Arana
Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Distribution In Cuajiniquil, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, June 2018, Ah’Shirae Arana
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Understanding mosquito distribution can lower the risk of people affected by mosquito borne illnesses. This two-part study aims to present the distribution of potential disease-carrying mosquitoes located in Cuajiniquil, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. In the first part of the study, I analyzed mosquito oviposition preference by placing receptacles filled with river water in homes and mangroves for nine days. I found no larvae in these experimentally placed containers. In the second part of my study, 137 mosquitoes were captured and identified to species from four different locations of the area. Four genera were identified with Aedes as the most abundant genus. …
Foraging And Feeding Guild Characteristics In Relation To Fishes Chased From Microspathodon Dorsalis Nesting Territories, June 2018, Jenna Sparks
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Recognizing nest predators is an important adaptation for successful reproduction. Nest guarding ability is likely, in part, a sexually selected trait. Male giant damselfish (Microspathodon dorsalis) defend by chasing and biting at fishes that encroach upon their nests. In my study, I observed the relationship between intruder fish phenotype and behavior and response of 16 guarding males. In a series of 10-minute observation periods, I determined that Acapulco damselfish (Stegastes acapulcoensis) were chased away the most times. To account for variability of fish presence, I additionally noted the number of chases by resident M. dorsalis, standardized for the number of …
The Flowering Biology And Pollination Ecology Of Burmeistera Parviflora (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), June 2018, Alexandra Howell
The Flowering Biology And Pollination Ecology Of Burmeistera Parviflora (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), June 2018, Alexandra Howell
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Understanding a taxon’s pollination biology and floral characteristics can help shed light on that group’s evolution. The genus Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) is a young but diverse genus that is almost exclusively bat-pollinated. This group’s radiation has likely been caused, in part, by changes to floral characteristics that have evolved to reduce competition for successful pollinators. In this study I examined the pollination biology of B. parviflora in the cloud forests of Monteverde, Costa Rica because this species is an apparent exception to this genus’ bat-pollinated trend. I addressed who pollinates B. parviflora by monitoring the flowers for floral visitors, determining …
Foraging Behavior And Substrate Preference Of The Mangrove Warbler (Setophaga Petechial Bryanti) In North-Western Pacific Mangroves Of Costa Rica, June 2018, Michael K. Spaeth
Foraging Behavior And Substrate Preference Of The Mangrove Warbler (Setophaga Petechial Bryanti) In North-Western Pacific Mangroves Of Costa Rica, June 2018, Michael K. Spaeth
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Mangrove Warblers (Setophaga petechia bryanti) reside in mangrove habitats that are at continuous risk of human alteration and destruction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the foraging behavior of Mangrove Warblers and whether they prefer a specific species of mangrove for foraging in the North-Western Pacific Mangroves of Costa Rica. I investigated this by observing Mangrove Warblers forage at different mangrove tree species throughout a mangrove habitat along Rio Cuajiniquil in Cuajiniquil, Costa Rica. My primary finding was that Mangrove Warblers occur more frequently in Red Mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and Black Mangroves (Avicennia germinans) while foraging. Furthermore, Mangrove …
Presence And Diversity Of Mammals Across Microhábitats In San Luis, Monteverde, Costa Rica, June 2018, Liesel Davis
Presence And Diversity Of Mammals Across Microhábitats In San Luis, Monteverde, Costa Rica, June 2018, Liesel Davis
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
The transformation from natural to human-dominated landscapes is occurring rapidly throughout much of the world. In San Luis, Costa Rica, undisturbed forest land has been converted into farmland, introducing crops for agriculture and free-ranging domestic animals. The aim of this study was to observe how relative local mammal abundance has been impacted by these anthropological factors. I sampled three locations in San Luis: a coffee plantation (Café Bella Tica), a farm containing domestic animals (Marco Marín’s farm), and a forest microhabitat. To collect data, I used trail transects, miscellaneous observations, Sherman rodent traps, and camera traps over the course of …
Priorities Of Octopus Vulgaris: Feeding Or Den Enhancement?, June 2018, Calla Lloyd-Lim
Priorities Of Octopus Vulgaris: Feeding Or Den Enhancement?, June 2018, Calla Lloyd-Lim
