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Awareness Of Time And Its Impact On The Formation Of Discourse, In The Text (40 In The Sense Of Growing) By The Writer Laila Al-Juhani, Amirah Ali Al-Zahrani Feb 2023

Awareness Of Time And Its Impact On The Formation Of Discourse, In The Text (40 In The Sense Of Growing) By The Writer Laila Al-Juhani, Amirah Ali Al-Zahrani

Association of Arab Universities Journal for Arts مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للآداب

This critical approach highlights the grammatical structures, similes, syntactic metaphors and technical methods and styles that the Saudi author Laila Al-Juhani used in her text (40 in the Sense of Growing) to express her feelings regards the changes that occur by the age of forty. The significance of this study relies in its attempt to examine the impact of the awareness of time on the formation of discourse. It addresses an artistic treatment and a discussion of the philosophical dimensions of the controversial of "awareness" and the problem of "time" and their impact on the discourse of revealing.


Liberated Voices An Online Course In Speaking Up, Seth J. Thomas Feb 2023

Liberated Voices An Online Course In Speaking Up, Seth J. Thomas

Doctor of Ministry

NPO Statement: The white church and its leaders have demonstrated postures of silence and privilege, which need to be lovingly disrupted to leverage and encourage the liberative witness at the heart of the biblical narrative.

Key Insights: Faith leaders from the white church are hungry for resources that encourage them to participate in the struggles for social justice in this present era of ministry. Many desire to speak the truth with love but need encouragement and permission to leverage that witness they find in the scriptures. The liberation theology tradition offers excellent historical and present examples of God’s preferential option …


Unapologetically Present: An Examination Of Black Gay Young Men’S Social Discourses As A Demonstration Of Agency, Marcus C. North Jan 2023

Unapologetically Present: An Examination Of Black Gay Young Men’S Social Discourses As A Demonstration Of Agency, Marcus C. North

Middle and Secondary Education Dissertations

Black gay young men participate in a unique culture that is representative of their identities and the agency they have over their identity performances. The purpose of this study was to explore how young men who self-identify as both Black and gay leveraged Discourses in social spaces that were typically oppressive. Discourse performances in such spaces were both influenced and molded by the setting in which these young men found themselves and the cultural background they brought with them (Almelhi, 2020). I used multiple phases of analysis to understand how Black gay young men in the South existed in their …


Critiquing Representations Of Intellectual Disability In Occupation-Based Literature, Rachel Reparon, Pamela Block, Ann Fudge Schormans, Debbie Laliberte Rudman, Gail Teachman Jan 2023

Critiquing Representations Of Intellectual Disability In Occupation-Based Literature, Rachel Reparon, Pamela Block, Ann Fudge Schormans, Debbie Laliberte Rudman, Gail Teachman

Occupational Therapy Publications

Background: Within and beyond occupation-based scholarship, concerns abound regarding the pervasiveness of discourses that promote a negative, deficit-based view of intellectual disability and associated consequences for disabled people’s lives. Such representations risk reducing the complexities of human doing and being and can limit the occupational possibilities of this group. Yet, there is a lack of critically reflexive research exploring how disability is discursively constructed in occupation-based literature.

Aims/Objectives: This paper critically analyses representations of intellectual disability within occupation-based literature. It considers the influence of such representations on the occupational possibilities of people labelled intellectually disabled.

Methods: This review employed a …


Engaging Antiracist Conversations: Foregrounding Twitter Feeds In Library Guides As A Way To Critically Promote Discussions Of Racial Justice, Anders Tobiason Jan 2023

Engaging Antiracist Conversations: Foregrounding Twitter Feeds In Library Guides As A Way To Critically Promote Discussions Of Racial Justice, Anders Tobiason

Library Faculty Publications and Presentations

Academic librarians have often been hesitant to foreground real-time engagement with social justice in our public facing library guides. The guides, more often than not, serve merely to provide access points to “academic” materials and traditional news sources. Perhaps there is a different path. This chapter suggests that engagement with Twitter can point patrons toward the real conversations happening outside (and sometimes inside) academia that are missed when we rely on traditional sources. The critical engagement with social justice issues such as race and technology, or migrant justice, is happening right in front of our eyes on Twitter. This chapter …


Refugees As Discursive Others: (Re)Producing State Power And Acting As Citizens At Berlin’S Oranienplatz, Elena Rose Paz Thompson Jan 2023

Refugees As Discursive Others: (Re)Producing State Power And Acting As Citizens At Berlin’S Oranienplatz, Elena Rose Paz Thompson

Senior Projects Spring 2023

Senior Project submitted to The Division of Social Studies of Bard College.


