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Pig Vocalizations Under Selected Husbandry Practices, Hongwei Xin, James A. Deshazer, D. W. Leger
Pig Vocalizations Under Selected Husbandry Practices, Hongwei Xin, James A. Deshazer, D. W. Leger
Hongwei Xin
Acoustical characteristics of vocalizations of sows, piglets, and nursery pigs under selected husbandry practices were analyzed with a digital signal processing system. The duration (D) and major energy-resonance frequency (P) for each call were determined as follows: a) processing of piglets (D = 0.81 s and f* = 3 700 Hz); b) food anticipation of breeding-gestation sows (2.50 s and 3 000 Hz); c) isolation of piglet (0.34 s and 500, 3 500 Hz); d) startling of nursery pigs (0.29 s and 900 Hz); e) sows in heat (3.07 s and 1 375 Hz); f) farrowing (0.10 s and 3 …
Isolation And Partial Characterization Of The Glutamate/Aspartate Transporter From Pea Leaf Mitochondria Using A Specific Monoclonal Antibody, Jeevalatha Vivekananda, David J. Oliver
Isolation And Partial Characterization Of The Glutamate/Aspartate Transporter From Pea Leaf Mitochondria Using A Specific Monoclonal Antibody, Jeevalatha Vivekananda, David J. Oliver
David J. Oliver
A library of monoclonal antibodies directed against the proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane was screened for antibodies that could bind to the glutamate/aspartate transporter of pea mitochondria and thereby inhibit its activity. One antibody, 2C7, had the property of inhibiting glutamate and aspartate-dependent oxaloacetate metabolism by pea mitochondria without affecting the metabolism of other substrates. The antibody specifically recognized a 21,000 dalton protein, which was tentatively identified as the glutamate/aspartate transporter. The antibody was used to follow the extraction of this protein by Triton X-114 and cardiolipin and the partial purification of the protein by centrifugation and chromatography on …
Toxicology Of Synthetic Pyrethroids In Aquatic Organisms: An Overview, Steven P. Bradbury, Joel R. Coats, D. M. Symonik, S. D. Dyer, L. K. Timson, G. J. Atchison
Toxicology Of Synthetic Pyrethroids In Aquatic Organisms: An Overview, Steven P. Bradbury, Joel R. Coats, D. M. Symonik, S. D. Dyer, L. K. Timson, G. J. Atchison
Steven P. Bradbury
The aquatic toxicology of the photostable synthetic pyrethroid insecticides as it affects two important groups of susceptible organisms — fish and aquatic insects — is discussed. The sensitivity of these aquatic species to the pyrethroids is dependent on several factors, including toxicokinetics, target site (nervous system), sensitivity and possible secondary mechanisms of action, as well as chemical and physical properties of the aquatic medium that influence toxicity and bioavailability. Uptake rates and routes of fenvalerate greatly affected the toxicity of fenvalerate to mosquito larvae. LD50 values were determined for cuticular and dietary exposure routes by utilizing radiolabeled fenvalerate at the …
Toxicokinetics And Toxicodynamics Of Pyrethroid Insecticides In Fish, Steven P. Bradbury, Joel R. Coats
Toxicokinetics And Toxicodynamics Of Pyrethroid Insecticides In Fish, Steven P. Bradbury, Joel R. Coats
Steven P. Bradbury
The pyrethroid insecticides are extremely toxic to fish, with 96—h LC50 values generally below 10 μg/L and i.p. and i.v. LD50 values below 20 mg/kg. Corresponding LD50 values in mammals and birds are in the range of several hundred to several thousand milligrams per kilogram. This review examines pyrethroid toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in fish as critical factors associated with species selectivity. Studies with permethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate have established that rates of metabolism and elimination in rainbow trout are significantly lower than those reported for birds and mammals. Comparatively low lethal brain pyrethroid concentrations and nonneural aspects of pyrethroid intoxication …
Use Of Respiratory-Cardiovascular Responses Of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) In Identifying Acute Toxicity Syndromes In Fish: Part 3. Polar Narcotics, Steven P. Bradbury, Tala R. Henry, Gerald J. Niemi, Richard W. Carlson, Virginia M. Snarski
Use Of Respiratory-Cardiovascular Responses Of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) In Identifying Acute Toxicity Syndromes In Fish: Part 3. Polar Narcotics, Steven P. Bradbury, Tala R. Henry, Gerald J. Niemi, Richard W. Carlson, Virginia M. Snarski
Steven P. Bradbury
The physiological responses of rainbow trout to acutely lethal aqueous concentrations of the suspected polar narcotics phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, aniline, 2-chloroaniline and 4-chloroaniline were examined. Visible signs of intoxication included tremors that progressed to whole-organism clonic seizures, followed by general depression and respiratory-cardiovascular collapse. Tremors and seizures were usually initiated with coughs. The most striking changes in the respiratory-cardiovascular parameters for all five toxicants included elevated cough frequency (coincident with seizures), ventilation frequency and hematocrit, and depressed gill oxygen uptake efficiency, arterial pH, total arterial oxygen and total arterial carbon dioxide. The physiological responses noted were attributed to the initial muscular …