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Animals must choose between avoiding possible death or increasing energy input by feeding. Octopuses, in particular, have evolved various strategies to avoid predation and thereby cope with increased physical vulnerability. As soft-bodied creatures, they lack the hard shell that defines the typical molluscan body plan. To protect themselves, they seek shelter in dens, which is where they spend most of their daytime hours. Although foraging during the day is limited, they leave their protective structures to hunt when necessary. In this study, I evaluated the priorities of 10 wild octopuses, specifically Octopus vulgaris, by exploring the choices they made between …
Butterfly Wing Shape Variation Among Habitats And Their Phylogenetic Relationships, June 2018, Shannon Mccoy
Butterfly Wing Shape Variation Among Habitats And Their Phylogenetic Relationships, June 2018, Shannon Mccoy
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Wing shape and size determines the manner of flight in all organisms with wings, and this is especially true for butterflies and moths. Flight is energetically costly, so selection may have acted on these organisms to create the most optimal wing shape for the activities in which different species engage. In this study, I recorded ten measurements of length, width, and area for each specimen in order to determine if different species of butterflies converged on a particular shape of wing based on their habitat. I also considered the similarities of their wing shape based on their phylogenetic relatedness. The …
Microbial Diversity Found On Anura In The Monteverde Area, June 2018, Lilly Helmuth-Malone
Microbial Diversity Found On Anura In The Monteverde Area, June 2018, Lilly Helmuth-Malone
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
The microscopic world of fungi and bacteria have a significant effect on the organisms they grow on and can have either a beneficial or detrimental effect on said organism. Frogs are especially vulnerable to microbes due to their permeable skin, which leaves them susceptible to such pathogens as chytrid fungus. This project aims to discover the different types of fungal and bacterial morphologies found growing on frogs. In order to learn more about these microbes, I swabbed 34 frogs from nine species found at four different locations in the Monteverde area and cultured the swabs on two different types of …
Thermoregulatory Behavior Of Sceloporus Malachiticus, June 2018, Sofia Vámos
Thermoregulatory Behavior Of Sceloporus Malachiticus, June 2018, Sofia Vámos
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Most species of lizards control their thermoregulation through certain behaviors. This can include basking under the sun and moving into shade, changing body position in relation to the sun and moving to shaded regions. In this project I observed two different Sceloporus malachiticus lizard groups to evaluate their thermoregulatory behaviors. I evaluated the aspects of body, substrate and air temperatures, behavior and flight distances for both groups. My results showed that while air and substrate temperatures were significant factors in the lizard’s thermoregulation, substrate temperatures played a stronger role. Furthermore, lizards showed increased activity earlier in the mornings and exhibited …
Avian Frugivory And Displays Of Aggression On Güitite (Acnistus Arborescens) In Monteverde, Costa Rica, June 2018, Lyubov Kaplanskaya
Avian Frugivory And Displays Of Aggression On Güitite (Acnistus Arborescens) In Monteverde, Costa Rica, June 2018, Lyubov Kaplanskaya
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Competition for food is evident in many living beings and essential for the continuous survival of a species. Some animals will show dominance or aggression by scaring other animals away that are at or near their food source. I observed trees of the species Acnistus arborescens (Güitite), from the Solanaceae family, for two weeks in order to learn more about what species of birds feed on its orange fruits, where on the tree they feed, and if they show aggression by flying onto the tree towards other birds, defined as the other birds flying away subsequently. I conducted my observational …
Prevalence, Effect, And Cause Of Apical Meristem Termination In The Endemic Ocotea Monteverdensis (Lauraceae) In Monteverde, June 2018, Noah Bennett
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Ocotea monteverdensis is an endangered tree in the Lauraceae family endemic to the Monteverde, Costa Rica region. It consistently displays evidence of terminated apical meristems (TAMs). I explored the prevalence, effect and cause of TAMs in young O. monteverdensis trees. I measured height, DBH and herbivory as indicators of fitness and compared these factors between trees with TAMs and those without. After analyzing data from 220 trees across four different test sites, I found that TAMs were present at every test site across a wide range of heights. Between trees with TAMs and those without TAMs, I found that there …
Water Quality Of Quebrada Cuecha: Effects Of The Effluent From The Monteverde Cheese Factory, June 2018, Heather Lindsay, Megna Patel
Water Quality Of Quebrada Cuecha: Effects Of The Effluent From The Monteverde Cheese Factory, June 2018, Heather Lindsay, Megna Patel