High School Teachers’ Experiences And Perceptions Facilitating Student Discourse And Collaborative Structures For English Language Learners In Biology, Chrissy Ann Brouwer Jan 2023

High School Teachers’ Experiences And Perceptions Facilitating Student Discourse And Collaborative Structures For English Language Learners In Biology, Chrissy Ann Brouwer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed in this study was that the academic needs of English Language Learners (ELLs) were not being met in biology classes in high schools in the local district because teachers were not consistently facilitating instruction using the required strategies of student discourse and collaborative structures. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore teachers’ successes, challenges, and need for supports when using the required strategies with their ELLs. Knowles’ theory of andragogy and Shulman’s theory of pedagogical content knowledge guided this study examining how the adults’ learning of the required strategies impacted their ability to …


High School Teachers’ Experiences And Perceptions Facilitating Student Discourse And Collaborative Structures For English Language Learners In Biology, Chrissy Ann Brouwer Jan 2023

High School Teachers’ Experiences And Perceptions Facilitating Student Discourse And Collaborative Structures For English Language Learners In Biology, Chrissy Ann Brouwer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed in this study was that the academic needs of English Language Learners (ELLs) were not being met in biology classes in high schools in the local district because teachers were not consistently facilitating instruction using the required strategies of student discourse and collaborative structures. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore teachers’ successes, challenges, and need for supports when using the required strategies with their ELLs. Knowles’ theory of andragogy and Shulman’s theory of pedagogical content knowledge guided this study examining how the adults’ learning of the required strategies impacted their ability to …


Medical Discourse:Functional And Communicative Aspect Медицинский Дискурс:Функционально-Коммуникативный Аспект, Ibrahim Alshaboul Jan 2023

Medical Discourse:Functional And Communicative Aspect Медицинский Дискурс:Функционально-Коммуникативный Аспект, Ibrahim Alshaboul

Journal of the Faculty of Arts (JFA)

MEDICAL DISCOURSE:FUNCTIONAL AND COMMUNICATIVE ASPECT This article analyzes the interpretation of the phenomenon of "discourse". Based on the generalization and systematization of scientific research, two dominant interpretations of this concept are proposed using the terms of the modern theory of language communication through the synthesis of cognitive, linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The authors systematize the characteristics of medical discourse as institutional in accordance with the standards governing its functioning. An important feature of medical discourse is its verbalization in typical communicative situations in the medical field through the solution of communicative tasks related to the implementation of the basic professional …


Exploring Leaders' Sensemaking Of Emergent Global Norms For Open Science: A Mixed Methods Discourse Analysis Of Unesco’S Multistakeholder Initiative, Lisa Cuevas Shaw Jan 2023

Exploring Leaders' Sensemaking Of Emergent Global Norms For Open Science: A Mixed Methods Discourse Analysis Of Unesco’S Multistakeholder Initiative, Lisa Cuevas Shaw

Theses and Dissertations

In November 2021, all 193 United Nations Member States adopted the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) Recommendation on Open Science (UNESCO, 2021a), which signaled a shared commitment to globally recognized standards for open science. However, as with other normative instruments established by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as UNESCO, the ways in which local, national, and regional leaders will implement the recommendation can and will vary (Finnemore, 1993). Top-down and bottom-up coordination across international stakeholders in the research system is critical for the framework to be effective in driving global policy implementation and enabling sustained research culture change. …


Profiles And Perspectives Of Middle School Students On Science Talk Engagement And Relevance: A Mixed Methods Analysis, Kamil Hankour, Javonti Braxton, Martinique Sealy, Hui Sun, Christine Lee Bae Jan 2023