Regulation Of Pheromone Biosynthesis By A Brain Hormone In Two Moth Species, Juliet D. Tang, Ralph E. Charlton, Russell A. Jurenka, Walter A. Wolf, P. Larry Phelan, Leam Sreng, Wendell L. Roelofs
Regulation Of Pheromone Biosynthesis By A Brain Hormone In Two Moth Species, Juliet D. Tang, Ralph E. Charlton, Russell A. Jurenka, Walter A. Wolf, P. Larry Phelan, Leam Sreng, Wendell L. Roelofs
Russell A. Jurenka
Experiments were performed to characterize the action of a brain hormone on pheromone biosynthesis in female redbanded leafroller and cabbage looper moths. Results showed that the two species differed in their respective control mechanisms. In the cabbage looper, pheromone titer from decapitated females that received either saline or brain extract injections was not significantly different from control females, suggesting that pheromone biosynthesis was not dependent on the presence of the brain hormone. In contrast, with redbanded leafroller females, studies using radiolabeled acetate incorporation as well as incorporation of deuterium-labeled hexadecanoic acid showed that (i) the brain hormone was required for …
Attachment And Proliferation Of Bacteria On Meat, James S. Dickson, King-Thom Chung, John D. Crouse
Attachment And Proliferation Of Bacteria On Meat, James S. Dickson, King-Thom Chung, John D. Crouse
James S. Dickson
The attachment of bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella arizonae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Listeria monocytogenes), to lean muscle tissue and fat tissue was investigated. The number of cells attached to the meat was directly proportional to the initial cell concentrations present. There was no significant difference in the number of cells attached between the lean muscle tissue and fat tissues among the organisms tested. All bacteria tested except P. aeruginosa proliferated better on the lean muscle tissues than on the fat tissue at ambient temperature for 72 h. No significant attachment competition to tissue samples was seen between …
Polar Narcosis In Aquatic Organisms, Steven P. Bradbury, Richard W. Carlson, Tala R. Henry
Polar Narcosis In Aquatic Organisms, Steven P. Bradbury, Richard W. Carlson, Tala R. Henry
Steven P. Bradbury
The majority of industrial organic chemicals lack identifiable structural characteristics that result in specific biological activity. These nonpolar-nonelectrolytes are acutely toxic to aquatic organisms via a nonspecific mode of action termed narcosis. The toxicity of industrial chemicals eliciting nonpolar narcosis can be reliably predicted by log P (baseline toxicity models). Using single chemical and joint toxic action models, several research groups have reported classes of polar compounds (for example, esters, phenols, and anilines) that elicit a narcosis-like syndrome; however, they are more acutely toxic than what is predicted using baseline toxicity models. An assessment of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in …
Comparative Toxicology Of The Pyrethroid Insecticides, Steven P. Bradbury, Joel R. Coats
Comparative Toxicology Of The Pyrethroid Insecticides, Steven P. Bradbury, Joel R. Coats
Steven P. Bradbury
The toxic effects elicited by synthetic pyrethroids in animals are varied in degree and nature. Their relative safety to birds and mammals contrasts sharply with their acute effects on fish and arthropods. Explantation of their differences in toxicity depends on examination of all factors of their comparative toxicology. Routes of exposure are important, as are metabolism and elimination rates, especially for mammals and birds with their considerable capabilities for biotransformation. Significant differences in sensitivity at the sites of toxic action may also play a role in differential responses to these insecticides. Finally, physical properties that influence the environmental disposition and …
Separation Of Turkey Heterophils From Blood Using Two-Step Ficoll-Hypaque Discontinuous Gradients, Kenneth S. Latimer, Ingrid M. Kircher, Claire B. Andreasen
Separation Of Turkey Heterophils From Blood Using Two-Step Ficoll-Hypaque Discontinuous Gradients, Kenneth S. Latimer, Ingrid M. Kircher, Claire B. Andreasen
Claire B. Andreasen
A method is presented to separate turkey heterophils from anticoagulated whole blood using two-step Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients and ammonium chloride lysis of contaminating erythrocytes. Heterophils can be isolated from multiple blood samples within 3 to 4 hours. Using this technique, 66.4 +- 18.4% (mean +- standard deviation) of blood heterophils were harvested. Final cell isolates averaged 96.0 +- 2.9% heterophils with few contaminating eosinophils (2.5 +- 2.3%) or basophils (1.6 +- 1.8%). Cell viability, as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion, was 98.0 +- 1.4%.
