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California State University, San Bernardino

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2020

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The Western Media And The Portrayal Of The Rwandan Genocide, Cherice Joyann Estes Oct 2020

The Western Media And The Portrayal Of The Rwandan Genocide, Cherice Joyann Estes

History in the Making

On December 9, 1948, the United Nations established its Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Genocides, however, have continued to occur, affecting millions of people around the globe. The 1994 genocide in Rwanda resulted in an estimated 800,000 deaths. Global leaders were well aware of the atrocities, but failed to intervene. At the same time, the Western media's reports on Rwanda tended to understate the magnitude of the crisis. This paper explores the Western media's failure to accurately interpret and describe the Rwandan Genocide. Recognizing the outside media’s role in mischaracterizations of the Rwanda situation …


Lopez V. Seccombe: The City Of San Bernardino’S Mexican American Defense Committee And Its Role In Regional And National Desegregation, Mark Ocegueda Oct 2020

Lopez V. Seccombe: The City Of San Bernardino’S Mexican American Defense Committee And Its Role In Regional And National Desegregation, Mark Ocegueda

History in the Making

This article examines Lopez v. Seccombe, one of the earliest successful desegregation court cases in United States history. The legal challenge was decided in 1944 in the City of San Bernardino, California and desegregated city parks and recreational facilities, specifically the Perris Hill “plunge” or pool. The decision of this case set precedent for other local desegregation challenges, including the much more celebrated Mendez v. Westminster decision in 1947, and eventually had influence on the landmark Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. This study will focus on the Mexican American barrio in San Bernardino’s Westside, …


Introduction And Acknowldgements, Editors Of History In The Making Oct 2020

Introduction And Acknowldgements, Editors Of History In The Making

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Toc Oct 2020

Toc

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Front Matter Oct 2020

Front Matter

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Back Matter Sep 2020

Back Matter

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


A Pilgrimage To Manzanar, Renee Barrera Sep 2020

A Pilgrimage To Manzanar, Renee Barrera

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Indian Boarding School History: An Analysis Of Two Letters From The Perris Indian School, Erica Maien Ward Sep 2020

Indian Boarding School History: An Analysis Of Two Letters From The Perris Indian School, Erica Maien Ward

History in the Making

This paper is not meant to be the traditional research paper. It is a brief look into the documents researchers find and analysis while researching on a topic. The documents provide a view into the people and policies of that time period. The two letters that will be analyzed later in this paper are examples of Indian boarding schools’ policies that had direct effect on the lives of the students and their families.1 In the turn of the twentieth century, Indian boarding schools were still operating on the premise of assimilation of the American Indian into the "white culture." Hopefully, …


Memorializing Conflict And Controversy: A Look Into The Kent State Memorials, Heather Johnson Sep 2020

Memorializing Conflict And Controversy: A Look Into The Kent State Memorials, Heather Johnson

History in the Making

May 4, 1970, marks a day in American history when the protests of the Vietnam War and the government of the United States erupted in violence. It was on this date that Ohio State National Guardsmen fired into a crowd of unarmed student protestors on the campus of Kent State University. In the span of thirteen seconds, nine students were wounded and four lay dead. The shootings sent waves of emotion throughout the country. In the decades following the May 4th shootings, a series of memorials have been created in remembrance of the tragedy. Through the use of oral histories, …


Whatever Means Necessary: Uncovering The Case Of Sweatt V. Painter And Its Legal Importance, Adam Scott Miller Sep 2020

Whatever Means Necessary: Uncovering The Case Of Sweatt V. Painter And Its Legal Importance, Adam Scott Miller

History in the Making

The road to end segregation in the United States has been a long uphill battle for African Americans. The purpose of this paper serves several critical purposes. The first function is to educate the reader about the legal struggles that African Americans endured between the era of Reconstruction and the Supreme Court desegregating graduate school case of Sweatt v. Painter in 1950. Not only was this elusive case an important stepping stone in reversing the “Separate but Equal Doctrine” upheld by the Supreme Court in 1886, this case shows the lengths that segregationists went to in maintaining the status quo …


The Trokosi Tradition In Ghana: The Silencing Of A Religion, Rhonda Martinez Sep 2020

The Trokosi Tradition In Ghana: The Silencing Of A Religion, Rhonda Martinez

History in the Making

When does tradition and religion infringe upon human rights and who has the right to impose restrictions on them? Slavery is still an ongoing phenomenon that should no longer be denied. Trokosi, still being practiced today, is a relatively unknown African religion in which young girls are sexually enslaved to pay for crimes committed by their families. This paper highlights the terrible tradition of trokosi in order to bring public awareness to its three-hundred-year practice. Through the examination of a variety of secondary sources, definitions of slavery and explanations of the trokosi traditions are first established. Next, debates for and …


Rape Regiment: Sexual Violence Against Women During War, Andrea Roskam Sep 2020

Rape Regiment: Sexual Violence Against Women During War, Andrea Roskam

History in the Making

Despite the extensive research on World War II, little is known about a system created by the Japanese government in which women were forced into sexual slavery. This system, known as the Comfort Woman System, enabled soldiers to systematically and heinously rape young women for the sole purpose of self-satisfaction and as a reward for their military efforts as a man in combat. This study uncovers some of the brutality for a mature audience through an analysis of credible data, photographic evidence and an extensive look into the oral histories of former Comfort Women. These firsthand accounts give the women’s …