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
We sampled 13 sites in close proximity to the Monteverde cheese factory along Quebrada Cuecha in Monteverde, Costa Rica. To assess water quality, we tested multiple parameters including conductivity, water temperature, total dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, turbidity, and salinity. We also looked for the presence of fecal coliform bacteria, collected samples of benthic macroinvertebrates, calculated the percent shade cover, and analyzed the soil composition at each site. A single water quality index (WQI) was generated from selected parameters to comprehensively compare overall water quality at each site to determine whether it decreases after the aggregation of pipes …
Species Specificity Between Ectoparasites And Rats In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 15, 2017, Kathy Dao
Species Specificity Between Ectoparasites And Rats In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 15, 2017, Kathy Dao
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
To determine if there is species specificity between ectoparasites and their host rats, I set up Sherman traps in various locations in Monteverde to capture rats. Once I obtained the rats I removed any ectoparasites present and observed them under a dissecting microscope for morphological characteristics. Species specificity is defined for this study as the prevalence of a certain type of ectoparasite to a specific species of rat. From my results, I determined that there is species specificity between ectoparasites and their host rats. Lice were species specific to the Cloud-dwelling Spiny Pocket Mouse, fleas to the Mexican Deer Mouse, …
An Analysis Of Temporal And Frequency Niches During The Dawn Chorus Of Birds In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2017, Brianne Nguyen
An Analysis Of Temporal And Frequency Niches During The Dawn Chorus Of Birds In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2017, Brianne Nguyen
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Many animals communicate using acoustic signals, making frequency bands a limited resource. To deal with this, animals can partition themselves into acoustic frequency niches. Species of insects, anurans, and birds have been observed to call at discrete frequencies when sharing space with each other. In this study, I recorded and analyzed the temporal and frequency overlap in bird calls around dawn in Monteverde, Costa Rica over the course of ten days. I found very little temporal overlap in the sample I recorded. The calls that did overlap often also overlapped in frequency. My results suggest that frequency niches are not …
Insect Communities Across Forest Fragments Of Different Sizes In Monteverde, December 2017, Jesse Laine
Insect Communities Across Forest Fragments Of Different Sizes In Monteverde, December 2017, Jesse Laine
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Forest fragmentation creates numerous boundaries and microclimates that affect organisms of all taxa. I studied the composition of insect communities across two forest fragments of different sizes, as well as continuous forest and pasture. Pitfall traps and sweep netting techniques were used to sample 888 insects overall. The fragments had similar numbers of insects and morphospecies, regardless of size. The pasture had the most morphospecies present. In addition, Forest edges consistently showed higher abundance and diversity than forest cores. This indicates that reduction of habitable land does not always reduce the numbers of individuals and species, and in some cases …
Biological Treatment Of Monteverde Gray Water Using Effective Microorganisms And Mountain Microorganisms, December 2017, Sierra Raby
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
As in many rural or less structurally developed areas, homeowners and businesses in Monteverde, Costa Rica filter grey water through grease traps or biojardineras or release it directly into their yards. This study evaluates the efficacy of two concentrations of Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Mountain Microorganisms (MM) in improving local grey water. These solutions contain biologically beneficial bacteria, yeast, and fungi. I collected grey water from six residential and commercial sources, treated each source with EM and MM in different concentrations, and gathered water quality metrics from each group for seven days. The metrics included surface cover, sedimentation, layering, smell, …
Zooplankton Morphospecies And Abundance In Relation With Tide In Mangroves Of Cuajiniquil, Costa Rica, December 2017, Stephanie Li
Zooplankton Morphospecies And Abundance In Relation With Tide In Mangroves Of Cuajiniquil, Costa Rica, December 2017, Stephanie Li
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
In two decades, at least 35% of the world’s mangroves have been lost, which is more than both tropical rain forests and coral reefs (Valiela et al. 2001). Mangroves act as an important habitat and feeding grounds for fish (Sasekumar et al. 1992). Zooplankton are abundant in the mangroves and are important organisms to study to get an understanding of the foundation of ecosystem’s food chain. Zooplankton eat phytoplankton and get eaten by small fish and other sea animals, providing a food source and extending the food chain. I aimed to ask and answer the following question: is there a …