An Electrochemical Method Of Measuring The Oxidation Rate Of Ferrous To Ferric Iron With Oxygen In The Presence Of Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans, David J. Oliver, B. Pesic, P. Wichlacz
An Electrochemical Method Of Measuring The Oxidation Rate Of Ferrous To Ferric Iron With Oxygen In The Presence Of Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans, David J. Oliver, B. Pesic, P. Wichlacz
David J. Oliver
The oxidation of Fe2+ with oxygen in sulfate solutions was studied in the presence of T. ferrooxidans. To measure the chemical activity of bacteria, and the oxidation rate of iron, the redox potentials of solutions were continuously monitored during the experiments. The redox potentials were simultaneously monitored on the platinum and pyrite indicator electrodes. The redox potential versus time curves were further used to calculate the basic kinetic parameters, such as the reaction orders, the activation energy, and the frequency factor. It was found that under atmospheric conditions, and at Fe2+ < 0.001M, T < 25°C, and at pH above 2.2, the oxidation of iron is governed by the following rate expression: [equation image] Below pH = 2.2, the oxidation rate is independent of H+ Concentration.
Separation Of Avian Heterophils From Blood Using Ficoll-Hypaque Discontinuous Gradients, Claire B. Andreasen, Kenneth S. Latimer
Separation Of Avian Heterophils From Blood Using Ficoll-Hypaque Discontinuous Gradients, Claire B. Andreasen, Kenneth S. Latimer
Claire B. Andreasen
Rapid separation of avian heterophils from anticoagulated whole blood was achieved using Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients. An average of 14.4% of blood heterophils was harvested with a mean purity exceeding 99%. Heterophil viability, as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion, averaged 99.8%. The integrity of isolated heterophils was evaluated by cytochemical staining and ultrastructural examination. Cytochemical staining reactions of heterophils in whole blood and of isolated cell suspensions were similar. No ultrastructural abnormalities were observed. Using this procedure, viable intact heterophils were rapidly isolated from blood with an acceptable cell yield and purity for cell function studies.
Sheep Preference For Perennial Glandular-Haired And Eglandular Medicago Populations, Andrew W. Lenssen, E. L. Sorensen, G. L. Posler, L. H. Harbers
Sheep Preference For Perennial Glandular-Haired And Eglandular Medicago Populations, Andrew W. Lenssen, E. L. Sorensen, G. L. Posler, L. H. Harbers
Andrew W. Lenssen
Erect glandular-haired Medicago species and hybrid populations have been developed that possess a high degree of resistance to the alfalfa weevil [Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)] and potato leafhopper [Empoasca fabae (Harris)]. Trials were conducted at the North Agronomy Farm, Manhattan, KS, in June and August 1986 to determine if erect glandular hairs on diverse perennial Medicago populations affect forage preference of sheep (Ovis aries). Glandular-haired (+) and eglandular (−) populations were selected from each of the following: diploids M. prostrata Jacq. and M. glandulosa David (KS94) and tetraploids M. glutinosa Bieb. (KS108), M. sativa L. ✕ M. prostrata (KS159), and M. …
Comparative Response Of Swine And Rats To High Fiber Or High Protein Diets, James S. Dickson
Comparative Response Of Swine And Rats To High Fiber Or High Protein Diets, James S. Dickson
James S. Dickson
Twenty-four growing swine and 24 growing rats were fed high-protein (34%) diets on an ad libimm basis to determine their effects on body weight, carcass characteristics, intestinal microbiological profile and visceral organ weights. High dietary fiber reduced body weight gain and gain:feed ratio in both swine and rats and decreased body famess in swine; it increased relative kidney weight (percentage of body weight) in both swine and rats and decreased relative liver weight in rats but increased it in swine. Absolute weights of stomach and large intestine were unaffected by high fiber in either species, but relative weight of small …
Effect Of Electrical Charge On Attachment Of Salmonella Typhimurium To Meat Surfaces, James S. Dickson, John D. Crouse
Effect Of Electrical Charge On Attachment Of Salmonella Typhimurium To Meat Surfaces, James S. Dickson, John D. Crouse
James S. Dickson
Treating tissue with electrical current was found to affect both the initial attachment and total numbers of attached Salmonella typhimun’unl to meat tissues. When lean tissue was attached to the positive terminal of the power supply operating at 50 volts/125 mA DC, the total numbero f attachedc ells increasedT. hcrc was no effect when the samples were attached to the negative terminal. There was a significant (PcO.05) effect on the percentage of strongly attached bacteria with an increase in treating time. Electrical current was found to increase the percentage of strongly attached cells immediately after the current was applied.
