Digital Commons Network^™

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Envelope

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

A brown envelope with a typewritten address to Geka-Kleider with printed return address in lower corner to "Der Oberbürgermeister.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Printed stationary cover of "Der Oberburgermeister Ghetto Verwaltung Litzmannstadt C2, Moltke-Str, 211"; i.e. the mayor/municipality board of the ghetto. Franked and cancelled Litzmannstadt 24.11.42. This envelope was addressed to a German clothing enterprise in Berlin, whose products were supplied by Jewish ghetto sewing workshops.

Postcard From K. Stein In Theresienstadt Ghetto To Friend Oskar Schulz In Oslavan Jewish Labor Camp (Arbeitergrupped). Ghettopost Handstamp And Censor Mark

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with black printed postcard lines addressed to Oskar Schulz from K. Stein. Includes handwritten message in black ink.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Translation: To: Mr. Oskar Schultz, AF 562, Oslavan -- Jewish North Group. Sender: K. Stein, AH 353 204, Theresienstadt. Translation: "Dear Oskar: We received your card and are happy that your foot is well again. Also that you had nice company. We were very happy last week when we received the many cards from our dear parents and Erish. I was very sorry to hear that our dear mother and Erish were ill also. …

Postcard From Opatow

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with writing in black cursive ink. Includes a note on bottom left corner. Back: Printed purple postcard lines with writing in black cursive ink. Includes purple and black hand stamps, and a printed purple stamp in upper right showing a piazza with a statue.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: General Gouvernement 12 pfg postcard cancelled 10/6/1942. Boxed violet cachet "JUDENRAT OPATOW Postabteilung 2." Opatow was in the Kielce District of Poland. Jews had been living in this area since the 16th century. Occupied in 1939 by the Germans, a Judenrat was set up in early 1941, …

Arrest Warrant From Vilna Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan paper with typewritten words, and writing in purple, green, and blue pencil, and black ink. Includes a large red hand stamp in the upper left, and signature on the right.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

One of four arrest warrants bearing Vilna (Vilnius: Lithuanian) Ghetto handstamp in violet and red. Of the more than 60,000 Jews living in Vilnius before the German occupation, 21,000 were murdered over the course of the summer of 1941 by German troops, Einsatzgruppen A, and their Lithuanian collaborators. The effort was to establish a ghetto to imprison all Jews of Vilna and suburbs …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with black printed postcard lines. Includes handwritten address to Robert Reitzer with stamped return address from, "Der Aelteste der Juden in Litzmannstadt." Includes printed and handwritten message.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Postcard from the Elders of the Jews in Litzmannstadt to Mr. Robert Reitzer, Kladno. The message reads: "To Robert Reitzer family and present address, Bruemmengasse 18/17 and is in good health. CH. Rumkowski, the Elders of the Jews in Litzmannstadt." Chaim Rumkowski headed the Council of Elders in the Litzmannstadt (Lodz) Ghetto.

Lvov Ghetto Broadside

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan poster with three columns of text, one in German, the other Ukranian, and the last Polish. There is a diagonal red line across the entirety of the poster.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

An announcement printed in three languages - German, Polish, and Ukrainian - organizing the Lvov Ghetto (Lemberg in German), referred to as a “Jewish residential area” in the city of Lemberg. This would entail “clearing out of Jews” on streets throughout August and listing each street and the day it is to be cleared of Jews. Dr. Ullrich who endorses this broadside is the Chief …

Ghetto Deportation Order In Amsterdam

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan paper with black printed text [Het Joodsche Weekblad]. Font changes several times. Assher and Cohen's names appear on bottom right.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Broadside printed by Amsterdam Jewish Ghetto newspaper, extra edition dated 10 July 1942 (Tamuz 5702-Hebrew calendar). It proclaims that German security police have arrested 700 Jews in Amsterdam. If 4,000 selected Jews chosen that week do not depart to labor camps in Germany, the 700 arrested Jews will be sent to German concentration camps. This may refer to the first group of Jews deported from Holland.