Profiles And Perspectives Of Middle School Students On Science Talk Engagement And Relevance: A Mixed Methods Analysis, Kamil Hankour, Javonti Braxton, Martinique Sealy, Hui Sun, Christine Lee Bae

Education Graduate Presentations

Research shows that in urban classrooms, middle school students often feel disengaged and alienated from science (Emdin et al., 2021; Fredricks et al., 2018). Yet, few studies have examined youths’ perspectives directly. In this mixed methods study, we surveyed middle school students on their engagement (e.g., social, agentic, Patell et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2016), funds of knowledge (e.g., interests, cultural resources, Moll et al., 1992), and participation in science discourse (Murphy et al., 2018), and conducted focus group interviews about their learning experiences.


Kuasa Media Atas Masturbasi: Studi Diskursus Youtube Clarin Hayes Dan Lampu Islam, Akbar Mawlana, Naufalul Ihya’ Ulumuddin Dec 2022

Kuasa Media Atas Masturbasi: Studi Diskursus Youtube Clarin Hayes Dan Lampu Islam, Akbar Mawlana, Naufalul Ihya’ Ulumuddin

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

Various productions of knowledge about masturbation are channeled through the media. The production of knowledge disseminated through technology presents ambivalent conditions that make individual consciousness never complete. However, various studies on masturbation have not touched the media aspect. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the power of the media on masturbation in producing social body discipline. Foucault’s concept of discourse becomes a theoretical knife. Foucault’s discourse orientation leads to an analysis of the power of knowledge on the discipline of social action. The research method is qualitative. The media used are Youtube Clarin Hayes and Lampu Islam. …


Controlling Death: Exploring The Discourse Of Suicide In Antebellum America, Austin Tyrrell Dec 2022

Controlling Death: Exploring The Discourse Of Suicide In Antebellum America, Austin Tyrrell

The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History

Suicide amongst slaves in antebellum America occurred frequently enough that systems of control were put in place by slave owners to limit their occurrence. Meanwhile, abolitionists used instances of slave suicide to evoke sympathy and advance their cause. This article explores how and why conceptualizations of white and black suicide differed. In doing so, it argues that contemporary discourse about slave suicide was intentionally used to shape racist perceptions as a means of maintaining control over slaves and the institution of slavery alike.


The Impact Of Hadith On Maqāmāt Al-Hamadhani In Terms Of Wording And Meaning, Fawziyah Al-Qudah Dec 2022

The Impact Of Hadith On Maqāmāt Al-Hamadhani In Terms Of Wording And Meaning, Fawziyah Al-Qudah

Association of Arab Universities Journal for Arts مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للآداب

This research seeks to read the impact of Hadith on Maqāmāt Badi 'al-Zaman al-Hamadhani. This paper sheds lights on the mechanisms of manifestation of Hadith in the narrative contexts and demonstrates the rhetoric of Hadith. Also, the research shows the potentials of Hadith that has various rhetorical techniques, besides its connotations and meaning that demonstrate various values. Finally, this article consists of an introduction, two main sections. The first section deals with one single term or more mentioned in Hadith while the second one deals with the whole Hadith, making it an introduction to use the vocabulary of Hadith in …


Integrated Marketing Communication As A Discourse: A Problem With Integration, Rana Ramadan Dec 2022

Integrated Marketing Communication As A Discourse: A Problem With Integration, Rana Ramadan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Integrated Marketing Communication as a Discourse: A Problem with Integration examines integration within Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) scholarship in light of Jürgen Habermas’s discourse ethics and related communication ethics literature. Integration is a notion with dual meanings: one is technical, and the other philosophical. Technical integration is a perception management strategy that has been received as the competitive advantage for marketing communication for decades. Habermas’s philosophical/social integration is a communicative act that transmits culturally stored knowledge. It contextualizes norms in an appropriate theoretical framework, and it controls behaviors and personality structures. At the heart of IMC theory is an ambition …


Discourse, Power Dynamics, And Risk Amplification In Disaster Risk Management In Canada, Martins Oluwole Olu-Omotayo Dec 2022

Discourse, Power Dynamics, And Risk Amplification In Disaster Risk Management In Canada, Martins Oluwole Olu-Omotayo