Presence And Prevalence Of Microplastics In The Water And Marine Organisms Of The Gulf Of Santa Elena, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, December 2017, Eliot Headley
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Marine environments are sinks for microplastic pollution. Microplastics are widely dispersed through the world’s Ocean and can be fibrous. Synthetic microfibers shed from clothing, wash into rivers, and eventually into the Ocean. These microplastic pieces can be deleterious to marine organisms and the humans that consume them. My aim was to investigate the presence and prevalence of microplastics in the Gulf of Santa Elena, Costa Rica. Microplastics were collected through a plankton net and through dissection of fish guts from local fishermens’ catch. Microplastics, most of which microfibers, were observed in every plankton net sample and in six of the …
Synchronized Male Cricket Calls In Choruses Of The Cricket Anaxipha Sp., December 2017, Michael Morales
Synchronized Male Cricket Calls In Choruses Of The Cricket Anaxipha Sp., December 2017, Michael Morales
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
In Monteverde, there is a species of cricket within the Genus Anaxipha where males sing in loud choruses at night. I wanted to explore the purpose of this behavior by looking at the call and response activity between individual males. In this experiment, I looked at male responses to manipulations of the species male song, which is composed of two elements. I conducted a series of playback experiments on captive crickets. Responses of test subjects were documented while presenting playbacks of manipulated songs. Each playback treatment had a unique response from the crickets being tested. However, overall, it appears that …
The Effects Of Reforestation On Mammal Diversity And Abundance In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2017, Noelle Pruett
The Effects Of Reforestation On Mammal Diversity And Abundance In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2017, Noelle Pruett
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Reforestation is an important mechanism in helping previously deforested landscapes recover. However, reforested areas tend to have less diversity in vegetation, due to the fact that humans are not able to replicate the same diversity or pattern of regeneration that would occur naturally. I investigated whether or not these changes in forest types and vegetation affect the diversity and abundance of mammals that inhabit these areas. I used both camera traps and Sherman traps to survey mammals from areas with reforestation and with natural regeneration. I observed a total of 72 mammals from five species in the camera traps. I …
Vocalizations And Associated Behaviors Of The White-Nosed Coati, Nasua Narica, December 2017, Jeremy Giampaoli
Vocalizations And Associated Behaviors Of The White-Nosed Coati, Nasua Narica, December 2017, Jeremy Giampaoli
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Vocalizations emitted by mammals in a social context can be linked to behavioral states. These different states may exhibit specific acoustic characteristics, such as long call duration, harmonics, and wide frequency range. My objective in this study was to describe the different vocalizations of White-Nosed Coatis (Nasua narica) according to their behavioral context. I recorded vocalizations of ten individual males and a social group of coatis in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Based on the associated behaviors, I grouped the calls into three behavioral states: aggressive, relaxed, and alarmed. After analyzing the acoustic characteristics of the vocalizations using spectrograms, I further discriminated …
Vertical Stratification Of Web-Building Spiders In Strangler Fig Trees?, December 2017, Justin N. Daniel
Vertical Stratification Of Web-Building Spiders In Strangler Fig Trees?, December 2017, Justin N. Daniel
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Web building spiders rely on their silk structures to capture prey. The morphologies of the webs produced by spiders vary greatly and they provide insight into spiders’ behavior and ecology. Strangler fig trees, due to a life history that results in trunks with complicated structures, host a great diversity of web-building spiders. I studied the vertical distribution of the web-building spiders that inhabit strangler figs. I used a Single Rope method of canopy access to climb five strangler fig trees to record webs and web-building spiders. Whether a vertical stratification of these spiders exists remains unclear. Apparent patterns, which were …
Possible Effects Of Long-Term Weather Changes And Extreme Weather Events On Mice Population Abundances In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2017, Emily S. Parker
Possible Effects Of Long-Term Weather Changes And Extreme Weather Events On Mice Population Abundances In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2017, Emily S. Parker