Translation: New Edition: 2nd annual No. …

Postcards From Lublin Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan card with typewritten message, black signature, and red stamp.Back: Printed red postcard lines with embelisshed border. Includes red, purple, pink, green and black hand stamps, and typewritten information.Front: Initally stapled to the first postcard. Red stamp in bottom left corner.Back: Printed red postcard lines with embellished border. Typewritten information.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Censored Slovakian reply card showing violet GENERAL GOUVERNEMENT JUDENRAT LUBLIN and red Lagerpost Gepruft (checked) Reply portion still attached and unused. Joseph Bonisch is trying to reach his parents and states that “We are very worried because we know nothing of you.” Red …

Postcard From Kamionka Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with writing in black cursive ink, an ink blot on the top, and a red smudge on the bottom.Back: Printed purple postcard lines with writing in black cursive ink. Includes a printed purple stamp in upper right corner depicting a piazza with a green pasted stamp next to it depicting a church, as well as red, purple, green and black hand stamps, and a red hand stamp down the length of the left side.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

General Gouvernment postal stationery card with additional 20 pfg. stamp from Matilda Neuman to Dr. Ernest Fleischaker …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with green printed postcard lines. Message written in black ink from Alice Sara Leyser.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Alice Sara Peyser in Berlin asks whether 10 RM sent to Frau Hedwig Sara Saloman was received by City Bank of Litzmannstadt. Translation: "To the City Bank, On March 31, 1942, I sent 10 marks for the food distribution for Jews. This money was intended for Frau Hedwig Sara Saloman who lived in Berlin until October at Hohenstaudfeustr 12. Until today I have had no acknowledgement or notice of her possible death. I would appreciate an answer giving …

Postcard From Miedzyrzec Podlaski

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with writting in black cursive ink. Several words in pencil are interspersed through the message. Back: Printed purple postcard lines with writing in black cursive ink. Includes a red stamp along the left side, black and blue hand stamps, several pencil markings, and a printed purple stamp on upper right depicting a church.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Censored General Gouvernement postcard MIEDZYRZEC, LUBLIN DISTRICT, dated June 5, 1942. From Julius Weiss to Engineer Alexander in Bratislava. Violet "JUDENRAT IM MIEDZYRZEC..." cachet and Nazi censor alongside. Miedzyrzec Podlaski was a center of Jewish cultural life for …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard decorative black border with typewritten address to Georg Popper from Marta Fürth. Includes a short typewritten message.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Addressed with Jewish transport from sender Marta Fürth, Litzmannstadt Ghetto Administration, Mayor of Litzmannstadt. Addressed to Georg Popper. The red stamp and handwritten word mean "Return." Reverse side reads, "Received 25 June 1942. Litzmannstadt Ghetto - May/June, [June circled]. Else Maendl.”

Marriage Document For Jews In Hrubieszow, Poland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan paper with typewritten message in purple. Several corrections made in black ink. Two pasted stamps on bottom left, identical and on top of one another blue stamps with Nazi eagle and Swastika. Signed by A. Finkielsztajn on the right, with some writing in black beneath. Two circular hand stamps, one by the signature and one on the bottom. Another signature in pencil next to second hand stamp.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Document with pair of General Government revenue stamps and two different handstamped insignias, one from a Jewish Committee in the town. Prior to the German occupation …

Postcard Sent By Adolf Kafka In Prague, Bohemia-Moravia, To The Litzmannstadt Ghetto Mayor Inquiring About A Dr. Paul Adolf Kafka

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Red printed postcard lines and border. Includes black and purple stamps, and black handwritten addresses.Back: Message handwritten in black ink. Includes several underlined portions.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