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The domain of disaster risk management is rife with discursive contentions, whereby dominant discourses amplify the powers of risk actors to precipitate and reinforce political, economic, and environmental inequalities that predispose different sections of the population to unequal disaster risk vulnerabilities. This thesis identified important actors (government, risk experts, media, and NGOs) that shape the power dynamics in disaster risk management in Canada and explained their roles, influences, and the dimensions in which their powers negotiate each other through risk discourses. The patterns of these power dynamics in the three aspects of power –communication, assessment, and social trust –were also …


Apragmatism: The Renewal Of A Label For Communication Disorders Associated With Right Hemisphere Brain Damage, Jamila Minga, Shannon M. Sheppard, Melissa Johnson, Ronelle Hewetson, Petrea Cornwell, Margaret Lehman Blake Nov 2022

Apragmatism: The Renewal Of A Label For Communication Disorders Associated With Right Hemisphere Brain Damage, Jamila Minga, Shannon M. Sheppard, Melissa Johnson, Ronelle Hewetson, Petrea Cornwell, Margaret Lehman Blake

Communication Sciences and Disorders Faculty Articles and Research

Background

Right hemisphere communication disorders are neither consistently labelled nor adequately defined. Labels associated with right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) are broad and fail to capture the essence of communication challenges needed for stroke-related service provisions. Determination of rehabilitation needs and best-practice guidelines for the education, management and functional improvement of communication disorders after RHD are all predicated on an apt diagnostic label and disorder characteristics.

Aims

In this paper apragmatism is proposed as a potential communication-specific diagnostic label for the impairments in communication that occur after RHD. In particular, the researchers aimed: (1) to establish an operational definition of …


Analyse De «Ben» Dans Le Dlscours De Migrants Arabophones Travaillant En France), Hassan Boujghagh Nov 2022

Analyse De «Ben» Dans Le Dlscours De Migrants Arabophones Travaillant En France), Hassan Boujghagh

Dirassat

Analysis of "BEN" in the Story of Arabic -Speaking Migrants Working in France

We propose here to examine in the discourse of a group of Arabic-speaking migrants (working in the North of France for about twenty years), the functioning of one of the markers that the speaker has the possibility of inserting in an utterance where, often for reasons of difficulty of formulation but also for different reasons, the spoken chain has been interrupted. Almost all of these phenomena are part of a group of elements called “conversation structuring markers” by Roulet et al. (1985), “discourse support” by F. Deloffore …


‘I Know You May Have Heard This Story But …’: A Study Of Tense Shift As A Resource For Identity Construction, Dr. Shatha N. Qaiwer Nov 2022

‘I Know You May Have Heard This Story But …’: A Study Of Tense Shift As A Resource For Identity Construction, Dr. Shatha N. Qaiwer

Midad AL-Adab Refereed Quarterly Journal

This study focuses on tense variation as linguistic features of narrative performance using Schiffrin’s (1981) theory of tense variation supported by Labov’s (1972) and Ochs and Cap’s (2001) frameworks of narrative structure. It shows that historical present also performs evaluative function and appears in restricted clauses in progressive aspect indicating the overlap on time between two actions. Shifts into narrative past tense also perform an evaluative function and appears in contexts narrating unexpected event within the complication. Generic and nominalising actions are used to express negative evaluation of an opponent based on an earlier premise. These findings can bring new …


Citational Practices As A Site Of Resistance And Radical Pedagogy: Positioning The Multiply Marginalized And Underrepresented (Mmu) Scholar Database As An Infrastructural Intervention, Cana Uluak Itchuaqiyaq, Jordan Frith Oct 2022

Citational Practices As A Site Of Resistance And Radical Pedagogy: Positioning The Multiply Marginalized And Underrepresented (Mmu) Scholar Database As An Infrastructural Intervention, Cana Uluak Itchuaqiyaq, Jordan Frith

Publications

Discursive infrastructures are forms of writing that remain mostly invisible but shape higher-level practices built upon their base. This article argues that citational practices are a form of discursive infrastructure that are bases that shape our work. Most importantly, we argue that the infrastructural base built through citation practices is in a moment of breakdown as increasing amounts of people call for more just citational practices that surface multiply marginalized and underrepresented (MMU) scholar voices. Consequently, this article both theorizes citations as infrastructure while also focusing on a case study of the MMU scholar database to help build a more …