Introduction And Acknowldgements, Editors Of History In The Making Sep 2020

Introduction And Acknowldgements, Editors Of History In The Making

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Toc Sep 2020

Toc

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Front Matter Sep 2020

Front Matter

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Warriors: Tombs And Temples. The Bowers Museum, Santa Ana, Ca., Brandi Rauterkus Sep 2020

Warriors: Tombs And Temples. The Bowers Museum, Santa Ana, Ca., Brandi Rauterkus

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Bound Feet And Western Dress: A Memoir. By Pang-Mei Natasha Chang. (New York: Anchor Books, 1999)., Briana James Sep 2020

Bound Feet And Western Dress: A Memoir. By Pang-Mei Natasha Chang. (New York: Anchor Books, 1999)., Briana James

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Psychiatry, Mental Institutions, And The Mad In Apartheid South Africa. By Tiffany Fawn Jones. (New York: Routledge, 2012)., Chris Moreland Sep 2020

Psychiatry, Mental Institutions, And The Mad In Apartheid South Africa. By Tiffany Fawn Jones. (New York: Routledge, 2012)., Chris Moreland

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Beauty And Sadness: Experiencing Poland’S History And Jewish Heritage, Jennifer Weed Sep 2020

Beauty And Sadness: Experiencing Poland’S History And Jewish Heritage, Jennifer Weed

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Burning Paper: Cultural Connections In China, Melissa Fitzgerald Sep 2020

Burning Paper: Cultural Connections In China, Melissa Fitzgerald

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Marvin The Martian, Godzilla, And Other Purveyors Of Atomic Destruction, Bethany Underhill Sep 2020

Marvin The Martian, Godzilla, And Other Purveyors Of Atomic Destruction, Bethany Underhill

History in the Making

“Marvin the Martian, Godzilla, and other Purveyors of Atomic Destruction” examines the cultural impact of atomic testing as represented in popular culture. Children’s media, specifically served as a rich source of examples of atomic testing as presented to the general public. Research exposed a trend concerning to attitude toward atomic testing, and how this cultural attitude changed over time. This shift in attitude directly connects to the events surrounding a specific atomic test the Bravo Test in the Castle series. The context of the Castle Bravo test reveals the motivations for this change in attitude. The research encompasses an examination …


To Protect And To Serve: Effects Of The Relationship Between The Brown Berets And Law Enforcement, Paul Flores Sep 2020

To Protect And To Serve: Effects Of The Relationship Between The Brown Berets And Law Enforcement, Paul Flores

History in the Making

During the late 1960s and into the early 1970s the Brown Berets were heavily involved in the Chicano Movement. They formed as a group of students with the goal of reforming the inequalities Hispanic people faced within the Los Angeles school system, though the greater circumstances quickly led the Brown Berets into the direction of being a militant organization with their focus shifting to police brutality and the Vietnam War. As a result of this shift they became an enemy of the local police and later the federal government. Thus, the Berets adopted the motto, “To Serve, Observe, and Protect,” …


There Is No Bournville In Africa: Chocolate Capitalist, African Cocoa Workers, And International Labor Relationships From The 19th Century To The Present, Ryan Minor Sep 2020

There Is No Bournville In Africa: Chocolate Capitalist, African Cocoa Workers, And International Labor Relationships From The 19th Century To The Present, Ryan Minor

History in the Making

The issue of labor exploitation and the impact of neocolonialism, have in recent years, become extremely important as our global community continues to shrink. This paper focuses on the relationships between European chocolate manufactures and West African cocoa laborers from the 1870’s to the present day as a means of discussing the complex connections that have developed between industrial capitalism and labor in Africa. This study will address two key questions: One, if labor exploitation is necessary for industrial capitalists to maintain the high levels of profit they desire; and two, if the exploitation of labor becomes increasingly easier the …


Coping With An Impossible Reality: The Jewish Sonderkommando Of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jennifer Weed Sep 2020

Coping With An Impossible Reality: The Jewish Sonderkommando Of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jennifer Weed

History in the Making

Despite the vast amount of western scholarly work on the Holocaust, there are issues that remain under-analyzed which would help nuance our understanding of this historical event. One of these issues is the experiences of groups who challenge our conceptual frameworks and present opportunities for developing different analytical methods. The testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando, or forced crematorium workers, of Auschwitz- Birkenau present such an opportunity by defying the categories used to describe victims and perpetrators, and by forcing us to reconsider how humans survive when conditions are extreme and violent. This paper argues that the testimonies of the Sonderkommando …


Introduction And Acknowledgements, Editors Of History In The Making Sep 2020

Introduction And Acknowledgements, Editors Of History In The Making

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Toc Sep 2020

Toc

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Front Matter Sep 2020

Front Matter

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Back Matter Jul 2020

Back Matter

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Visiting Mission San Luis Rey And Remembering The California Native American System San Luis Rey Mission, Oceanside, Ca., Jonathan Smith Jul 2020

Visiting Mission San Luis Rey And Remembering The California Native American System San Luis Rey Mission, Oceanside, Ca., Jonathan Smith

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Film Review: Lincoln (2012), Members Of The Csusb History Club Jul 2020

Film Review: Lincoln (2012), Members Of The Csusb History Club

History in the Making

No abstract provided.