At the time that this inquiry was sent, April 28, 1942, Litzmannstadt ghetto residents were forbidden to send mail to outsiders in an effort to prevent any news about the deportations to the extermination camp Chelmno (Kulmhof in German) from reaching the outside world. From mid-January to mid-May of 1942, 66 transports carried almost 55,000 Jews from this ghetto to Chelmno. Here they were gassed to death. The handstamp …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with printed purple postcard lines. Includes handwritten address to Sparkass (savings bank) in Litzmannstadt from Gertrude Sara Kugelman. Includes handwritten message.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: A postcard sent to the city bank, Litzmannstadt, Wantlegan, sent by Gertrude Sara Kugelmann. She wrote: "To the Ghetto Adminstration: In today's mail I sent 10 D Mark to Mrs. Johanna Sara Kuffanbarger, Litzmannstadt, Gresner St. 26. Please advise of the receipt of money to Mrs. Harberger on the attached card. Gertrude Kugelman, Jew bank 14. Frankfurt/in April 24, 1942."

Postcard From Piaski, Poland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with purple printed postcard lines and stamp. Includes writing in pencil.Back: Message written in pencil.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Postcard from Piaski, Lublin, Poland, from Dr. Bernard Wolfenstein to Hilda Schmitz in Brunn, Bohemia, Moravia. Lublin at this time was part of the German "General Government,” an administrative unit not incorporated into the Reich. The ghetto in Lublin was ultimately the first to be liquidated.

Postcard From Izbica Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan card with writing in black cursive ink.Back: Black printed postcard lines with writing in black cursive. Includes a purple pasted stamp depicting a building, a black and purple hand stamps, and a long red stamp across the left side.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Postcard sent by Selme Greenbaum in Izbica to Helene Schloss in Goteborg, Sweden. "JUDENRAT IZBICA" in violet, message in German and red Nazi censor markings alongside. Izbica is a town in the Lublin district in Poland. The first Jewish families settled in the late 18th century and soon comprised over 90 percent of …

Postcard From Sosnowitz

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with writing in blue cursive ink. Black stamp along the length of the bottom. Front: Red printed postcard lines with writing in black cursive ink. Includes a purple hand stamp on the lefthand side from the Council of the Elders of the Jewish Community in Sosnowitz, four black circular hand stamps on the righthand side, and several purple, red, and black numerical hand stamps along the bottom. One printed red stamp and pasted brown stamp in the upper righthand corner, and a blue pasted stamp on the lower lefthand corner. Some pencil markings in the bottom right …

Postcard From Kielce Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with writing in black cursive ink.Back: Printed purple postcard lines with writing in black cursive ink. Includes red, purple and black hand stamps, pencil markings, and two pasted stamps, including one red stamp showing a building, and one purple stamp showing a church.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

General Gouvernement 30 pfg. Postcard with additional 1z., from J. Raufman at Kielce to Alfred Szwarcbaum, Lausanne, Switzerland, showing violet boxed "FLUGPOST." Nazi censor markings, dated March 13, 1942. Kielce was settled by Jews in 1819. They were expelled in 1845. The ban was lifted in 1863 and …

Postcard From Radomsko Ghetto: Anna Rozenbaum To Alfred Szwarcbaum In Switzerland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with writing in blue cursive ink. Back: Printed purple postcard lines with writing in blue cursive ink. Includes blue, purple and black hand stamps, and a printed purple stamp in upper right.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

General Government 30 pfg cancelled Radomsko (District Radom) 3/7/1942 with two-line violet "Aeltestenrat Radomska Postabteilung" indicating the Jewish Elders of the ghetto, from Anna Rozenbaum to Alfred Szwarcbaum, the Polish benefactor who escaped to Lausanne, Switzerland and helped Jews. Written in Polish 2/271942. Radomsko was in the Lodz district of Poland but the Radom district of the General Government, …

Arrest Warrant From Vilna Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan paper with typewritten words and blanks, filled in with pencil. Includes other writing in gray and red pencil, pencil in signature on bottom right, and a purple stamp on bottom left.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

One of four arrest warrants bearing Vilna (Vilnius: Lithuanian) Ghetto handstamp in violet and red. Of the more than 60,000 Jews living in Vilnius before the German occupation, 21,000 were murdered over the course of the summer of 1941 by German troops, Einsatzgruppen A, and their Lithuanian collaborators. The effort was to establish a ghetto to imprison all Jews of Vilna and …