Abdullah Al-Nadim's Political Discourse A Linguistic Study In Interdiscursivity, Hanaa Kamel Ali Oct 2022

Abdullah Al-Nadim's Political Discourse A Linguistic Study In Interdiscursivity, Hanaa Kamel Ali

Journal of the Faculty of Arts (JFA)

Political discourse is affected by the nature of the political life of society. the more crowded with events; it was rich in what deserves to be studied, and one of the characteristics of the richness of political discourse is its intertwining with religious, literary discourses.This research is concerned with the study of “Interdiscursivity” in the political discourse of the orator of the Orabi revolution: Abdullah Al-Nadim, in which he spread his ideas expressing the suffering of the Egyptian people from colonialism and the oppression of Khedive Ismail, or expressing also his victories in various battles; Where the political life in …


Running Up Against A Brick Wall: U.S. Metajournalistic Discourse Of Gender Equality In Newsrooms, Margaretha Geertsema-Sligh, Tim P. Vos Aug 2022

Running Up Against A Brick Wall: U.S. Metajournalistic Discourse Of Gender Equality In Newsrooms, Margaretha Geertsema-Sligh, Tim P. Vos

Scholarship and Professional Work - Communication

Drawing on institutional theory, feminist critiques of three popular stances on gendered workplaces, and previous research about women in newsrooms, this study considers the metajournalistic discourse about gender equality in newsrooms through a discourse analysis of more than 500 online articles and blog posts in American journalism industry publications from January 2002 until September 2019. The findings confirm that the status of women journalists remains problematic. Journalists recognize that women remain underrepresented in terms of numbers and face a pay gap, glass ceiling, and various forms of harassment. Solutions are sometimes presented in terms of women’s individual empowerment. Arguments in …


Increasing Student Engagement And Comprehension In The Elementary Classroom Through Text-Based Discussions, Lisa Newberry Aug 2022

Increasing Student Engagement And Comprehension In The Elementary Classroom Through Text-Based Discussions, Lisa Newberry

Culminating Experience Projects

Research has illustrated that students are not performing at or above basic proficiency levels in reading. Several factors contribute to this lack of student achievement. Students need a comprehensive approach to understanding complex text, and teachers need assistance in facilitating this. Implementing a classroom discourse approach is an effective way to enable student engagement, build essential literacy skills, and promote reading comprehension to increase student academic achievement in all content areas. Currently, however, providing a discourse approach with fidelity has not been a top priority among stakeholders. Thus, this project focuses on the implementation of a professional development pilot program …


Interference Between Speaking And Computer Tasks And Their Effects On Physiologic Arousal, Tiana Walker Bateman Aug 2022

Interference Between Speaking And Computer Tasks And Their Effects On Physiologic Arousal, Tiana Walker Bateman

Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the effects of concurrent speech and computer tasks on each other and on measures of physiologic arousal in 30 young adults. Physiologic measures included galvanic skin response, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Participants completed a speech-only task, two computer-based tasks, and combined speech and computer-based tasks. Participants spoke for 60 seconds on a procedural discourse prompt. Acoustic measures included the mean and standard deviation of intensity and fundamental frequency as indices of prosody, speaking time ratio to reflect pausing, and speech rate. The primary computer task (with two levels of difficulty) involved making formatting changes to …


Educational Language Policy: An Examination Of Race And Language In Policy Discourse, Dionne L. Davis Jul 2022

Educational Language Policy: An Examination Of Race And Language In Policy Discourse, Dionne L. Davis

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Linguistic diversity is an integral thread in the tapestry of America. As such researchers how linguistic differences across ethnoracial groups can be understood as resources rather than problems. The aim of this study was to examine ideologies concerning race/ethnicity and language in the discourse of educational language policies that guide multilingual approaches to education. The design of this study was critical discourse policy analysis, and the framework was a combination of Critical Language and Race Theory, also known as LangCrit (Crump, 2014), and Raciolinguistics (Alim, 2016; Flores and Rosa, 2015). The research questions were: (1) How are ideologies about the …