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Mice and rat abundance is determined by a multitude of factors, including, but not limited to: climate change, predation, and food availability. In this study, I analyzed the effects of daily and long-term weather on rodent populations to understand a possible decrease in abundance from 2016 to 2017 in Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. I took observations of individuals from four different sites: Santa Elena, Bajo del Tigre, Dwight and Rachel Crandell Memorial Reserve, and the Estación Biológica Monteverde. While a considerable number of specimens were captured in Bajo del Tigre, I observed the total abundance of rodents to be significantly …
Adaptive Significance And Abundance Of Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates In The Cuajiniquil Bay, December 2017, Zac Durall
Adaptive Significance And Abundance Of Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates In The Cuajiniquil Bay, December 2017, Zac Durall
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Bioluminescence in nature is a phenomenon that is found in many different organisms, including fungi, fish and bacteria. Of bioluminescent organisms, dinoflagellates are some of the most common. Despite their abundance, the ecological function of the bioluminescence in dinoflagellates is not fully understood. In my study I attempted to explain the ecological function of this bioluminescence by observing dinoflagellate abundances at different times of day. I collected water samples in the Cuajiniquil Bay in Costa Rica, over the course of seven days, and counted the total number of organisms that I found. This was done to try to find a …
Diet Of Frugivorous Birds And Bats In Monteverde: Potential Seed Dispersal In Naturally Disrupted Areas, December 2017, Yibing Yu
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
After a natural disruption clears away the previous plant community, plants from the new vegetation succession will exploit the newly opened up spaces and start growing in this area. Seed dispersal by aerial animals is important in the new vegetation succession because it allows seeds from places relatively far away to access the area. In early October the storm Nate caused flash floods and landslildes, which disturbed many natural habitats in Monteverde. In this study I investigated plant species that naturally grow in disrupted areas by looking at what kind of seeds are dispersed by the frugivorous birds and bats …
Differences In Heterospecific Pollen Deposition Across Pollination Syndromes In The Monteverde Area, December 2017, Kara Powell
Differences In Heterospecific Pollen Deposition Across Pollination Syndromes In The Monteverde Area, December 2017, Kara Powell
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Pollination is an important ecosystem service, increasing the ability of plants to adapt to changing environments through the process of sexual reproduction. The efficiency of pollination can be reduced due to the transfer of heterospecific pollen, which is pollen from another species. Flower characteristics vary in order to attract certain types of pollinators. This phenomenon is classified in groups of flower morphology characteristics known as pollination syndromes. Little research exists that summarizes heterospecific pollen transfer within these pollination syndromes. I investigated pollen deposition across pollination syndromes in Monteverde, Costa Rica in two different sites: San Gerardo and Curi Cancha. I …
Evidence For Aposematic Coloration Of The Sea Urchin Astropyga Pulvinata, December 2017, Nathan Howell
Evidence For Aposematic Coloration Of The Sea Urchin Astropyga Pulvinata, December 2017, Nathan Howell
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Astropyga pulvinata is a brightly colored urchin found in some tropical pacific waters including the coast of Costa Rica. The aim of this study was to test a possible explanation for the coloration of A. pulvinata. I tested the hypothesis that the coloration of A. pulvinata is aposematic. I tested this by poking A. pulvinata and another species of urchin, the uniformly black Diadema mexicanum, then comparing their reactions. The results indicated that A. pulvinata were more likely to move as a response to the poking stimulus than D. mexicanum, which was contrary to the predicted hypothesis. 100% of A. …
Medicinal Herbs And Mosquitoes: A Study Of Plant-Based Insect Repellents, December 2017, Miguel Alejandro Ochoa
Medicinal Herbs And Mosquitoes: A Study Of Plant-Based Insect Repellents, December 2017, Miguel Alejandro Ochoa
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Mosquito-borne illnesses present a great threat to human health, and result in millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of extracted essential oils from three neotropical plants traditionally used in Costa Rican folk medicine as mosquito repellents. I extracted the essential oils of Siparuna decipiens (Monimiaceae), Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae), and Neuroloena lobata (Asteraceae) via simple steam distillation. The extracted oils were then examined and compared to a negative control in the field on live volunteers, focusing on the mosquitoes in the Monteverde Zone, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. After a total …