Postcard From Kosow-Lacki Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with writing in black cursive ink.Back: Printed purple postcard lines with writing in black cursive ink. Includes black, red, and purple hand stamps, as well as some markings in grey and blue pencil, and a printed purple stamp depicting a building on the upper right corner.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Kosow-Lacki. 1942. General Government 30 pfg. postcard from a Ch. Cegvel at Kosow to A. Rudy, Paris, France. Three line violet "Postamt beim Judenrat in Kosow Kreis Sokolow." Message in Polish. Nazi censor markings alongside. Jews had lived in Kosow-Lacki since the end of the …

Riga Ghetto Postal Cover

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Green with ‘Ghetto Verwaltung Riga, Ostland, Post Uberwachungsstelle, Nr. 1” printed in green at top left.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Postally-used cover sent from ”Ghetto Administration Riga Ostland.” Riga postmark, sent to the Police President at SiPO Headquarters, Libau. Libau was the German name for Liepaja in Western Latvia.

Zloczow Postcard

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with message written in black cursive ink. Back: Green printed postcard lines with writing in black cursive ink. Includes a purple hand stamp on upper left, and identical printed and pasted green stamps of a man in profile facing left on the upper right corner.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Deutsches Reich 6pfg postcard with additional 6 pfg franking tied to ZLOCZOW cds and "Durch Judenrat Zloczow" violet cachet alongside. Germans occupied Zloczow in the Western Ukraine after Operation Barbarossa on July 2, 1941. Local Ukrainians welcomed the German army and collaborated in pogroms against the …

Chaim Rumkowski Signing Document

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

A black and white photograph of a man at a table signing a document with a woman next to him and several people lined up behind them.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Chaim Rumkowski, the controversial head of the Lodz Ghetto Judenrat, is thought by some to have aided and abetted the Nazis in liquidating the Ghetto. Others see him as a tragic figure who merely tried to delay the inevitable by employing as many people as possible -- including children -- in the workshop system he set up.

Arrest Warrant From Vilna Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan paper with writing in pencil and blue ink, pink stamps in upper lefthand and lower righthand corners, and a pencil signature. Back: Blue cursive writing.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: One of four arrest warrants bearing Vilna (Vilnius: Lithuanian) Ghetto handstamp in violet and red. Of the more than 60,000 Jews living in Vilnius before the German occupation, 21,000 were murdered over the course of the summer of 1941 by German troops, Einsatzgruppen A, and their Lithuanian collaborators. The effort was to establish a ghetto to imprison all Jews of Vilna and suburbs in the old Jewish …

Modliborzyce Ghetto In Lublin District Postcard From Judenrat To Relico

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with black printed text and dotted lines, filled in with blue cursive ink. Includes a long red line through the card, and other red text, as well as numerical and date hand stamps. Back: Black printed postcard lines and address. Includes long red hand stamp across top of card, purple and black hand stamps, pasted purple stamp of a church on upper right, and several pencil markings.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Censored "RELICO" card from Frieda Gold of the ghetto at Modliborzyce with the cachet of the JUDENRAT in violet to the RELICO Committee acknowledging …

Chaim Rumkowski Walking In Group

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

A black and white photograph of a man walking with a group of men and boys. Some wear Star of David patches on their coats.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Chaim Rumkowski, the controversial head of the Lodz Ghetto Judenrat, is thought by some to have aided and abetted the Nazis in liquidating the Ghetto. Others see him as a tragic figure who merely tried to delay the inevitable by employing as many people as possible -- including children -- in the workshop system he set up.

Currency Notes From Theresienstadt

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Series of currency notes showing an illustration of Moses. Includes 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 kronen notes in varying sizes and colors.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: In the summer of 1942, the Nazis decided to create a Ghetto bank, with each resident receiving a fixed amount of money depending on which of five categories such resident belonged. The currency was designed by Peter Kien and printed by the national bank in Prague. At Heydrich's order, the picture of Moses was changed to conform to the Nazi cariacature of a Jew. The other side of the …