Effects Of Nisin On Growth Of Bacteria Attached To Meat, James S. Dickson, K. T. Chung, J. D. Crouse
Effects Of Nisin On Growth Of Bacteria Attached To Meat, James S. Dickson, K. T. Chung, J. D. Crouse
James S. Dickson
Nisin had an inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus lactis) but did not have an inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) attached to meat. Nisin delayed bacterial growth on meats which were artificially inoculated with L. monocytogenes or Staphylococcus aureus for at least 1 day at room temperature. If the incubation temperature was 5 degrees C, growth of L. monocytogenes was delayed for more than 2 weeks, and growth of Staphylococcus aureus did not occur. We also found that the extractable activity of nisin decreased rapidly when the meats …
Cell Surface Charge Characteristics And Their Relationship To Bacterial Attachment To Meat Surfaces, James S. Dickson, M. Koohmaraie
Cell Surface Charge Characteristics And Their Relationship To Bacterial Attachment To Meat Surfaces, James S. Dickson, M. Koohmaraie
James S. Dickson
Cell surface charge and hydrophobicity of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined by hydrocarbon adherence, hydrophobic interaction, and electrostatic interaction chromatography. Surface charge and hydrophobicity were compared with the initial attachment values and rates of attachment of the bacteria to meat surfaces. There was a linear correlation between the relative negative charge on the bacterial cell surface and initial attachment to lean beef muscle (r2 = 0.885) and fat tissue (r2 = 0.777). Hydrophobicity correlated well with attachment to fat tissue only. The relative hydrophobicity of each bacterium …
Effects Of Dietary Fiber And Protein Concentration On Growth, Feed Efficiency, Visceral Organ Weights And Large Intestine Microbial Populations Of Swine, James S. Dickson, Friday O. I. Anugwa, Vincent H. Varel, Wilson G. Pond, Lennart P. Krook
Effects Of Dietary Fiber And Protein Concentration On Growth, Feed Efficiency, Visceral Organ Weights And Large Intestine Microbial Populations Of Swine, James S. Dickson, Friday O. I. Anugwa, Vincent H. Varel, Wilson G. Pond, Lennart P. Krook
James S. Dickson
Finishing barrows (average initial weight 55.5 ±2.4 kg) were used to determine the effects of high dietary fiber or protein on performance, visceral organ weights and large intestine microbial populations and to monitor the duration of regression of swine visceral organ mass and microbial populations to control values following trans fer from the high fiber or high protein diet to the control diet Four pigs from each diet were killed on d 17, 34, 48 and 66. From d 34 until slaughter 14 and 32 d later, all remaining pigs were fed the control diet ad libitum. High fiber resulted …
An Expert System For Tractor Selection, Steven A. Freeman, P. D. Ayers
An Expert System For Tractor Selection, Steven A. Freeman, P. D. Ayers
Steven A. Freeman
A user friendly expert system to assist the farmer in tractor selection was developed based on the evaluation procedure developed by Rider et al. (1979). This evaluation procedure utilizes Nebraska Tractor Test data from 1980 to 1986 along with information provided by the farmer to make selection decisions. The expert system provides the farmer with a list of tractors that are best suited for a specific operation. However, it is only designed to aid the farmer in the tractor selection process, not to provide a definite solution.