The Power In Maps: Reviewing A ‘Youth Violence’ Systems Map As Discursive Intervention, Jocelyn Bailey, Lorraine Gamman Jun 2022

The Power In Maps: Reviewing A ‘Youth Violence’ Systems Map As Discursive Intervention, Jocelyn Bailey, Lorraine Gamman

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper offers a reflection on a systems mapping experiment undertaken as part of the Redesign Youth Futures project, which aimed to visualise the complex system producing youth violence in London. The paper brings together key ideas in the practice of systems thinking and mapping, with contributions from the literature on design and power, to theorise the map as an intervention in a discourse – in this case, the popular and policy discourse around youth violence. In doing so, it offers an account of how power is operant in and through such an artefact: in the embodiment of (and resistance …


Let’S Talk About Math: Exploring How Elementary Teachers Plan And Implement Mathematical Discourse In The Classroom, Anne Robertson Green Jun 2022

Let’S Talk About Math: Exploring How Elementary Teachers Plan And Implement Mathematical Discourse In The Classroom, Anne Robertson Green

Early Childhood and Elementary Education Dissertations

Mathematical discourse is a critical component of effective mathematics instruction, but it remains one of the least implemented strategies in mathematics classrooms. This exploratory case study examined how elementary teachers understand, plan, and implement mathematical discourse practices, with a particular focus on connections to the curriculum. Participants included three kindergarten teachers in an urban-situated elementary school. Data were collected through: two sets of documents, including the provided curriculum and teacher-created lesson plans; two individual, semi-structured interviews with each participant; and two classroom observations of each participant’s mathematics instructional practices. The data were analyzed through the constant comparative method. Interview data …


Nahuatl Discourses And Political Speeches As Ways To Negotiate The Racial Monolingual Ideology Of The Mexican State In Hidalgo, Mexico, Vanessa Miranda Juárez Jun 2022

Nahuatl Discourses And Political Speeches As Ways To Negotiate The Racial Monolingual Ideology Of The Mexican State In Hidalgo, Mexico, Vanessa Miranda Juárez

Doctoral Dissertations

This research focuses on language use as a means of linguistic, cultural, and communal negotiations with political economic forces of assimilation and systematic racial discrimination. I specifically analyze how the use of Nahuatl and Spanish within a Nahua community in Mexico, San Isidro Atlapexco Hidalgo, signifies ideological and power relationships. I pay particular attention to the dynamics of interaction and communicative practices within assemblies—a key form of local governance. Here, I show that the collective force displayed in such spaces might be the engine to transgress, oppose, and challenge the highly racialized language ideology of the state that advocates Spanish …


How Perception-Based Decisions Can Negatively Shape Your Leadership Performance (Decision-Making And Behavior), Vincent Jemison Jun 2022

How Perception-Based Decisions Can Negatively Shape Your Leadership Performance (Decision-Making And Behavior), Vincent Jemison

Southern University College of Business E-Journal

In present-day, one of the most subtle means political leaders use to influence their base of supporters is through verbal communication. With this in mind, research shows that over the past two years, some political leaders have increasingly relied on “transferring their perception onto their base of followers, which often negatively stimulates, arouses and shapes an individual’s performance” (decision-making and behavior). In addition, to the detriment of our society, when political leaders transfer their perception onto their base of followers, they often misjudge the sensitive consequences of their prospective outcomes. Here for the first time, research now shows that a …


Constructing Roles And Discourse: Presidential Speech And European Union Accession In The Former Yugoslavia, 2000-2021, John Horner May 2022

Constructing Roles And Discourse: Presidential Speech And European Union Accession In The Former Yugoslavia, 2000-2021, John Horner

Dissertations

Yugoslavia’s dissolution in the 1990s resulted in seven distinct nation-states vying for functional institutions, ethno-nationalistic coalescence, and external validation. To this end the European Union (EU) offered a pathway to nation-state building and membership via democratization, economic liberalization, and legal and civil improvements. However, to date only Slovenia (2004) and Croatia (2013) are EU member-states. Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia are candidate countries. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are potential candidates. What are the incentives for Western Balkan countries to reform and join the EU? Were motivations driven by rational, economic benefits of membership, or was the impetus identity-oriented to …